Excess Returns

Ed Yardeni returns to Excess Returns to break down the evolving market landscape, why he moved the Magnificent 7 to underweight, and how AI, productivity, interest rates, global markets, and sector leadership will shape the next stage of the Roaring 2020s. Ed explains why the economy has remained so resilient, what could finally trigger a true market broadening, and how investors should think about everything from tech competition to inflation, private credit risks, and Fed policy heading into 2026.Main topics covered• Why Ed reduced the Magnificent 7 and tech from overweight to market weight• How extreme sector concentration affects portfolio construction• The escalating competition inside AI and large-cap tech• The AI CapEx boom and how it changes earnings, margins, and valuation• Valuation considerations for tech leaders at this stage of the cycle• Whether the Mag 7 should be compared to past tech bubbles• How AI adoption may spread to the broader economy and boost productivity• Economic impact of AI on jobs, wages, and long-term inflation• Why the US economy avoided recession despite persistent warnings• Rolling recessions vs traditional recessions and how they shape markets• Private credit risks and whether they pose a systemic threat• Prospects for small caps, mid caps, financials, industrials, and healthcare• Why 2026 may finally bring true market broadening• The outlook for international investing and emerging markets• Ed’s S&P 500 roadmap to 7,700 next year and 10,000 by 2029• Fed policy, rate cuts, inflation, bond vigilantes, and political pressure• Key risks investors should monitor heading into 2026Timestamps00:00 Mag 7 concentration and the case for rebalancing03:00 How Ed builds probability-based market scenarios04:30 Why the Roaring 2020s thesis still holds06:00 The no-show recession and economic resilience07:00 Why he moved the Mag 7 and tech to market weight09:30 How every company is becoming a technology company12:20 Knowing when a successful thesis has run its course13:30 The dominance of the US market and global diversification15:00 Why market weight, not overweight, for tech and the Mag 716:00 Tech competition, AI leapfrogging, and margin pressure18:30 The CapEx boom and valuation questions21:00 Comparing today’s tech leaders to the 2000 era23:00 How AI could lift productivity across the entire economy25:00 Putting AI in historical context27:00 How new technologies solve constraints like energy and compute29:00 AI’s long-term impact on productivity and growth30:00 Labor market disruption and job transition dynamics31:20 Will AI be deflationary over time?32:30 Technology, China, automation, and global deflation forces33:00 Ed’s forecast for the S&P 500 through 202935:00 Why recession indicators failed this cycle37:00 How liquidity facilities prevent credit crunches39:00 Private credit risks and transparency challenges40:45 The potential for market broadening in 202642:20 Takeaways from the latest Fed meeting44:00 Should the Fed be cutting rates?45:00 Fed independence under political pressure47:00 Why bond vigilantes may return in 202648:00 International investing opportunities and ETFs49:30 Closing thoughts and key risks ahead

In this episode of Excess Returns, we sit down with Andrew Beer to break down managed futures, hedge fund replication, diversification, and what investors can realistically expect from these alternative strategies. Andrew explains why managed futures can act like a “cloudy crystal ball,” how trend strategies capture major macro shifts, why complexity isn’t always your friend, and how advisors can communicate these concepts to clients. We also explore fees, model portfolios, allocation decisions, global macro themes, and what smart-money positioning looks like heading into 2025.Topics CoveredWhat managed futures actually are and how they workHow trend strategies capture big macro shiftsWhy diversification is most valuable during market stressWhy investors struggle with complexity and line-item riskThe statistical case for adding managed futures to a 60/40 portfolioBarriers to adoption and how advisors should explain the strategyThe role of model portfolios and why slow rebalancing can hurt in regime shiftsWhy Andrew prefers simplicity over complexity in managed futuresFee sensitivity, ETFs, and how this strategy goes mainstreamIndexing, replication, and building more efficient alternativesWhy manager selection is hard in this spaceThe “rush to complexity” and why it often hurts returnsHow hedge fund replication works and what it capturesWhat