The Future of Everything

Spring is right around the corner and as the weather changes and things begin to bloom, that also means the onset of allergy season. Last fall, we sat down with Tina Sindher who shared that while allergies may be affecting more people worldwide, prevention is playing catch up. If you’re someone or know someone who lives with environmental or food allergies, we hope you’ll tune into this episode to hear some of Tina’s strategies for better managing these conditions.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Sayantani (Tina) SindherConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Tina Sindher, a professor of medicine and allergy at Stanford University.(00:01:50) Inside the Immune ResponseWhy our immune systems trigger allergic reactions.(00:03:31) Genes vs. EnvironmentWhether genetics or environment drive allergy risks.(00:06:39) The Microbiome FactorThe role of the microbiome and early exposures in prevention.(00:07:51) A Global Allergy SurgeHow global allergy trends reveal rising health challenges.(00:10:29) Potent Food TriggersWhy some foods cause stronger and faster reactions.(00:12:23) Emerging RisksWhether Alpha-Gal signals new emerging allergy risks.(00:14:21) Multi-Food AllergiesHow multi-food allergies complicate diagnosis and treatment.(00:17:36) Preventing Allergies EarlyWhy early food introduction may help prevent allergies.(00:19:28) Skin’s Role in AllergiesThe importance of infant skin health in allergy development.(00:22:13) Testing LimitationsThe limits of current testing methods to truly diagnose allergies.(00:23:47) Standard Testing ProcedureThe current methodologies deployed when testing for allergies.(00:26:02) New TherapiesHow new therapies like OIT and Xolair are reshaping treatment.(00:30:24) The Future of AllergiesThe potential of combined therapies to aid in allergy treatment.(00:33:07) Managing Seasonal AllergiesHow to manage seasonal allergies effectively at home.(00:35:41) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Chuck Eesley, a professor of management science and engineering, studies entrepreneurship across diverse contexts – from refugee entrepreneurs in Uganda to semiconductor startups navigating U.S.-China economic policy. His research on recent export controls revealed a counterintuitive outcome: Rather than solely strengthening U.S. semiconductor innovation, these policies accelerated Chinese investment in its own domestic chip industry, boosting startups there as much as – or more than – here. This finding underscores how global technology markets are deeply interconnected: Barriers can produce unintended consequences that accelerate innovation abroad rather than protecting it at home. Open technology trade and investment create larger markets for American innovations, strengthen collaborative partnerships, and demonstrate that interconnected markets drive progress for all participants. “Entrepreneurial talent exists everywhere,” Eesley tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Charles (Chuck) EesleyConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Chuck Eesley, a professor of management and engineering at Stanford University.(00:03:04) Why Study Entrepreneurship?Chuck explains why entrepreneurs are drivers of modern economic growth.(00:03:30) Defining EntrepreneurshipBroad vs. narrow entrepreneurship, from startups to large organizations.(00:04:33) Institutional EnvironmentsHow policies and culture both shape entrepreneurial outcomes.(00:05:44) Studying Institutions & EntrepreneurshipMeasuring ​institutional shifts to isolate entrepreneurial outcomes.(00:08:12) Founder & Talent IncentivesWhat’s needed for high-opportunity-cost talent to start companies.(00:09:36) AI EntrepreneurshipThe impact of data and compute concentration on startup dynamism.(00:11:28) Designing AI RegulationHistorical examples of regulation enabling startups to compete fairly.(00:13:43) Incentives Inside Big TechWhy some incumbents support startups while others tilt the playing field.(00:15:28) Ad Placement & Misinformation FundingHow digital advertising can unintentionally fund low-credibility content.(00:21:24) Misinformation Market SolutionThe disclosure mechanisms that may reduce misinformation incentives.(00:25:23) Semiconductors & EntrepreneurshipThe importance of startups in a field often dominated by large incumbents.(00:29:30) Unintended Policy EffectsHow U.S. policy may be accelerating Chinese semiconductor investments.(00:31:09) Competing Industrial PoliciesWhy evaluation and iteration are essential for effective policy design.(00:32:31) Global EntrepreneurshipEmerging entrepreneurship models spreading across regions and contexts.(00:36:26) The Universal Entrepreneurial MindsetShared entrepreneurial traits across cultures, contexts, and countries.(00:37:14) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: democratizing entrepreneurship, context, and equitable inclusivity.