Steministas

Our final episode of Season 2 focuses on heart disease. In this episode, we welcome PhD Candidate, Natalie Harris, to discuss the cardiac lymphatic system and how it relates to heart disease.  

In this episode, we discuss how diet can impact heart health with a specific focus on red meat and saturated fat.    // Sources // AHA: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/aha-diet-and-lifestyle-recommendations  Triglycerides: ​​https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/properties-structure-and-function-of-biological-macromolecules/v/molecular-structure-of-triglycerides-fats  Red meat and heart disease: https://www.escardio.org/The-ESC/Press-Office/Press-releases/study-strengthens-links-between-red-meat-and-heart-disease  https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-07-21-red-and-processed-meat-linked-increased-risk-heart-disease-oxford-study-shows  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/news/behind-the-headlines/meat-and-heart-disease  Omega-3 fatty acids: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/types-of-fat/omega-3-fats/

In this episode, we talk about COVID-19 and the heart. How does COVID affect the heart? Listen to find out why underlying cardiovascular issues are a risk factor for severe COVID and to hear what damage COVID can to heart function. Previous COVID episode: https://open.spotify.com/episode/6JeH5o3NVi9da1cajvJ3vL?si=15f11115272040b8  Previous RNA vaccine episode: https://open.spotify.com/episode/5xDPH8WoMTJFLumyqDyfS5?si=390f4dee74e240e1    //Sources// COVID and heart what we know: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/covid-19-and-the-heart-what-have-we-learned-2021010621603 ACE-2 receptor: https://theconversation.com/what-is-the-ace2-receptor-how-is-it-connected-to-coronavirus-and-why-might-it-be-key-to-treating-covid-19-the-experts-explain-136928 ACE-2 ANG II: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00317/full Cardiovascular disease: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)  SARS ACE-2 receptor: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287568/ SAR-COV-2 ACE-2 receptor: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778857/ COVID and heart damage: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33092737/  Cardiomyocyte injury:  Cytokine storm: https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Cytokine-Storm.aspx#:~:text=During%20a%20cytokine%20storm%2C%20various,can%20lead%20to%20organ%20damage. Direct and indirect mechanisms: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776538 COVID autopsy review: https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S1054880720301046?returnurl=https:%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1054880720301046%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&referrer=https:%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2F  NEJM COVID Vaccine Myocarditis: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2110737  SARS-COV-2 and cardiomyocyte iPSCs: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.abf7872

In this episode we discuss the importance of exercise for a healthy heart! Listen in to find out how exercise improves your heart health and what amount and type of exercise is recommended for your health.   // Sources // Article: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.0000048890.59383.8D VO2 max: https://med.virginia.edu/exercise-physiology-core-laboratory/fitness-assessment-for-community-members/vo2-max-testing/ HIIT study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17414804/ New heart study: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131014155744.htm AHA recommendations: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults

In this episode, we talk about how blood types are determined and explain the blood type diet and the science (or lack of) behind it!    Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com or connect with us on Facebook!

In this episode, we set up the background of the cardiovascular system! We'll discuss the biology of the heart, blood, and blood vessels!   Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com or connect with us on Facebook!

In this episode, we reveal the theme of this season: the cardiovascular system! We'll introduce you to the basic components and go over the episode lineup. And you really don't want to miss out on our fun facts about this very important organ system.    Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com or connect with us on Facebook!

In this episode, we update you on our current life situation's and give a teaser for the upcoming season of Steministas that begins September 29th!   Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com!