smart money is positioned for today across equities, rates, currencies, and commoditiesMacro themes: inflation, rate cycles, the dollar, yen, and global equity opportunitiesWhy international equities may finally be turningHow managed futures complement – not replace – stocks and bondsWhat mainstream adoption might look like over the next decadeTimestamps00:00 Intro and why managed futures matter02:00 Explaining managed futures in simple terms06:18 The four major asset classes trend funds trade10:00 Why trends form and how information reveals itself in prices11:55 Diversification and how managed futures improve portfolios14:00 Why investors haven’t widely adopted the strategy17:01 Communicating the “what,” not the “how,” with clients18:55 How model portfolios behave in regime change21:55 How managed futures can move faster than traditional allocations24:00 Why a simple portfolio of major markets works26:00 Making alternatives feel less risky28:00 Performance dispersion across managed futures ETFs30:00 Why complexity doesn’t equal value35:20 Fees, ETFs, and what mainstream adoption requires38:00 The real reason for the industry’s “rush to complexity”40:35 Should managed futures exclude equities and bonds?43:00 Why it’s so hard to handicap what will work in advance46:00 The human side of alternatives and advisor communication47:00 Hedge fund replication explained50:00 How replication identifies major themes52:00 Why replication works only in certain strategies53:10 What smart money positioning looks like today55:45 Inflation, rates, the dollar, and global opportunities58:00 The path to managed futures becoming a standard allocation59:22 Where to find Andrew Beer online

We are including this episode from our separate show Teach Me Like I'm Five in the Excess Returns feed. If you would like to continue receiving new episodes, subscribe using the links below.In the episode, we sit down with Business Breakdowns host Matt Reustle to discuss how he breaks down businesses and the common characteristics that the best businesses he has looked at share. Subscribe on Spotifyhttps://open.spotify.com/show/7zu6lFpPohoPKhcu0Er9kBSubscribe on Apple Podcastshttps://podcasts.apple.com/hr/podcast/teach-me-like-im-five-investing-concepts-made-simple/id1815975642

In this episode of Excess Returns, Graeme Forster of Orbis joins us to discuss two major research papers: Six Courageous Questions for 2026 and Sunrise on Venus. We explore how long-running global trends may be reversing, what that means for U.S. dominance, the future of international and emerging markets, the risks and opportunities created by AI and massive CapEx spending, the dollar’s shifting role, and how investors should think about valuation, humility, and navigating a world where the economic “water” is changing. This conversation is packed with global macro insight, long-term investing lessons, and practical frameworks for building more resilient portfolios. Topics Covered:• Why long-term market “water” becomes invisible to investors• Self-reinforcing global cycles and how China’s WTO entry reshaped the world• Signs the 25-year U.S. outperformance cycle may be breaking• How tariffs, political shifts, and corporate reforms change the global landscape• Why international and emerging markets may now offer better expected returns• Why U.S. large caps are not the entire story of American exceptionalism• How to think about valuation, margins, and discounted cash flow models across markets• The AI boom, bubbles, capital cycles, and asymmetric outcomes• How AI CapEx constraints influence winners and losers• The shifting role of the U.S. dollar and why market shocks may behave differently• Maslow’s hierarchy, needs vs. wants, and the return of state-driven capital investment• Deglobalization, reshoring, and the national-security lens for investing• How to evaluate China and Taiwan inside emerging markets• Why humility is an investor’s greatest edgeTimestamps:00:00 Introduction01:02 Why Orbis wrote Six Courageous Questions for 202603:44 The David Foster Wallace “water” analogy and investing06:12 How a 25-year self-reinforcing cycle powered U.S. outperformance10:12 Signs the cycle may be breaking12:00 Corporate reform and opportunity in Asia13:55 Why active share, benchmarking, and incentives distort investor behavior17:31 Decomposing S&P 500 returns: margins, valuations, fundamentals20:20 Expected returns inside and outside the U.S.22:34 Why international stocks offer richer opportunity sets24:25 Currency implications and weakening dollar dynamics26:18 American