(00:41:02) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Developmental psychologist Bonnie Halpern-Felsher specializes in teenage health-related decision-making, especially in their use of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and other substances. Young people, she says, value immediate social benefits over long-term risks. In response, she supports bans on flavored nicotine products and has developed nationally and internationally used evidence-based substance use prevention and intervention programs, including some that are culturally targeted, such as her vaping prevention curriculum in Hawaii zeroing in on popular flavors like mango and poi. The reward, she says, is reduced substance use and better mental health. “Talk to your kids. Don’t lecture. Have a conversation,” Halpern-Felsher tells host Russ Altman of the best way to break through on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Bonnie Halpern-FelsherHalpern-Felsher REACH Lab | Stanford MedicineConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Bonnie Halpern-Felsher, a developmental psychologist at Stanford University.(00:03:52) Focus on Youth Substance UseBonnie explains her focus on studying substance behaviors in adolescents.(00:05:32) Current Trends in Youth HealthThe mixed indicators across behavior and mental health in youth.(00:08:46) Effective Health CommunicationWhy long-horizon risk messaging often underperforms in adolescents.(00:11:16) Policy Translation & AdvocacyHow Bonnie translates research findings into policy advocacy.(00:13:54) School-Based Prevention ProgramsAn overview of evidence-based curricula and target age groups.(00:15:04) Measuring Program ImpactThe evaluation approaches and challenges of the prevention programs.(00:16:41) Youth Dependence & CessationWhy addiction develops quickly and the limited treatment options.(00:18:18) Program Adaptation Across ContextsHow curricula are localized without redesigning core methods.(00:21:00) Youth-Oriented Product MarketingThe strategies used by substance industries to market to youth.(00:23:38) Cannabis Potency & Health RiskThe link between higher THC concentrations and medical outcomes.(00:26:48) Patterns of Cannabis UseThe common modes of cannabis use and related exposure risks.(00:28:10) Early Exposure & Prevention NeedsThe reports of substance exposure and use at increasingly early ages.(00:29:10) Guidance for CaregiversPractical guidance for caregivers concerned about substance use.(00:31:23) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: asking for help, substance regulation, and alternate degree.(00:33:37) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

As 2026 gets underway we know that many take time around this new beginning to improve not only their physical, but also their mental health. With that in mind, we’re rerunning an episode with Leanne Williams on the future of depression care. Leanne is an expert on clinical depression and is working on new ways to more precisely diagnose depression in order to develop more effective treatment. For anyone who has suffered from depression or knows someone who has, it’s an episode that provides hope for what’s on the horizon. We hope you’ll take another listen and also share this episode with anyone who you think may benefit from the conversation. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Leanne WilliamsConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Leanne Williams, a professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at Stanford University.(00:01:43) What Is Depression?Distinguishing clinical depression from everyday sadness.(00:03:31) Current Depression Treatment ChallengesThe trial-and-error of traditional depression treatments and their timelines.(00:06:16) Brain Mapping and Circuit DysfunctionsAdvanced imaging techniques and their role in understanding depression.(00:09:03) Diagnosing with Brain ImagingHow brain imaging can complement traditional diagnostic methods in psychiatry.(00:10:22) Depression BiotypesIdentifying six distinct biotypes of depression through brain imaging.(00:12:31) Cognitive Features of DepressionHow cognitive impairment plays a major role in certain depression biotypes.(00:14:11) Matching Treatments to BiotypesFinding appropriate treatments sooner using brain-based diagnostics.(00:15:38) Expanding Treatment OptionsPersonalizing therapies and improving treatment outcomes based on biotypes.(00:19:03) AI in Depression TreatmentUsing AI to refine biotypes and predict treatment outcomes with greater accuracy.(00:22:15) Psychedelics in Depression TreatmentThe potential for psychedelic drugs to target specific biotypes of depression.(00:23:46) Expanding the Biotypes FrameworkIntegrating multimodal approaches into the biotype framework.(00:27:29) Reducing Stigma in DepressionHow showing patients their brain imaging results reduces self-blame and stigma.(00:29:38) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Pediatrician Yair Bannett studies and treats ADHD in preschool-age children. His interests stem from watching too many families struggle to understand their child’s behavior. He now focuses on improving frontline care using artificial intelligence to analyze electronic health records. One recent study explored whether doctors are making appropriate non-drug interventions before choosing to medicate children. Through his research, he hopes to raise the standard of ADHD care for thousands – and perhaps millions – of children. Early diagnosis and better care can prevent later problems, Bannett tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Yair BannettConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Yair Bannett, a developmental behavioral pediatrician at Stanford University.