The claims about essential oils are many and include curing the flu, preventing headaches, soothing anxiety and many other claims. This has led to more people than ever putting oils on their skin, diffusing them into the air and even taking them in capsules. Is there potential harm from doing this or are the many claims legit and is there science to back them up? In this podcast we talk about some of the limitations with all essential oils, scientific studies that have shown negative effects about certain oils and scientific studies that have shown positive effects about certain oils.  Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com! SOURCES // https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2018/03/18/will-essential-oils-like-lavender-and-tea-tree-make-your-breasts-larger/#42c8270e3fc2 https://www.dietvsdisease.org/do-essential-oils-work/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994788/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8805113 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2145499?dopt=Abstract https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612440/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25389481  

Down Syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by mental and physical disabilities. It is often screened for early on in pregnancy and there is a correlation between countries that push early pregnancy screening and the percentage of babies with Down Syndrome being aborted. In this week's episode, we go over the genetics behind Down Syndrome, discuss the statistics of abortion of Down Syndrome babies being put out by other countries, and talk about the ethical implications behind testing for disabilities.    SOURCES // Down syndrome basics and screening: https://www.ndss.org/about-down-syndrome/down-syndrome/#:~:text=Down%20syndrome%20is%20usually%20caused,the%20egg%20fails%20to%20separate. Down syndrome screening: https://www.womenandinfants.org/services/medical-screening/screening-for-down-syndrome#:~:text=Substances%20in%20your%20blood%20which,(free%20beta%2DhCG). Down syndrome symptoms: https://www.healthline.com/health/down-syndrome#symptoms Down syndrome financial cost: https://www.webmd.com/children/news/20161216/down-syndrome-may-not-be-big-financial-burden-on-families#:~:text=Researchers%20found%20that%20average%20monthly,life%2C%20the%20study%20authors%20said. Article condemning Ohio’s Down syndrome abortion bill: https://www.aclu.org/news/disability-rights/the-offensive-hypocrisy-of-banning-abortion-for-a-down-syndrome-diagnosis/ Atlantic article: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/12/the-last-children-of-down-syndrome/616928/ Dr. Rosmarie Garland-Thomson’s article ‘Human Biodiversity Conservation: A Consensual Ethical Principle’: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rosemarie-Garland-Thomson-2/publication/277601791_Human_Biodiversity_Conservation_A_Consensual_Ethical_Principle/links/55cdfd7d08ae118c85bc1cb8/Human-Biodiversity-Conservation-A-Consensual-Ethical-Principle.pdf Scientific American article: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-dark-side-of-crispr/ Russian scientist uses CRISPR to prevent deafness article: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03018-0 Deaf people oppose gene editing article: https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/why-deaf-people-oppose-using-gene-editing-to-cure-deafness Down syndrome empathy study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12635971/   Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com!

Identical twins are the gold standard in genetics to determine how much of a disease is genetic versus environmental. However, a recent study was published uncovering genetic differences between identical twins. In this week's episode we discuss embryonic development, the study itself, and what this could me with how we determine genetic causes behind diseases.  SOURCES // What are GMOs? GMO Watch podcast episode that we guest starred on: https://gmowatch.com/what-are-gmos-steministas/ Overview article about the study: https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/general-science/identical-twins-are-not-identical Overview article about the study: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/identical-twins-can-have-slightly-different-dna-180976736/ Actual study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-020-00755-1 Identical twins explanation: https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/identical-twins Identical twins and placenta: https://fetus.ucsf.edu/monochorionic-twins#:~:text=Identical%20twins%20that%20share%20a,called%20monochorionic%20twins%20(MC).&text=While%20fraternal%20twins%20(2%20eggs,up%20sharing%20a%20single%20placenta Heritability: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/inheritance/heritability/ Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com!

Meditation is increasingly being embraced as a powerful tool to combat anxiety, stress, pain, and neurodegeneration. In this episode we define meditation and talk about its origins. Then, we discuss the research about the health benefits of this practice. Sources History: https://time.com/4246928/meditation-history-buddhism/#:~:text=Some%20archaeologists%20date%20meditation%20back,and%2C%20of%20course%2C%20Buddhism. https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/the-burning-monk-1963/  General mindfulness resources: https://www.mindful.org/10-things-we-know-about-the-science-of-meditation/ https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/19/858551813/anxious-meditation-can-help-you-relax-into-the-uncertainty-of-the-pandemic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHILscdegL8  Meditation and pain: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2011/04/08/135146672/even-beginners-can-curb-pain-with-meditation#:~:text=Meditation%20has%20long%20been%20touted,monk%20to%20pull%20it%20off https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2009/01000/Pain_Sensitivity_and_Analgesic_Effects_of_Mindful.17.aspx  Meditation and stress: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/mindfulness-meditation-may-ease-anxiety-mental-stress-201401086967  Mindfulness meditation: https://www.nytimes.com/guides/well/how-to-meditate#:~:text=Mindfulness%20meditation%20is%20the%20practice%20of%20actually%20being%20present%20in,present%20moment%20without%20any%20judgment  Transcendental meditation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO3AnD2QbIg Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com!