exceptionalism beyond the top 10 mega caps28:49 Where Orbis is finding value today30:25 Biotech, healthcare, and post-COVID dislocation31:05 How Orbis thinks about valuation in an intangible-heavy world32:09 Is AI a bubble or the beginning of something bigger?34:30 Game theory of AI CapEx and right-tail outcomes36:00 CapEx cycles, history, and who benefits38:00 Indirect AI beneficiaries and the SK Square example40:35 Maslow’s hierarchy and the shift from wants to needs42:32 Deglobalization, national security, and domestic reinvestment44:00 Capital returning to home markets and strategic industries46:00 Can anything reverse these structural trends?48:00 Balancing bottom-up investing with macro awareness49:45 The deeper risk in emerging markets: owning vs. avoiding51:00 Valuation still matters for long-term returns52:29 Corporate behavior, dividends, and re-rating cycles53:52 How Orbis views China vs. bottom-up opportunity55:34 Why great investors must be right 90–95% of the time in decision quality58:00 One lesson Graeme would teach the average investor

James Grant, legendary founder of Grant’s Interest Rate Observer, joins us for a wide-ranging conversation on cycles, interest rates, inflation, credit, the Federal Reserve, private markets, gold, and the future of investing. Grant brings five decades of historical perspective to today’s market extremes, explaining why this era of ultra-low interest rates created distortions that will shape returns for years to come — and where patient investors may ultimately find opportunity.Topics Covered• The historical patterns that define major market cycles• Why interest rate cycles unfold over generations• What the 2021 bond market top tells us about the next decade• How inflation behaves like an underground coal fire• The shift from “capitalism without capital” to the “tangible twenties”• Geopolitical tension, military spending, and inflation risk• The Fed’s role in shaping today’s market distortions• The long-term consequences of QE and financial repression• Private credit, opaque marks, and the fragility beneath the surface• Rising risks inside life insurance balance sheets• Why credit cycles always go further than anyone expects• The challenge of finding long opportunities in today’s market• Why liquidity and patience may be the biggest opportunities• Whether the classic 60/40 portfolio still works• Gold as money and why confidence in paper currencies is eroding• Jim Grant’s one lesson for the average investorTimestamps00:00 Cycle extremes and market absurdities01:00 Interest rates over generations07:00 Defining major tops and bottoms12:30 Where we are in the current rate cycle14:00 Inflation, armed conflict, and tangible investment18:00 The “tangible twenties” and data center boom19:00 Coal fire inflation analogy20:00 Fed independence, politics, and monetary power25:00 The long shadow of the 2008 crisis30:00 QE, zero rates, and long-term consequences33:00 Housing affordability and locked-in rates34:00 Risks in private credit and opaque marks36:00 How far the credit cycle has progressed38:00 Japan, value investing, and long cycles43:00 Where opportunities exist today47:00 The future of the 60/40 portfolio49:00 Structural risks from low-rate distortions51:00 Freedom, politics, and economic consequences56:00 Gold as money58:00 What Jim Grant believes most investors disagree with59:30 The one lesson Jim Grant would teach the average investor

In this episode, we’re joined again by Jim Paulsen to break down the key themes shaping markets and the economy heading into 2026. Jim explains why policymakers may be fighting the wrong battle, why real sustainable growth has quietly collapsed over the past 20 years, and how shifts in policy, demographics, productivity, inflation, and investor psychology all tie together. We also walk through Jim’s latest charts from Paulsen Perspectives and explore what they mean for stocks, sectors, interest rates, the dollar, and leadership in the year ahead.Topics covered in this episode:• The state of inflation and why CPI and PPI may be sending a very different message• The 20-year collapse in real sustainable GDP growth• Why job creation, labor force growth, and productivity have all structurally weakened• The rise in unemployment duration and what it signals about lost “animal spirits”• How demographics, immigration policy, and cultural shifts are shaping growth• Productivity puzzles: innovation vs. distraction in a tech-driven economy• Why the real economic risk may be deflation, not inflation• How monetary policy, the yield curve, the