(00:03:44) Why Study ADHDYair’s path from primary care pediatrics to ADHD research.(00:04:32) Understanding ADHDThe core symptoms and diagnostic criteria for ADHD.(00:05:57) Diagnosing ADHD in YouthWhy diagnosis is challenging and relies on clinical judgment.(00:08:21) Known Causes of ADHDWhat is known about biological origins and environmental influence.(00:10:08) Geographic and Cultural DifferencesThe variations in ADHD prevalence across regions and populations.(00:11:37) ADHD Across CountriesPrevalence of ADHD globally and challenges with monitoring diagnosis.(00:12:23) Natural History of Untreated ADHDThe lifelong persistence of ADHD and associated risks when untreated.(00:14:28) ADHD Diagnosis in AdultsThe challenges in identifying and diagnosing ADHD later in life.(00:16:27) ADHD TreatmentsAn overview of the two treatment interventions used to treat ADHD.(00:18:16) Stimulant MedicationsThe effectiveness and long-term benefits of stimulant treatments.(00:21:30) Non-Stimulant MedicationsWhen and why alternative medications for ADHD are used.(00:22:31) Non-pharmacological InterventionsThe alternative interventions used outside pharmacological treatments.(00:23:18) Reducing Household ChaosStrategies for structure and behavior management within the home.(00:24:55) Measuring Quality of ADHD CareUsing electronic health records and AI to improve treatment.(00:28:10) Importance of Early DiagnosisThe benefits of identifying ADHD before school entry.(00:29:29) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: applying AI, collaboration, and theatre dreams.(00:31:55) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Physician-scientist Randall Stafford studies the effects of alcohol use on population health – the true health impact, he emphasizes. Stafford explains how early research suggested that drinking is beneficial – or at least not bad – for people. That mindset produced decades of wishful thinking based on inconsistent science driven by social, emotional, and industry forces. The small cardiovascular benefits, he says, are far outweighed by the risks of cancer, liver disease, depression, and other ills. Although the harms of low-level consumption are small, there is no safe level of alcohol use, Stafford tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Randall StaffordConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Randall Stafford, a professor of medicine at Stanford University.(00:03:35) Challenges in Alcohol ResearchWhy cultural norms and study limitations complicate evidence.(00:03:56) Historical Perspectives on DrinkingHow early studies suggested benefits and why those conclusions shifted.(00:09:12) Risk, Dose, and Drinking PatternsThe increased risks with binge drinking and higher doses of alcohol.(00:12:15) Health Benefits vs. Lifestyle EnjoymentClarifying what alcohol does—and does not—provide medically.(00:13:37) Alcohol and Mental HealthThe bidirectional effects between alcohol use and mental health.(00:17:37) Broader Mental and Social EffectsAlcohol’s connection to bipolar disorder, unemployment, and social harm.(00:20:12) How Alcohol Myths PersistWhy simplified conclusions endured despite contradictory data.(00:22:46) Changing Cultural AttitudesCultural trends toward reduced drinking and alcohol-free periods.(00:25:49) Alcohol and Liver DiseaseThe effects of alcohol beyond heavy use, including metabolic disease.(00:27:29) Strategies to Reduce HarmWay to reduce alcohol consumption and avoid binge drinking.(00:29:25) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: avoiding alcohol, research needs, and studying liver disease.(00:31:04) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We're here to wish you a very happy New Year! We hope you’re ringing in the new year in good health and looking forward to what’s ahead in 2026. As people are setting goals and making resolutions, we’re re-running an episode today on the future of motivation. Last year, we sat down with Szu-chi Huang, an expert in motivation. She explained how science is changing our understanding of goal-setting and achievement, and offered a few tricks you can try when you feel stuck. We hope you’ll tune in again today and pick up a few insights on how to sustain enthusiasm for your goals over time.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Szu-chi HuangConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces Szu-chi Huang, a professor of Marketing at Stanford GSB.(00:02:13) Studying MotivationSzu-chi shares what led her to study motivational science.(00:02:45) Defining MotivationMotivation as the drive to close the gap between current and ideal self.(00:03:39) The Science of MotivationStudying motivation through behavioral and neurological data.