For Black History Month, we wanted to acknowledge the work being done today by talking about the contributions of Black scientists to our very own fields. In this episode, Emma and I cover geneticist Dr. Tracy Johnson (@TheTracyLab) and neuroscientist Dr. Nathan Smith (@SmithLab2018). We hope you enjoy hearing about their current research and service outside the lab!   Sources: Draw-a-scientist studies with children: https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/03/what-we-learn-from-50-years-of-asking-children-to-draw-scientists/556025/ BioRiv study on under-citation of Black authors & people of color: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.12.336230v1.full.pdf  Dr. Johnson HHMI: https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/tracy-l-johnson Pathways to Success Program: https://www.hhmipathways.ucla.edu/ Dr. Johnson’s research: https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Tracy-L-Johnson-50663399 Dr. Johnson’s lab website: https://johnsonlab.mcdb.ucla.edu/ Dr. Smith’s lab website: https://thesmithlaboratory.org/  Neurotransmitters: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous-system/a/neurotransmitters-their-receptors  Connect with Black neuroscientists! https://www.blackinneuro.com/home Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com!

Glaucoma is a debilitating disease where individuals lose their eyesight gradually. Often this happens later on in life and can sometimes be genetic. Scientists have been researching glaucoma and ways to help treat the disease. Recently, a study was published showing that scientists were able to reverse glaucoma-like symptoms in mice. In this podcast, we talk about the eye, dive into the study, and discuss potential implications of this research.    SOURCES // Actual article: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2975-4 Great summary of article: https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-reverse-the-aging-clock-restore-age-related-vision-loss-through-epigenetic-reprogramming/ Glaucoma: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma Yamanaka Factors: https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2012/10/104393/shinya-yamanaka-wins-2012-nobel-prize-medicine CRISPR eye disease: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00655-8 Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can email us at steministas@gmail.com  

For Black History Month we wanted to highlight some Black scientists! In this episode (which is part one of a two part series) we're highlighting the work of Dr. Mae Jemison and George Washington Carver. They both contributed extensively to science and encouraging others to participate in science.  SOURCES // Mae Jemison bios: https://www.biography.com/astronaut/mae-c-jemison  https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mae-jemison  Dr. Jemison Ted Talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LooEeJyd3AY  Interview with Dr. Jemison at Commonwealth Club of California: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgZD5T0RmqE  Experiences with racism: https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/16/magazine/outnumbered-standing-out-at-work-161977.html  Star Trek: https://www.startrek.com/database_article/jemison  Challenger explosion: https://www.history.com/news/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-challenger-shuttle-disaster  George Washington Carver video: https://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/americon-vid-george-w-carver/video/#.Wo2oERPwbSc History Channel article on Carver: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/george-washington-carver Carver’s true legacy: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/search-george-washington-carvers-true-legacy-180971538/ Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com!