dollar, and fiscal policy have remained contractionary• Tariffs as a hidden tax and their real impact on inflation• How an easing cycle could reshape market leadership in 2026• Jim’s Total Policy Stimulus Index and what it reveals about small caps, cyclicals, value, and foreign stocks• The difference between today’s tech cycle and the dot-com bubble• What a broadening market might look like if policy finally turns supportive• How international equities could respond to a weaker dollar• Why tech may underperform without collapsing• Jim’s expectations for S&P 500 returns in 2026 and the potential for a more balanced leadership environmentTimestamps:00:00 Market setup and inflation overview02:00 Reviewing recent corrections and sector broadening04:00 Bond yields, easing expectations, and fear-based asset leadership06:00 Tech’s relative performance beginning to fade07:00 GDP growth collapse over two decades09:00 Structural slowdown in job creation10:30 Labor force growth and aging demographics12:00 The doubling of unemployment duration14:00 Population trends, immigration, and slowing productivity17:00 The rise of de-risking and falling monetary velocity19:00 Trade deficits, globalization, and policy contraction22:00 Why inflation risk may be overstated26:00 CPI/PPI data versus the inflation narrative29:00 Money supply, real rates, and the longest yield curve inversion31:00 The strong dollar as a contractionary force34:00 International stock performance and currency impact35:00 Tax burden relative to slower growth37:00 Tariffs as taxes and their real economic effect39:00 What would it take to restore growth and optimism?42:00 The Total Policy Stimulus Index explained47:00 Policy’s impact on equal-weight, small caps, cyclicals, and value52:00 How foreign stocks respond to policy and the dollar54:00 Tech valuations today vs. the dot-com era55:00 Fed response differences between now and 200057:00 Why today’s tech cycle is structurally different59:00 What 2026 might look like for the S&P 50001:01:00 Why price targets are inherently unreliable01:01:45 Closing thoughts and sign-off

In this special episode of Excess Returns, we share the most important investing lessons from more than 50 of our top guests. After asking more than 200 investors, strategists, academics, and market thinkers the same closing question about the one lesson they would teach the average investor, we compiled the most powerful, timeless, and repeatable insights into a single episode. This collection highlights common themes around patience, discipline, humility, diversification, risk management, and long-term thinking, while revealing how great investors navigate markets, behavior, and uncertainty.Main topics covered:Why investing is about preserving and growing wealth, not getting richWhy neither get in nor get out is an investing strategyThe role of base rates in decision-makingThe dangers of performance chasingWhy you should look at your portfolio less oftenThe importance of independent thinking and avoiding envyTreating stocks as businesses, not trading sardinesDiversification across assets, strategies, and economic regimesThe behavioral traps that destroy wealthLiquidity, supply and demand, and how markets really functionThe value of patience, long-term thinking, and sticking to your planHow to build a resilient portfolio that survives different market environmentsWhy simplicity often beats complexityThe role of humility, self-awareness, and keeping emotions out of investingTimestamps:00:00 Investing is about preserving and growing wealth00:45 Why neither get in nor get out is a strategy01:16 How we arrived at the one-lesson question02:00 Finding a portfolio you can live with03:00 Avoiding envy and chasing 10-baggers04:00 Why watching markets too closely hurts results05:00 The Matt Levine rule of unbelievable returns06:00 The power of base rates08:00 Look at your portfolio as little as possible10:00 Treat your holdings like real businesses12:00 Be invested early and think independently14:00 Be kind to yourself and keep taking action15:58 Do not chase performance17:00 Treat every position like you put it on today18:31 Your portfolio is secondary to your life19:44 Buy when others are fearful20:00 Be Rip Van Winkle, not Nostradamus22:00 Navigate the noise and avoid the siren song23:38 The value of simplicity and studying history24:59 Patience and tuning out the noise26:00 True diversification and preparing for unknown regimes27:50 Stick to a strategy that fits your personality29:00 Diversify and be humble about what you know30:00 