(00:04:30) Why It Matters in BusinessHow motivation science applies to leaders, teams, and customers.(00:05:21) The Motivation FrameworkThe strategies needed in order to stay motivated over time.(00:06:24) Journey vs. Destination MindsetThe different mindsets needed throughout the stages of motivation.(00:08:03) Motivating Kids to Choose HealthyCollaborating with UNICEF to study what motivates children.(00:09:37) Gamified Coupons in PanamaA study using gamified coupons to influence children's food choices.(00:13:08) Loyalty Programs as MotivationHow customer reward programs act as structured goal journeys.(00:15:29) Progress Versus PurposeThe different incentives needed in each stage of loyalty programs.(00:17:11) Retirement Saving LessonsHow financial institutions apply motivational science to long-term goals.(00:19:54) Motivation in Social ContextThe role of social connections in goal pursuit and sustaining motivation.(00:21:20) Support vs. Competition in Shared GoalsThe benefits and drawbacks of sharing goal journeys with others.(00:24:52) Designing Apps for MotivationHow redesigning user interfaces can help users stay motivated.(00:26:02) AI as a Motivation CoachUsing AI to personalize feedback across all stages of goal pursuit.(00:28:50) Starting and Sustaining a GoalPractical strategies for launching and sustaining a goal.(00:30:59) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Hi everyone, it’s your host, Russ. As we celebrate another holiday season and round out the year, I want to take a moment to say thank you for listening. This show started out over 8 years ago as an experiment and has not only grown to become a passion project, but also an archive of the impactful work my colleagues across Stanford dedicate their lives to. In a time when the sheer volume of information available to us can make it hard to determine what’s accurate, I’m proud to be able to bring you information directly from expert scientists in the fields of physics, medicine, technology, computer science, law, and much more.The show, however, would not exist without you. So thank you for giving us your time and attention; it means a lot and also makes what we do possible.Happy holidays and happy new year! Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

We hope you’re enjoying the holiday season with family, friends, and loved ones. We’ll be releasing new episodes again in the new year – in the meantime, today, we’re re-running a fascinating episode on The future of AI coaching. The past few years have seen an incredible boom in AI and one of our colleagues, James Landay, a professor in Computer Science, thinks that when it comes to AI and education, things are just getting started. He’s particularly excited about the potential for AI to serve as a coach or tutor. We hope you’ll take another listen to this conversation and come away with some optimism for the potential AI has to help make us smarter and healthier. Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​James LandayConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest James Landay, a professor of Computer Science at Stanford University.(00:01:44) Evolving AI ApplicationsHow large language models can replicate personal coaching experiences.(00:06:24) Role of Health Experts in AIIntegrating insights from medical professionals into AI coaching systems.(00:10:01) Personalization in AI CoachingHow AI coaches can adapt personalities and avatars to cater to user preferences.(00:12:30) Group Dynamics in AI CoachingPros and cons of adding social features and group support to AI coaching systems.(00:13:48) Ambient Awareness in TechnologyAmbient awareness and how it enhances user engagement without active attention.(00:17:24) Using AI in Elementary EducationNarrative-driven tutoring systems to inspire kids' learning and creativity.(00:22:39) Encouraging Student Writing with AIUsing LLMs to  motivate students to write  through personalized feedback.(00:23:32) Scaling AI Educational ToolsThe ACORN project and creating dynamic, scalable learning experiences.(00:27:38) Human-Centered AIThe concept of human-centered AI and its focus on designing for society.(00:30:13) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Microbes are awesome, says biologist Paula Welander. They have shaped Earth’s chemistry and its environment over billions of years, including oxygenating the planet to make it habitable for larger life forms. In turn, microbes have been shaped by that very same environment, evolving as the climate has evolved, she says. Welander now studies the lipid membranes of ancient microbes, which can endure for millions of years, to understand this evolution and where we might be headed in the future. Microbes are our connection to the ancient world, Welander tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Paula V. WelanderConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Paula Welander, a professor of Earth Science at Stanford University.(00:04:06) Why Study Microbial LipidsWhy lipids are essential for modern microbiology and Earth’s history.(00:05:19) Diversity of Microbial MembranesHow bacteria and Archaea build different kinds of membranes.