Reports of new variants of coronavirus (a.k.a. SARS-CoV2) have surfaced in the U.S. in the past month. With these changes in the SARS-CoV2 genome come concerns that the COVID-19 vaccines developed by Moderna and Pfizer may not be as effective. Take a deep breathe - things are not as bleak as they seem! In this episode, we explain viral variants. How do they arise? And, importantly, what do we know about how these mutations change the current situation for COVID-19 (infection rate, vaccine immunity, symptoms)?   Sources New variant info: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-emerging-variant.html https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-01-covid-variant-states.html  Track new variant by state: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/transmission/variant-cases.html Vaccine concerns: https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/08/health/pfizer-vaccine-variant-strain-mutation/index.html https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.07.425740v1 Infectivity: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/23/health/coronavirus-uk-variant.html https://cmmid.github.io/topics/covid19/uk-novel-variant.html https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/01/08/954967079/coronavirus-faq-how-do-i-protect-myself-from-the-u-k-variant https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.24.20248834v1 Viral mutation rate: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02544-6 Viral neutralization test: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque_reduction_neutralization_test Flu virus mutations: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/viruses/change.htm What is BioRxiv: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv BioRxiv Moderna 1/25: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.25.427948v1  Update 1/25 new variants: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/25/health/coronavirus-moderna-vaccine-variant.html?auth=login-email&login=email  Brazilian variant: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-brazil-strain-confirmed-minnesota/  https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/01/21/958953434/reinfections-more-likely-with-new-coronavirus-variants-evidence-suggests Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can also email us at steministas@gmail.com!

In our podcast two weeks ago, we covered some concerns about GMOs. In this episode we will cover some benefits of GMOs in regards to agriculture, nutrition, and the case study of golden rice. Hopefully, we have given you a good background on GMOs and answered your burning questions in this three part series.  Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can email us with any questions or episode ideas at steministas@gmail.com! SOURCES // GMO pros https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2020/07/new-study-gmo-crops-reduce-pesticide-use-greenhouse-gas-emissions/ https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/09/21/21greenwire-crop-savior-blazes-biotech-trail-but-few-scien-88379.html?pagewanted=print GMO environmental impact https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645698.2020.1773198 Organic products https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2013/05/17/organic-101-can-gmos-be-used-organic-products Foreign Policy Golden rice article: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/10/17/golden-rice-genetically-modified-superfood-almost-saved-millions/ Summation of retracted golden rice research article: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-genetically-modified-rice/genetically-modified-rice-a-good-vitamin-a-source-idUSBRE87E0RO20120815 Retracted golden rice research article: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/96/3/658/4576908 Retraction reason: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/102/3/715/4564264 Golden rice and Vitamin A deficiency: https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2019/11/08/golden-rice-the-gmo-crop-loved-by-humanitarians-opposed-by-greenpeace/ Low participants golden rice study: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682994/ Zimbabwe golden rice study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21715509/Anti-golden rice perspective: https://theconversation-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/theconversation.com/amp/the-philippines-has-rated-golden-rice-safe-but-farmers-might-not-plant-it-129956?amp_js_v=a6&

GMOs are incredibly controversial in our society, especially when it comes to the food we eat. This is the second episode in a 3-part series breaking down the science of GMO foods. In this podcast, we explain some of the concerns about GMOs and what is being done to combat these potential issues. We also answer some of our listeners' burning questions about GMO foods - be sure to send us your own questions, too! Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can email us any questions or episode ideas at steministas@gmail.com! Sources: Book: Mendel in the Kitchen by Nina V. Federoff and Nancy Marie Brown https://www.amazon.com/Mendel-Kitchen-Scientists-Genetically-Modified-ebook/dp/B002U58AU0/ref=sr_1_1?crid=367F0BNVHTAJ&dchild=1&keywords=mendel+in+the+kitchen&qid=1610055044&sprefix=mendel+in+hte+kitchen%2Caps%2C206&sr=8-1 GMOs general https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/agricultural-biotechnology?utm_source=google&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=feedyourmind2020 Stats on how GMO crops: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/adoption-of-genetically-engineered-crops-in-the-us/recent-trends-in-ge-adoption.aspx Non-GMO CRISPR plants https://cals.ncsu.edu/news/crispr-plants-new-non-gmo-method-to-edit-plants/#:~:text=CRISPR%2FCas9%20is%20a%20tool,replace%20a%20specific%20genetic%20sequence.&text=That%20does%20not%20necessarily%20mean,relevant%20crop%20is%20a%20GMO https://newatlas.com/first-crispr-meal/45270/?itm_source=newatlas&itm_medium=article-body https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29744888/ Bt corn https://www.ars.usda.gov/oc/br/monarch/bt-corn-commercialization/ Cry9C recall Book – chapter 9 https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/09/23/biotech-corn-fuels-a-recall/673f2399-5622-4f03-ac22-a7babb1ebea8/ EPA policy reduce risk of resistance: https://www.epa.gov/regulation-biotechnology-under-tsca-and-fifra/insect-resistance-management-bt-plant-incorporated GMO regulations U.S. vs. Europe: http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/same-science-different-policies/#:~:text=The%20outcomes%20of%20the%20U.S.,has%20approved%20fewer%20than%20forty https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/european-and-american-views-on-genetically-modified-foods GMO environmental impact https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21645698.2020.1773198 Organic products https://www.usda.gov/media/blog/2013/05/17/organic-101-can-gmos-be-used-organic-products

