B-Change

On June 16 Marcy and I zoomed down to Manhattan to participate in a dialogue about positive psychology and social justice, one of the central themes of the B-Change podcast. Our conversation highlights the very timely need to connect positive practices — such as focusing on strengths, practicing meditation, expressing gratitude — with systemic social change. JCC Manhattan, through its online lunch and learn program, co-sponsored by the Wholebeing Institute, devoted a full week to discussions on this topic. We hope the energy remains strong to continue to connect positive psychology and social justice into the future and to take action as allies to communities of color. In this episode, Marcy and I are interviewed by Caroline Kohles, Senior Director of Health & Wellness Programming at JCC. We would also like to express our gratitude to Phoebe Atkinson, who worked behind the scenes to make this episode possible. We spoke with Caroline about: How social justice leaders can use the tools of positive psychology to be more effective and resilient during difficult times. How the leadership of social justice organizations can better reflects social justice values. What is the role of a white leader in a time of black and brown-led activism?

Jessie Norriss joined Mutual Aid of Medford and Somerville (MAMAS) on March 12, 2020, just as the coronavirus pandemic began and when the group was barely a week old. MAMAS, like other mutual aid societies that popped up around the country at that time, played an essential role in the collection and distribution of needed goods and services like food, rent, language interpretation, and transportation. But there is more to this story. MAMAS’ slogan, like many other mutual aid societies around the country, is “Solidarity not charity.” As Jessie says in this B-Change interview, “In charities, you're coming from a place of ‘I have something to offer to these poor disenfranchised communities over there but I'm not a part of them.’ We really try to break down that hierarchy.’” Even as MAMAS has helped community members share needed resources during the crisis, they also sought to address systemic inequities that have become much more obvious during the pandemic. For example, with many languages spoken in the communities that MAMAS is working in, MAMAS has made language justice a priority, engaging residents proficient in languages other than English. As Jessie told us, “We came forward first as neighbors supporting neighbors but there is an underlying political education and redistribution campaign that obviously we're not going to shy away from.” We also talk with Jessie about: How the volunteers at MAMAS were able to quickly set up a structure that could respond to many needs of the communities that MAMAS worked with. The connection between her study of water quality at Tufts University’s Department of Urban and Environmental Planning and Policy and her organizing and technical support role at MAMAS. The story of the neighbor to neighbor snow shoveling brigade that MAMAS grew out of.   Resources mentioned in this episode: Mutual aid Medford and Somerville (MAMAS)  MAMAS Replication Document: Mutual Aid: how to build a network in your neighborhood (https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ca-sz4DRNvUg8ezcrfd6awH-ahxBDJwnbdzxm4_qDVs/edit) Tufts University Department of Urban and environmental policy and Planning (https://as.tufts.edu/uep/) Wikipedia article and talk about the origins and meaning of mutual aid societies (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory) Article: Solidarity Not Charity: Mutual Aid for Mobilization and Survival by Dean Spade (http://www.deanspade.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mutual-Aid-Article-Social-Text-Final.pdf)

Is it healthy for an organization to have leadership centralized in one person — the executive director? Is leadership development “one size fits all”? Sheerine Alemzadeh and Karla Altmayer turned the conventional model of nonprofit leadership on its head when they co-founded Healing to Action, a Chicago-based nonprofit that engages low wage workers in combatting sexual violence. In this episode, Alemzadeh takes our listeners into her organization’s journey, where they tackled:  - Broadening leadership from one central leader to a co-directorship model.  - Sharing power and leadership with their constituents — survivors of sexual violence.  - Finding new ways to tap these survivors’ unique strengths, recognizing that traditional organizing fails to account for their traumatic experiences. Sheerine recommended two resources: Emergent Strategy by Adrienne Maree Brown https://www.akpress.org/emergentstrategy.html Trauma Stewardship, Laura Lipsky https://traumastewardship.com/laura-van-dernoot-lipsky/