(00:07:15) Reconstructing Ancient EnvironmentsUsing specific lipid biomarkers to understand the early planet.(00:09:20) Chemical Fossils vs. Organism FossilsWhy microbes don’t leave traditional fossils—but their lipids do.(00:10:55) Lipids as Environmental CluesHow certain lipids indicate the environments organisms lived in.(00:12:36) Archaea: A Distinct and Ancient EntityArchaea’s evolutionary importance and chemically distinct membranes.(00:15:43) The Lipid DivideWhy eukaryotic membranes resemble bacterial, not Archaeal, membranes.(00:17:12) Tracing Membrane EvolutionRecent breakthroughs in studying Archaeal lineages related to eukaryotes.(00:19:11)  Lipid Preservation Over TimeHow archaeal lipids are especially reliable as long-term biomarkers.(00:20:58) Sterols as BiomarkersThe role sterols, including cholesterol, play in lipid archeology.(00:23:14) Bacterial Cholesterol DiscoveryThe discovery that a rare bacteria can synthesize sterol precursors.(00:25:02) Functional Roles of Bacterial SterolsThe possible roles sterols may play in microbial membranes and cell function.(00:26:31) Archaea in the Human GutThe number and types of Archaea found in the human microbiome.(00:28:43) Archaea and AntibioticsWhether Archaea react similarly to bacteria when exposed to antibiotics.(00:29:46) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: hope, research needs, and alternate career dreams.(00:31:43) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Molecular biologist Judith Frydman studies the nuances of protein folding and how defects in the process lead to neurodegenerative diseases. Her team studies protein folding in human cells and in model organisms, like yeast and worms, to understand the molecular events that precipitate harmful protein defects in humans. In one example, Frydman’s team explored how aging affects the creation and the quality of proteins in the brain, leading to cognitive problems. She is now looking to develop therapies – someday perhaps leading to cures – to debilitating diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, ALS, and others. The power of science gives her true hope in these important pursuits, Frydman tells host Russ Altman in this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Judith FrydmanConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Judith Frydman, a professor of biology and genetics at Stanford University.(00:04:00) Linking Protein Folding to AgingHow aging disrupts protein-folding machinery across many organisms.(00:07:16) Universal Aging PatternsThe similar age-related protein-folding defects found across organisms(00:09:27) Studying Killifish AgeingResearch on the African killifish as a rapid-aging model organism.(00:13:05) Ribosome Function DeclinesHow aging causes ribosomes to stall and collide, creating faulty proteins.(00:15:31) Aging Across SpeciesThe potential factors causing alternate aging rates in different species.(20:11) What Fails Inside Aging CellsThe cellular components that are leading to bad protein creation.(00:24:04) Therapeutic ApproachesPotential interventions to combat cellular and neurological degeneration.(00:25:12) Gene vs. Small-Molecule TreatmentsHow some interventions may be better suited for certain diseases.(00:27:47) Ribosome Drug PotentialWhy ribosomes and translation factors are viable drug targets.(00:28:56) Next Steps in Aging ResearchUsing human skin fibroblasts to study human aging mechanisms.(00:31:46) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: scientific progress, young researchers, and archeology.(00:33:54) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Maria Barna is an authority on ribosomes – “life’s most ancient and spectacular molecular machines.” Ribosomes make proteins in the body. There can be a thousand different types of ribosomes in a single cell, she says, each with a specific job to do. But sometimes things go awry and ribosomes get “hijacked,” leading to disease. Barna studies these “diabolical” variations to find new therapies to treat diseases ranging from cancer and COVID to Parkinson’s. When diseases hit, it’s all about the ribosomes, Barna tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Maria BarnaConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Maria Barna, a professor of genetics at Stanford University.(00:04:21) Origins of Ribosome ResearchMaria explains why ribosomes became the focus of her work.(00:06:14) Ribosome Function and ScaleRibosomes’ functions and the energy required for their production.(00:08:28) Ribosomes as MachinesHow ribosomes influence which proteins are produced and when.(00:09:48) Ribosome RegulationThe regulatory layers within ribosomes and their possible variants.(00:14:35) Ribosomes and DiseaseHow ribosomal dysfunction is linked to a wide range of diseases.(00:18:16) Ribosome Mutations and DevelopmentCongenital disorders that can be attributed to specific ribosomal mutations.(00:20:44) RNA vs. Protein OutputWhy RNA measurements alone do not accurately predict protein levels.(00:24:16) Designing Ribosomes for TherapyThe potential of using engineered ribosomes for target therapies.(00:26:16) Small-Molecule Ribosome ModulatorsScreening compounds that may enhance ribosome activity for treatments.(00:28:39) Future Ribosome ProfilingIsolating individual ribosomes to understand their specific roles.(00:30:35) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: scientific progress, community, and alternative career interest.(00:34:01) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