Most results come from the market, not manager skill32:38 Keep investing simple34:00 Focus on what is knowable35:00 Believe in long-term economic and market resilience37:00 Get out of your own way38:22 Build a philosophy you can stick to39:00 Misjudging probabilities and confidence40:46 Book your gains and contain your losses41:00 Diversification is protection against bad luck42:00 Supply, demand, and liquidity always matter45:00 Markets as a political utility46:00 Find something real if you want true alpha47:00 Write down your decisions48:32 Why 100 percent indexing is unrealistic for most50:00 Alpha through portfolio structure, not just stock picking52:00 Dividends and long-run investing53:56 Valuation, time horizons, and patience55:00 Embracing uncertainty and avoiding pigeonholing56:33 Rules-based processes57:35 Buy good businesses, not just cheap ones59:00 Think long term and save early01:01:00 Focus on the basics first01:02:00 Avoid catastrophic losses01:03:22 Evidence-based investing and avoiding resulting01:04:09 Know what you own and keep fees low01:05:00 Simple strategies often work best01:06:00 Compounding and emotional control01:07:00 Treat savings as savings, not lottery tickets01:07:50 Balance enjoying today with protecting tomorrow01:08:00 Stay invested and think long term01:08:41 Be humble, patient, and systematic01:09:00 Do your own work and build conviction

In this episode of Excess Returns, Matt sits down with Ben Hunt to break down his new Epsilon Theory essay, World War AI. They explore how the US government, markets, and Big Tech are rapidly shifting the AI narrative from productivity and progress toward a national security arms race with massive implications for energy, capital, jobs, inflation, and the broader economy. Ben explains why AI buildout is consuming enormous resources, how this echoes World War II scale mobilization, why consumers are already feeling the strain, and what policies could still steer the country toward a healthier economic path.Topics covered:• Why the AI narrative flipped from optimism to national security• How AI CapEx creates shortages of energy, capital, and investment elsewhere• The parallels between AI buildout and World War II economic mobilization• Why the promise of AI-driven productivity and leisure was never realistic• The coming squeeze on consumers through higher prices and reduced availability• Why energy bottlenecks and electricity scarcity may lead to rationing• The risk of stagflation and a shrinking job base as AI replaces human labor• The political paths this could take, from authoritarianism to backlash• Ben’s three-policy plan: reshoring, energy expansion, and electricity caps• How investors should think about the boom-bust risk of hyperscale growth• Why awareness and public conversation are essential before the window closesTimestamps:00:00 AI narrative shift and the failure of the carrot01:20 Measuring narratives through Perscient Pro05:30 Why Ben wrote World War AI07:30 The carrot vs. the stick in AI storytelling11:00 Utility bills, consumer squeeze, and rising economic pressures12:30 World War II-level spending and debt dynamics15:30 Crowding out the consumer economy17:00 Interest rates, borrowing, and capital shortages20:00 Energy usage, electricity scarcity, and cost-push inflation24:00 Rationing risk and historical parallels26:00 Jobs, productivity, and AI’s impact on labor31:00 The lack of new job creation in an AI-driven economy33:00 Why new-tech job optimism does not apply here38:00 Market skepticism and narrative extremes41:00 Political risk, backlash, and potential future paths42:20 The three policies: reshoring, energy buildout, electricity caps49:30 Investment implications and the boom-bust cycle55:00 How AI growth must be subordinated to broader economic goals57:00 Why connecting consumer pain to AI buildout is essential59:30 Early signs of state-level limits on data centers01:02:00 Where to follow Ben Hunt and the continuing story