When a hurricane or tropical storm hits Texas, Tomas Aguilar wants the immigrant residents he works with to be effectively organized to withstand the storms. The Living Hope Wheelchair Association where he works seeks to make sure that immigrants of limited means can be protected and that they have a voice in public policy that will improve the chances for their survival in the future. In this episode, Tomas talks about:  - After the devastation of Hurricane Harvey, how his small organization visited the mobile homes and trailers where many of their constituents actually lived and found ways to better connect immigrants with the aid that was lacking after that hurricane.   - Tools and techniques that can help new leaders be more effective at using data to reduce the disproportionate impact of catastrophic events.  - His own story as a person who made a transition from working in fast food restaurants to working for social justice organizations. Resources:  - Risk Amid Recovery: Occupational Health and Safety of Latino Day Laborers in the Aftermath of the Gulf Coast Hurricanes, Linda Delp, Laura Podolsky, and Tomás Aguilar  - Living Hope Wheelchair Association  - Tech Soup - tech for nonprofits   - Progressive Technology Project  - United for a Fair Economy

Growing up in Mattapan, a neighborhood on the southern tip of Boston that today comprises predominantly people of color, Allentza Michel didn’t know that urban planning was even a potential field of study for her. Yet, she felt its impacts every day: a history of redlining, segregation, and, more recently, gentrification. But she also experienced the community’s rich tradition of “looking after each other”. As she became familiar with the field of urban planning, it didn’t appear that there was a place for her as a Haitian-American woman, given that the vast majority of planners were white, male, and middle-class. Those planners looked and thought more like the elected officials who were hiring them and making critical decisions about the future of neighborhoods like hers. Now Allentza has joined with a network of women of color who are taking planning processes and “flipping them on their head” in order to ensure that the people most impacted have a strong voice at the table. Allentza has a Masters in Public Policy from Tufts University's Urban and Environmental Planning and Policy program. In this episode, she describes:  - The need to disrupt traditional planning through approaches that put impacted residents at the center — such as community-engaged “civic hacks” which generate outside-the-box ideas in historically marginalized neighborhoods.  - Some key principles and practices that leaders can use to engage in democratic planning processes.  - Her experience launching a nonprofit organization that both fosters innovative, inclusive community planning processes and seeks to itself reflect those democratic and participative values.   Resources mentioned in this episode: The Color of Law, Richard Rothstein A People’s History of New Boston, Jim Vrabel Go Boston 2030 Interaction Institute for Social Change Powerful Pathways, Mattapan Open Studios Mel King Institute Mass Smart Growth Alliance Masters in Public Policy from Tufts University's Urban and Environmental Planning and Policy program

In school growing up, Marc Cardon had been repeatedly bullied and mocked In school because teachers and students thought he looked “Native American.” So, it’s hardly surprising that when he first became engaged with social justice activism, he developed tactics rooted in anger and fear. When Marc was first exposed to positive psychology, he was skeptical. He knew that fear and anger had been effective strategies for him and for social movements in general to accomplish their goals. But where could positive emotions like joy fit into the picture? And could these positive emotions help fuel a social movement and the individuals who make it up? He enrolled in the Certificate in Positive Psychology Program offered by the Whole Being Institute to investigate where positive psychology can overlap with social justice. In this episode, Marc talks about:  - The challenge in finding the right balance between positive and negative emotions in social justice work.  - The value of positive emotions and rituals to building a sense of community, enabling individuals and movements to sustain themselves, especially when the work gets difficult.  - How The Joy Revolution, the organization he co-founded, “teaches change-agents, luminaries, and other do-gooders how to create positive social impact and lasting change through an expanded experience of joy.” Resources: Videos: A Revolution of Joy / Marc Cordon / Speakers Who Dare NYC 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbmdJjfJFMI How to Have Extraordinary Growth on Ordinary Days | Marc Cordon | TEDxFarmingdale. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkn31_553L8&t=369s Organizations: The Joy Revolution. https://joyrevolution.com/ Books: Beyond Resilient: The Coach's Guide to Ecstatic Growth. https://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Resilient-Coachs-Ecstatic-Growth-ebook/dp/B076JK4SBJ Authors/theories mentioned in the episode: Victor Frankl - Man’s Search for Meaning Charles Snyder, Hope Theory Carol Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success