In October, chemical engineer Will Tarpeh was awarded a 2025 MacArthur “Genius Grant” in recognition of his pioneering work to turn wastewater into a source of valuable materials. Will envisions a future in which the concept of wastewater is obsolete, thanks to advances in recycling. A couple of years ago, we sat down to talk with him about this work, and we hope you’ll take another listen today to learn more about the research Will is doing to transform the potential of wastewater into resources.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​William Abraham TarpehConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces Will Tarpeh, a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford University.(00:03:01) Wastewater as a Modern MineHow elements like nitrogen and phosphorus can be recovered from waste.(00:04:15) Path to Sanitation ResearchWill shares what led to his interest in studying wastewater.(00:06:55) The Science of SeparationThe electrochemical and material techniques to extract valuable compounds.(00:08:37) Urine-Based FertilizerHow human urine could meet up to 30% of global fertilizer needs.(00:11:08) Drugs in WastewaterThe potential of reclaiming pharmaceuticals from waste streams.(00:14:14) Decentralized SanitationOpportunities for neighborhood or household-scale treatment systems.(00:16:48) Source Separation SystemsHow dividing waste at the source improves recycling and recovery.(00:18:56) Global Sanitation ChallengesWays that developing countries can adopt modern waste solutions.(00:23:51) Preventing Algal BloomsThe systems that are helping to reduce nutrient pollution and dead zones.(00:27:16) The Urine SummitA community advancing urine recycling and sustainable sanitation policy.(00:28:43) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Gabriel Weintraub studies how digital markets evolve. In that regard, he says platforms like Amazon, Uber, and Airbnb have already disrupted multiple verticals through their use of data and digital technologies. Now, they face both the opportunity and the challenge of leveraging AI to further transform markets, while doing so in a responsible and accountable way. Weintraub is also applying these insights to ease friction and accelerate results in government procurement and regulation. Ultimately, we must fall in love with solving the problem, not with the technology itself, Weintraub tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Gabriel WeintraubConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Gabriel Weintraub, a professor of operations, information, and technology at Stanford University.(00:03:00) School Lunches to Digital PlatformsHow designing markets in Chile led Gabriel to study digital marketplaces.(00:03:57) What Makes a Good MarketOutlining the core principles that constitute a well-functioning market.(00:05:29) Opportunities and Challenges OnlineThe challenges associated with the vast data visibility of digital markets.(00:06:56) AI and the Future of SearchHow AI and LLMs could revolutionize digital platforms.(00:08:15) Rise of Vertical MarketplacesThe new specialized markets that curate supply and ensure quality.(00:10:23) Winners and Losers in Market ShiftsHow technology is reshaping industries from real estate to travel.(00:12:38) Government Procurement in ChileApplying market design and AI tools to Chile’s procurement system.(00:15:00) Leadership and AdoptionThe role of leadership in modernizing government systems.(00:18:59) AI in Government and RegulationUsing AI to help governments streamline complex bureaucratic systems.(00:21:45) Streamlining Construction PermitsPiloting AI tools to speed up municipal construction-permit approvals.(00:23:20) Building an AI StrategyCreating an AI strategy that aligns with business or policy goals.(00:25:26) Workforce and ExperimentationTraining employees to experiment with LLMs and explore productivity gains.(00:27:36) Humans and AI CollaborationThe importance of designing AI systems to augment human work, not replace it.(00:28:26) Future in a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: AI’s impact, passion and resilience, and soccer dreams.(00:30:39) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Biochemist Lingyin Li survived breast cancer at just 30 and now works to harness the human immune system to fight cancers that have long evaded treatment. T cells, she says, are powerful cancer killers, but they can be oblivious. She and her lab colleagues have discovered a masking enzyme that squelches the immune system’s “danger signals” and are now developing drugs to block that enzyme. She likens her work to an arms race between cancer and immunotherapy. “The cancers are not getting smarter, but we are,” Li tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Lingyin LiConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Lingyin Li, a professor of biochemistry at Stanford University.