In this episode of Excess Returns, we sit down with Louis-Vincent Gave of Gavekal Research for one of the most wide-ranging and eye-opening conversations we have ever hosted. Louis breaks down how China transformed its economy over the last seven years, why Western observers consistently misunderstand the country’s growth model, and what this means for global markets, AI competition, supply chains, currencies, energy, demographics, and the next decade of investing. If you want a clearer picture of China, global macro dynamics, and the forces shaping markets today, this is essential viewing.Topics covered in this episode:• Why Western investors misread China’s economy• China’s response to the US semiconductor embargo• How China redirected all lending toward industry• The scale and speed of China’s move up the value chain• China’s EV dominance and the BYD vs. Tesla comparison• The new global deflation and reflation forces• Why China now looks like the US did in 2009• Energy, labor, and industrial competitiveness• China’s open-source AI approach vs. America’s closed systems• “Hunger Games” capitalism and the impact on investors• Where foreign investors consistently get China wrong• The RMB as the most mispriced major asset• How China’s demographics shape policy and markets• Why fears of a Taiwan conflict are overblown• How Louis is positioning for China’s next bull marketTimestamps:00:00 China’s economic shock and the US semiconductor embargo02:00 What the West gets wrong about China04:00 Competition, local governments, and industrial incentives06:10 China’s lending shift: real estate to industry08:00 China’s rapid climb up the value chain10:00 BYD vs Tesla and China’s engineering surge12:30 The global deflationary shock and US–China tensions15:00 From defense to offense: China’s policy pivot17:00 China’s reflation and emerging market implications18:20 Scarcity of energy, labor, and time21:00 China’s cost advantages vs the US24:00 Comparing AI strategies: open vs closed systems28:00 “Hunger Games” capitalism in China31:30 Investing challenges and opportunities in China34:00 China’s new high-tech niche champions37:00 Capital-light Chinese AI vs US capital intensity40:30 Rethinking US-China blocs and global alliances44:00 Why Europe will be torn apart by the next phase45:30 Will China outperform the US over the next decade?47:00 The massively undervalued RMB49:00 China’s barbell investment setup50:00 China’s demographic crisis and policy response53:00 Taiwan risk: myth vs reality58:00 How Louis could be wrong01:00:40 Louis’s contrarian investing belief01:02:00 Louis’s one lesson for investors

In this episode, we sit down with Sanctuary Wealth Chief Investment Strategist Mary Ann Bartels to break down her new 2026 outlook. We cover her long-term S&P 500 forecast, why she believes we are still early in a secular bull market, how technological innovation is fueling productivity and profitability, the risks she’s watching in 2026, and the case for international stocks, gold, and diversification. Mary Ann also explains why skepticism suggests we are not yet in a true bubble, how valuations fit into today’s market, and what investors should understand about cycles, inflation, and long-term compounding.Topics Covered• Secular bull markets and why the long-term trend still points higher• Whether today’s market is following historic bubble patterns• AI, technology cycles, and the connection between innovation, productivity, and profits• Why skepticism means we are not yet near euphoria• The 2026 “reset” and how the presidential cycle could affect markets• Valuations, earnings trends, and interest-rate dynamics• Market concentration, structural changes, and the role of mega-caps• Growth vs value and why growth leadership may persist• Why international markets may be entering their own secular bull market• Inflation outlook, tariffs, and what the data now suggests• Private credit concerns and overall financial-system stability• Gold’s surge, future targets, and its role as portfolio diversification• Portfolio construction, risk, and the importance of compounding for younger investorsTimestamps00:00 Market patterns, bubbles, and early-cycle dynamics01:00 Introduction02:00 Long-term S&P 500 outlook04:00 Historical bubble analogs and market psychology06:00 Skepticism vs optimism09:00 2026 reset and election-year dynamics13:00 Valuations and PE expansion17:00 Long-term valuation trends17:40 Innovation cycles and economic growth20:20 Productivity, AI CapEx, and profitability21:00 Technology adoption across industries22:20 Digitization and long-term tech layers22:30 Market concentration and structural changes25:00 Why corrections are more frequent27:20 Growth vs value31:00 International markets outlook36:00 Correlations, deglobalization, and opportunity38:40 Inflation short-term vs long-term40:30 Private credit and financial stability43:30 Gold outlook and targets45:40 Diversifying concentrated portfolios48:40 Crypto, private markets, and generational shifts49:20 Key risks for 202651:40 What most investors get wrong53:00 The one lesson for the average investor54:40 Closing