How can we advance environmental sustainability so that equity, and the people most affected, are at the core — not an afterthought? That’s the key question that our guest, Julian Agyeman, explores on our most recent B-Change podcast episode. He answered the question with multiple examples of what he calls “just sustainabilities”, an approach that he defines as “the need to ensure a better quality of life for all, now, and into the future, in a just and equitable manner, whilst living within the limits of supporting ecosystems.” Julian Agyeman is a Professor of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning at Tufts University. He is the author or editor of 12 books, many of them focused on just sustainabilities (see Julian Agyeman’s website at https://julianagyeman.com/) The examples that Julian discusses in this episode include: Embracing the idea of co-production, the concept that community members can work side-by-side with institutions to create better results when you use the strengths and knowledge of both. Moving towards “community resilience.” Rather than focusing only on personal resilience, the ability to “bounce back” after adversity, Julian talks about how whole communities can be more resilient and the role that leaders can play in encouraging thinking that’s more systemic. Putting front and center the voices of people most impacted by injustice, whose stories have long been ignored. Resources: Julian Agyeman website. Here is where you’ll find a comprehensive collection that includes Julian’s blog, books, publications, and videos of several presentations among other resources. https://julianagyeman.com/ Julian Agyeman faculty profile on the Tufts University Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning website: https://as.tufts.edu/uep/people/faculty/julian-agyeman Social media: Follow and engage with Julian Agyeman on Twitter: @julianagyeman

When people think about conflict resolution, they often picture a mediator sitting down with a couple of people in an organization to resolve a dispute. Eben Weitzman does some of that, but his real interest lies in resolving deep-seated systemic conflicts in organizations — disputes that “never go away” or where there is a pattern of conflicts constantly arising about what seemed to be different issues but perhaps the conflicts are springing up because of an unidentified  “root cause” that needs to be addressed. Weitzman directs the conflict resolution program at UMass Boston's Department of Conflict Resolution, Human Security and Global Governance. He has worked with a wide range of groups -- from human rights,  healthcare organizations, labor unions, and government -- tackling organizational conflict, cross-cultural conflict, and intergroup relations. In this episode, Eben discusses:  - Strategies and tools that can help leaders manage the emotional triggers that can sabotage their personal and organizational effectiveness.  - How to develop a diverse leadership team that understands that conflict does not need to be feared, but rather can be a source of growth for the organization.  - Creating an organizational design that lifts people out of their day to day turf battles, sets the direction, and sets criteria for organizational success. Resources and links: Department of Conflict Resolution, Human Security and Global Governance, University of Massachusetts Boston  Designing Your Organization. (2007) by Amy Kates and Jay R. Galbraith. Jossey-Bass Publishers, an Imprint of Wiley The Star Model, Jay B Galbraith The Cowboy Mentality: Organizers and Occupational Commitment in the New Labor Movement, Daisy Rooks Tracking, developed by Delyte Frost

What does it mean to have four generations in the same workplace -- from babyboomers to Gen Z?  What happens when they engage in big cultural issues such as Me Too, racial justice and gender expression?  That’s the very issue that certified professional coach Ana Polanco tackles, as she helps social justice organizations bridge the generation divide and promote shared values.  In her career, Polanco has worked with organizations such as Amnesty International, the hospitality union UNITE HERE, and the AFL-CIO’s Labor Council for Latin American Advancement.  In this episode, Polanco discusses:  - Confronting difficult conversations among multiple generations of workers on potentially thorny issues of race, culture and sexual orientation in the workplace and in the larger society.  - How these different generations of workers in social justice organizations think, talk and act about social justice issues and how that can contribute to disagreements and miscommunication within the organization’s mission.  - Techniques to bridge these differences and promote communication that allows workers to foster a new, collaborative relationship. Resources include: Emergent coaching becomes nimble in complex times, Ana Polanco, Nonprofit Quarterly, 2019 The Paradox of diversity in social change organizations, Heather Berthoud and Bob Greene, 2014 Anapolanco.org