(00:03:38) Research MotivationLingyin explains how her breast cancer diagnosis inspired her research.(00:04:31) How T-Cells WorkT-cell mechanisms and why they struggle to reach solid tumors.(00:05:38) Immune System OverviewInnate and adaptive immunity and how mutations make cancer recognizable.(00:07:28) Awakening the Immune SystemEfforts to stimulate innate immune cells to detect and expose tumors.(00:10:54) The Cancer SignalDiscovery of cancer-derived DNA signals that alert the immune system.(00:13:01) Cancer’s Evasion MechanismHow tumors destroy immune signals to hide from detection.(00:14:26) ENPP1 EnzymeIdentification of ENPP1 as the enzyme enabling immune evasion.(00:15:22) Balancing Immunity and SafetyRole of ENPP1 in autoimmunity and the challenge of targeting it safely.(00:19:30) ENPP1 InhibitorsDevelopment of molecules to block ENPP1 and enhance immune signaling.(00:24:55) Preclinical FindingsThe promising results against aggressive solid tumors in animal studies(00:28:05) From Lab to ClinicThe progress toward FDA approval and preparation for human testing.(00:31:04) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: innovation, collaboration, and the outlook for cancer treatment.(00:33:14) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

On our 300th episode, Stanford Hoover Institution Director and former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice talks about her return to Stanford after years in government and the impact she sees rapidly advancing technologies having on democracy and public policy. She says the future demands greater collaboration among industry, academia, and government to ensure promising fields like quantum computing and AI are used for the greatest good—in education, medicine, and the sciences. We are in a race that we must win, Rice tells host Russ Altman on this special episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Condoleezza RiceConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Condoleezza Rice, former U.S. Secretary of State and a professor of political science and political economy at Stanford University.(00:04:08) Returning to StanfordWhy Condoleezza returned to academia after serving as Secretary of State.(00:04:50) Higher Education & Public TrustPotential factors impacting universities' connection to the broader public.(00:07:31) Why Research Still MattersThe importance of curiosity-driven, federally funded university research.(00:09:32) Hoover’s Emerging Tech InitiativeAn outline of the Hoover Institution’s Tech Initiative and its policies.(00:12:11) Uniting Scientists & PolicymakersHow engineers and researchers are engaging with policy and ethics.(00:13:41) The Race For InnovationEmerging themes and key enablers in the technology innovation race.(00:19:17) Industry in the LeadHow private companies are now the primary drivers of innovation.(00:22:02) Global Tech & National InterestsThe tension between globalized tech firms and U.S. policy interests(00:24:35) AI & EducationUsing AI as a tool to enhance teaching and critical thinking in students.(00:28:30) Students Driving PolicyThe contribution students are making to Hoover’s tech policy work.(00:29:23) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: hope, innovation, time, humanity, and alternate careers.(00:31:09) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Tune in on Friday, November 7th to listen to our 300th episode with a very special guest. Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

About a year ago, a research team at Stanford Engineering led by Guosong Hong published a paper about their work to use a common food dye to make mouse skin transparent. Their findings made a big splash and have the potential to provide a range of benefits in health care. You can imagine that if we have the ability to see what’s going on under the skin without having to cut into it, or use radiation to get a clear look, this could improve everything from invasive biopsies to painful blood draws. We hope you’ll tune in again and enjoy.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: ​​Guosong HongGuosong's Lab: THE HONG LABConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces Guosong Hong, an expert in physics, material science, and biology from Stanford University.(00:01:52) Material Science Meets NeuroscienceHow Guosong’s research blends nanomaterials and brain science.(00:03:00) Why Tissue Isn’t TransparentThe challenge of light penetration in biological tissues.(00:04:54) A New Approach to Tissue ClearingThe physics behind tissue transparency and refractive index manipulation.(00:07:57) UV Light and TransparencyHow manipulating UV absorption can align refractive indexes.(00:10:16) First Experiments and ResultsInitial tests that demonstrate successful tissue clearing.(00:12:19) Applications in MedicineThe potential of transparent tissues in dermatology and medical imaging.(00:14:36) Testing on Live TissueThe results of testing transparency techniques on live mice.(00:18:30) Transparency in NatureHow some species have naturally transparent tissue.