GMOs or genetically modified organisms have become quite a controversial topic in the past decade. In this podcast, we delve into the history behind GMOs, explain how they work, and discuss some of the technologies used to produce GMOs. This is part one of two and we plan to tackle why GMOs have become controversial in the next podcast.  As always, our goal is not to tell you what to think but to give you the tools you need to make informed decisions and remove some of the fear and stigma associated with the science behind these controversial topics.  If you have more questions feel free to contact us at steministas@gmail.com or on Twitter or Instagram @steministaspod SOURCES //  Great article on GMOs: https://www.unfortunatephd.com/post/what-you-need-to-know-about-gmos Flavr Savr: https://www.genengnews.com/insights/mistakes-shorten-first-approved-gmos-shelf-life/ Plant transformation: https://www.jic.ac.uk/blog/what-is-plant-transformation/ Europe vs U.S. https://theconversation.com/how-we-got-to-now-why-the-us-and-europe-went-different-ways-on-gmos-48709 History: https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/science-and-history-gmos-and-other-food-modification-processes  Different types of gene editing: https://agbiotech.ces.ncsu.edu/q1-what-is-the-difference-between-genetically-modified-organisms-and-genetically-engineered-organisms-we-seem-to-use-the-terms-interchangeably/ Defining a GMO: https://grist.org/food/mind-bomb-its-practically-impossible-to-define-gmos/ Transgenic plants: https://www.biologydiscussion.com/plants/transgenic-plants/top-6-examples-of-transgenic-plants-genetics/84649 Book: Mendel in the Kitchen https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002U58AU0/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1

You've probably heard the exciting news that the RNA vaccines for COVID-19 have been successful in clinical trials and are currently being shipped around the world! While exciting, new technologies can be intimidating and understandably, can raise a lot of questions and concerns. In this episode we review the history of traditional vaccines, explain the science behind RNA vaccines, and answer your questions about this novel vaccine. How vaccines work article: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31237-X Variolation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation#:~:text=Variolation%20was%20the%20method%20of,but%20protective%2C%20infection%20would%20result. Vaccine types: https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/types RNA vaccines: https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/the-promise-of-mrna-vaccines-68202 Immune system information: https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/immune-disorders/biology-of-the-immune-system/overview-of-the-immune-system#:~:text=Human%20leukocyte%20antigens%20(HLA)%20are,to%20distinguish%20self%20from%20nonself.&text=An%20immune%20response%20is%20the,immune%20system%20to%20an%20antigen. Moderna vaccine trial info: https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/16/modernas-covid-19-vaccine-is-strongly-effective-early-look-at-data-show/ Modern and Pfizer vaccines: https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/11/17/covid-vaccines-what-you-need-to-know/?arc404=true Vaccine efficacy: https://scroll.in/article/979627/a-statistician-explains-what-does-90-efficacy-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-mean   Follow us @steministaspod on Twitter and Instagram. You can email us at steministas@gmail.com