The infectious beat of Marcus Santos and the Brazilian drumming group he leads helps students at Somerville high school feel more welcome and engage in the community. Marcus has spearheaded the formation of a loose network of more than 20 drumming groups around the world. The Somerville group and the network as a whole are called Grooversity. In this episode, Marcus is joined by Elmer Pleitez, a junior at Somerville High School. Marcus and Elmer talk about:  - Why this style of street music was banned in Brazil along with related Afro-Brazilian styles such as Samba reggae and how the US civil rights movement influenced these musical forms.  - How making a better match between the mostly immigrant population at a high school and the music that is practiced and performed has contributed to a better sense of comfort and engagement among all students.  - The Grooversity curriculum and its current focus on mental wellness.  - Marcus and Elmer’s advice to social justice leaders who want to diversify the membership within the group: help promote the pursuit of happiness and create a loving structure for participants. Our producer, John Consilvio joins Warren Goldstein-Gelb behind the microphone for this interview. Resources:  - Grooversity webpage including training videos:  - TED talks featuring Marcus and his students: Grooversity Mission TedX Marcos Santos at TedX Somerville  - Some of the music in this podcast episode is from the Grooversity CD.  - Social media: Facebook Twitter

Aaron Tanaka was just twenty two, a recent Harvard graduate, when he was given a small fellowship grant and the chance to test his chops as an organizer in Boston’s Roxbury neighborhood. Acknowledging that he was “just a kid who didn’t know what he was doing”, he trusted his mentors, people of color from the community with hard-earned lessons to share. Now, seven years later, Tanaka shares his journey as executive director of the Boston Workers Alliance, describing:  - The lessons imparted by his mentors to build deep trust and engagement in the community.  - The progression of his organization from a handful of people flyering to a force that fought and won groundbreaking reforms to the broken CORI (Criminal Offender Record Information) system.  - The dicey moments when the theory of being accountable to members and board appeared to clash with the reality of running a nonprofit organization. Other resources from Aaron Tanaka: Aaron Tanaka: Creating a just, regenerative and democratic society: https://www.lifteconomy.com/blog/2019/3/12/next-economy-now Solidarity Philanthropy: Reparations, Democracy & Power:  https://medium.com/justice-funders/solidarity-philanthropy-reparations-democracy-power-9961ef2e1b64 Boston Ujima Project: https://ujimaboston.com Solidarity Economy Initiative: https://www.solidaritymass.com/ New Economy Coalition: https://neweconomy.net/

What’s the connection between brass bands and social justice? Wouldn’t you naturally think of this kind of music as more appropriate for a military parade? But these brass bands now play music at social justice protests as well as at street festivals in 21 cities across the world! They are loud and boisterous, but still acoustic and mobile — like the protest music strummed on acoustic guitars in the 1960s. Only much louder! Reebee Garofalo plays drums in the HONK band, The Second Line Social Aid and Pleasure Society. He is also a musicologist, familiar with the HONK phenomenon.  In this episode, Reebee describes:  - The value that protest music can add to an event, and how brass bands offer more to a protest rally than a typical roster of 30 speakers  - His own journey from joining into the songs while marching alongside in the civil rights in the early 1960s, which started him dreaming of a social movement powered by music  - Strategies that social justice leaders can use to be more successful in integrating protest music into protest events Resources:  - Reebee Garofalo  - Honk Festival of Activist Street Bands  - Second Line Social Aid and Pleasure Society Brass Band  - Boonzajer Flaes, Robert. (1993). Brass Unbound: Secret Children of the Colonial Brass Band. Netherlands:Tropical Research Institute  - Garofalo, Reebee, ed. (1992). Rockin' the Boat: Mass Music and Mass Movements. Boston: South End Press  - Garofalo, Reebee, Erin T. Allen, and Andrew Snyder, eds. (forthcoming). HONK! A Street Band Renaissance of Music and Activism. New York, Routledge.  - Kun, Josh. (2006). “They’re with the Band, Speaking That Global Language: Brass.” New York Times, 9 April  - Mattern, Mark. (1998). Acting in concert: Music, community, and political action. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press  - Peddie, Ian, ed. (2017). The resisting muse: popular music and social protest. New York: Routledge  - Pedelty, Mark. (2016). A Song to Save the Salish Sea: Musical Performance as Environmental Activism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press  - Reily, Suzel Ana and Katherine Brucher. (2016). Brass Bands of the World: Militarism, Colonial Legacies, and Local Music Making. New York: Routledge  - Rosenthal, Rob, and Richard Flacks. (2015). Playing for change: Music and musicians in the service of social movements. New York: Routledge