(00:19:52) Human Eye and Protein TransparencyThe unique proteins that keep our lenses clear using similar physics.(00:22:24) Wireless Light Inside the BodyDeveloping ultrasound-activated light sources for tissue imaging.(00:24:55) Precision of Ultrasound LightHow precisely ultrasound can trigger tiny particles to emit light.(00:28:14) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Clinician-scientist Jill Helms is an expert on healing. Until about age 30, people heal easily, she says, but later on, not so well. Regenerative medicine suggests avenues for improvement, she promises. Her research focuses on understanding the physical and molecular processes of healing to design better therapies. One approach awakens “sleeper” stem cells to aid healing, a new drug in trial regenerates bone, and another avenue targets infections that appear near medical devices using gum-like tissues that create sealing barriers. In many ways, nature remains our best model for healing, Helms tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Jill HelmsConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Jill Helms, a professor of surgery at Stanford University.(00:03:42) Why Study Wound HealingJill shares what led her to explore how the body repairs itself after injury.(00:04:23) How Healing WorksExplanation of physical signals, stem cells, and the stages of tissue repair.(00:07:23) Healing Declines with AgeHow healing quality and speed drop significantly after age thirty.(00:10:48) Physical vs. Biological SignalsThe biological and physical signals that work together to guide healing.(00:13:21) Regenerative MedicineTherapies designed to restore healing capacity and accelerate repair.(00:16:55) Infection and ImplantsChallenges of preventing infections around skin penetrating medical devices.(00:21:54) Nature’s BlueprintUsing biological models to inspire self-renewing wound interfaces.(00:26:19)  Biomimicry and Evolutionary InsightWhat scientists are learning from animals to inform human tissue repair.(00:30:51) Future In a MinuteRapid-fire Q&A: scientific curiosity, young researchers, and supportive environments.(00:33:04) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.

Bioengineer Michael Fischbach studies alternative vaccine delivery methods, like self-administered creams with no needles, health professionals, or side effects. He teases a day when vaccines that don’t make you feel bad come in the mail in ketchup-style packets. Such innovations would greatly improve vaccine uptake, especially in developing countries, and speed global response to novel viruses. It would change how we think about vaccines, Fischbach tells host Russ Altman on this episode of Stanford Engineering’s The Future of Everything podcast.Have a question for Russ? Send it our way in writing or via voice memo, and it might be featured on an upcoming episode. Please introduce yourself, let us know where you're listening from, and share your question. You can send questions to thefutureofeverything@stanford.edu.Episode Reference Links:Stanford Profile: Michael FischbachConnect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>> Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / FacebookChapters:(00:00:00) IntroductionRuss Altman introduces guest Michael Fischbach, a professor of bioengineering at Stanford University.(00:04:24) Cream-Based VaccinesThe discovery that revealed the skin’s ability to spark systemic immunity.(00:07:36) Engineering ImmunityModifying staph epidermidis to carry antigens and test immune response.(00:09:38) Tumor RegressionHow engineered bacteria triggered tumor-killing immunity in mice.(00:12:53) Antibody DiscoveryEvidence that skin exposure can generate long-lasting antibodies.(00:17:02) Antibody Response in HumansWhether humans show antibody responses to their own skin bacteria.(00:18:42) Turning Bacteria into VaccinesEmbedding harmless pathogen fragments into bacterial surface proteins.(00:20:55) Immunity Without ShotsHow mice achieved vaccine-level immunity through topical application.(00:24:00) Reimagining Vaccine DeliveryThe potential for self-applied, needle-free, and multiplexed vaccines.(00:26:50) Mechanism Behind Skin ImmunityHow skin immune cells may constantly sample microbes for defence.(00:28:14) Next Steps in DevelopmentThe path toward testing safety, dosage, and delivery in higher models.(00:29:57) Choosing Vaccine TargetsViruses and diseases that could be targets for early skin-based vaccines.(00:31:11) Safety and ReversibilityEnsuring safety with reversible bacteria and limited trial participants.(00:33:04) Transitioning to BiotechTransitioning research from Stanford to large-scale biotech development.(00:34:31) Future In a MinuteRapidfire Q&A: creative science, vaccine innovation, and biology’s future.(00:36:56) Conclusion Connect With Us:Episode Transcripts >>> The Future of Everything WebsiteConnect with Russ >>> Threads / Bluesky / MastodonConnect with School of Engineering >>>Twitter/X / Instagram / LinkedIn / Facebook Hosted by Simplecast, an AdsWizz company. See pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for advertising.