Marcy Goldstein-Gelb is not only the cohost of the B-change podcast, but she has also served as executive director of several social justice organizations. In this episode, Marcy tackles the question: how can the internal values and practices of your organization be consistent with the organization’s external mission?  In this episode, Marcy shares her experiences:  - Disavowing the “leading by bullying” and other top-down approaches she faced in her early nonprofit experiences  - Confronting the conflictual pressures of achieving a mission and addressing staff compensation needs  - Debunking the all-too-common reluctance by nonprofit leaders to support unionization of their staff Resources mentioned in the episode:  - National Council for Occupational Safety and Health  - Harvard University Trade Union Program  - Community Economic Development master's program at New Hampshire College -- which has moved to Casey School of Public Service, University of New Hampshire Democratic Leadership articles:  - The Road Less Traveled: Establishing the link between nonprofit governance and democracy, Nonprofit Quarterly  - Structuring Leadership: Alternative Models for Power and Decision-Making in Nonprofit Organizations, Caroline McAndrews,  Frances Kunreuther, Shifra Bronznic  - Worker self-directed nonprofits

Woullard Lett served as president of the Manchester, NH branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) before becoming president of the New England Unitarian Universalist Association. In this episode, Woullard talks about how he developed his leadership and spiritual practices. Woullard describes:  - His early upbringing in Mississippi and how it started him on the winding path that led to his inner development and his social justice work.  - Working with congregations across New England to develop principles of spiritual leadership in his current position as the president of the New England Unitarian Universalist Association.  - The challenges he faced in his nearly 20 years of service as president of the New Hampshire chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP) Resources mentioned in the episode include: The Practices of Spiritual Leadership, New England Region of the Unitarian Universalist Association Handbook of Reflection and Reflective Inquiry , Nona Lyons, Editor The Careless Society, John McNight

As a positive psychologist (Psy.D.) Maria Sirois focuses on the resilience of the human spirit, particularly when under chronic stress, during significant transitions, and/or feeling the shock of wholesale change.  As she describes it in the interview: "My understanding of those who choose to work in the arena of social justice is that they're willing to face a kind of chronic overwhelming stress whether you're looking at social justice on behalf of the planet and climate change or other species or social justice in terms of humanity in general — those organizations tend to have a chronic steady state of stress with periodic peaks of acute crisis... [my work is about] how do we do well in the worst moments... what does thriving look like? And who might we be at our best?" Maria brings a depth of experience in personal and leadership development for corporate and non‐profit professionals, as well as community members, parents, and those who serve in the health and wellness arenas.  In this episode, Maria focuses on three positive psychology and organizational tools:   - Establishing a gratitude practice. Expressing gratitude at work not only is a good thing to do but also benefits individuals and organizations in specific and surprising ways.  - Appreciative inquiry. Instead of asking what's going wrong how did we fail who's responsible for it, organizations using an appreciative inquiry approach are “inquiring toward the good”: what is going right and how do we have good things happen more often?   - Identifying and leading from personal and organizational strengths. Rather than “fixing” what’s wrong with yourself or your organization, why not put more attention into what you already do well? Recognizing and using your strengths is a more efficient and effective fan fixing what is wrong. Resources mentioned in this episode: VIA Character Strengths  https://www.viacharacter.org/ David Cooperider, Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western University https://www.davidcooperrider.com/ Sonjia Lyubomirsky, University University of California, Riverside http://sonjalyubomirsky.com/ Robert Emmons, Greater Good Science Center, University of California https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/profile/robert_emmons Barbara Fredrickson at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill https://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/barb-fredrickson/ Maria Sirois, VP of Curriculum, Whole Being Institute  https://wholebeinginstitute.com/maria-sirois/

Shirronda Almeida grew up in affordable housing, Georgetowne Homes, in Boston, during the period of “white flight” and “urban renewal.” She experienced busing, the moving of the orange line, witnessed the tensions of segregated neighborhoods, and the severe disinvestment in communities of color. What is now Government Center and Copley Square Mall were both taken in the name of urban renewal, tearing down, for example, the West End, which was a vibrant low-income community. Almeida first learned of an alternative model — non-profit community development — more than a decade later. Shirronda is now the director of the Mel King Institute, named after one of the pioneers in Boston’s community development movement. In 1968, he helped organize “tent city”, where Boston residents literally camped on the land that the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) had razed for redevelopment in an area of land adjacent to the future Copley Place Mall. The BRA had claimed that former residents would get first dibs on properties where they had been living. The BRA did not fulfill that promise. Eventually, tent city organizing led to 269 units of mixed-use housing, and the creation of the Tent City Corporation, a nonprofit community-controlled development organization “dedicated to the preservation of decent, affordable housing and a multi-racial, multi-ethnic community of low and moderate-income people in the South End."  The Mel King Institute is now a key training institution for developing leadership and community building skills for staff, board members and resident leaders at community development corporations. The Institute also engages local nonprofits, intermediaries, municipalities and other entities throughout Massachusetts through its programming. Boston has become a national model, noted for having a strong community development ecosystem. In this episode Shirronda talks about:  - How “breaking bread” together is a cornerstone of how the Mel King Institute seeks to create community through building relationships, not just building brick and mortar structures.   - Her own experience growing up in affordable housing in Boston and how that influenced her decision to engage in nonprofit development work.  - How meditation, yoga, and healing practices have helped her and her peers create a sense of balance in her life and inner work. Links to resources  Mel King Institute Buddhas Brain, Dr. Rick Hanson White Fragility, Robin Daingelo Reimagining Equality, Anita Hill

When Maria Elena Letona began her tenure as executive director at Centro Presente, she was confident her academic training had well prepared her for the job. She was wrong. In this episode Letona shares:  - The ways that unanticipated crises led her to transform herself as a leader and the organizations she led.  - How microaggressions she experienced as an immigrant and a woman of color impacted her and her role as a leader.  - The effect of serving in the 24-7 role of executive director and how she worked to create balance in her life.

Ever gotten to the end of an event or conference and wondered whether you had wasted your time? Ever collected business cards, only to find them months later in your drawer or wallet? Robbie Samuels has a step by step process for networking to build authentic relationships and make the best use of your limited time. In this episode, he describes:  - How to prepare for an event, including what to do before the event to be more effective at networking.  - Simple systems for remembering the people you’ve met and who you want to follow up with.  - The meaning of croissants versus bagels, the title of Robbie's book about networking. Resources mentioned in this episode include: Eight steps for successful networking: https://www.robbiesamuels.com/8-steps-for-successful-networking/ Croissants vs. bagels: www.croissantsvsbagels.com On the Schmooze podcast: www.ontheschmooze.com

Penn Loh didn’t expect to become the executive director of the environmental justice nonprofit ACE. He felt most comfortable as a resource ally — and not the definition of a traditional leader. In this episode, Penn talks about:  - Re-imagining his potential to serve as executive director of a grassroots organization.   - Finding his own voice as a facilitative leader.  - Tools and resources that were most useful to him. Tools and resources mentioned in this episode include: Popular education (Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Friere https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&hl=en-us&q=Paulo+Freire&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAONgVuLUz9U3MKqwMLd8xOjMLfDyxz1hKatJa05eYzTh4grOyC93zSvJLKkUUuNig7JkuHilELo0GKS4uRBcnkWsPAGJpTn5Cm5FqZlFqQCHDYRcYgAAAA&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj96M7r5YzjAhUtiOAKHQzjB_UQgYUCCI4BKAAwDA&biw=375&bih=553) Interaction Institute for Social Change  https://interactioninstitute.org/ Teaching Democracy https://teachingdemocracyblog.wordpress.com/coordination-and-design-team/ United for a Fair Economy http://www.faireconomy.org/ Tufts Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning https://as.tufts.edu/uep/

Years before he became executive director at Boston-based Alternatives for Community and Environment (ACE), Penn Loh was fulfilling his parents' dream: He was attending MIT to become an electrical engineer.   In part 1 of our interview, Penn tells the story of:  - How his experience as a child of immigrants shaped his early aspirations.  - The unexpected influence one MIT class had in transforming his world view.  - How coming face to face with the defense industries’ influence on MIT spurred him to develop his organizing chops.