In this episode of Excess Returns, we talk with Carl Kaufman, Co-President and Co-CIO of Osterweis Capital Management, about navigating today’s fixed income landscape. Carl breaks down the major segments of the bond market, explains how credit and interest rate cycles interact, discusses private credit risks, and shares how he builds durable, low-volatility bond portfolios. Drawing on more than two decades managing one of the top multi-sector income funds, Carl offers clear, practical insights for investors trying to understand yields, defaults, duration, and where returns are most attractive today.Main topics covered:• Overview of investment grade, high yield, leveraged loans, and private credit• How today’s credit quality is shifting across the bond market• Why the high yield market may be higher quality than most investors realize• How levered loans and private credit have changed system dynamics• How Carl uses the interest rate cycle and credit cycle to position the portfolio• Why he avoids style boxes and instead buys bonds like a stock picker• The flaws in fixed income indexing and why active management matters more in bonds• How he evaluates companies, business models, leverage, and free cash flow• Why distributors and equipment rental companies are strong long-term bond businesses• The risks of the AI Capex boom and echoes of past bubbles• Where defaults are rising and why private credit concerns may not be systemic• Why his portfolio is short duration and how he uses cash as optionality• How he protects against large drawdowns and manages risk across cycles• His perspective on the Fed, inflation, employment data, and rate cuts• Carl’s one investing belief most peers disagree with• The one lesson he would teach every investorTimestamps:00:00 Intro and bond market quality shift01:00 Carl’s background and fund philosophy02:42 Defining investment grade, high yield, loans, and private credit08:00 Why high yield quality has improved10:07 The two-cycle approach: interest rates and credit14:31 How today’s cycle differs18:03 Why forecasting matters less than knowing where you are18:52 Buying bonds like a stock picker25:28 Index flaws in fixed income26:56 Sectors Carl prefers29:16 Thoughts on AI Capex, Nvidia, and financing trends33:10 Sector concentration in bond portfolios34:51 Position sizing and portfolio construction35:43 Cracks in private credit and default data39:45 Private credit for retail investors40:34 Why Carl is short duration today44:57 Using cash and liquidity as a strategic tool45:44 Risk management and drawdowns47:29 The Fed, inflation, employment, and policy uncertainty53:53 Closing questions: belief peers disagree with54:45 One lesson for the average investor

Follow Us on Substack:https://excessreturnspod.substack.com/In this episode, we sit down with Rob Arnott for a wide-ranging discussion on bubbles, valuations, AI spending, market history, index construction, and long-term return expectations. Rob explains how to think about bubbles in real time, why today’s market echoes the late 1990s, and what investors can practically do to improve future returns. He also digs into Research Affiliates’ latest work on fundamental indexing, growth investing, and the opportunities in international and emerging markets.Topics covered:• How Rob defines a bubble and why narrative drives market pricing• Lessons from the dot-com era that apply to today’s AI-driven market• Why disruptors eventually get disrupted• Practical portfolio steps for investors concerned about concentration• Why value stocks remain historically cheap• CapEx vs R and D and what history says about future returns• The role of AI spending and why many companies struggle to monetize it• How AI may reshape industries and who the real long-term winners could be• Index construction flaws and how RA’s RAFI and RACWI approaches differ• A new way to build growth indexes using actual business growth• Why expensive companies with slow growth are the worst quadrant to own• Insights on emerging markets, international value, and forward return expectations• How Rob invests personally and what he sees as the best long-term opportunitiesTimestamps:00:00 Defining bubbles and why narrative matters02:00 Are we in a bubble today06:20 Lessons from the dot-com boom12:00 What investors can practically do now14:00 Value, RAFI, and rebalancing alpha17:00 AI CapEx and its historical parallels20:30 Who benefits most from AI23:00 Disruption, technology cycles, and productivity35:00 Reinventing index construction40:00 A new way to define and weight growth stocks43:30 The problem with expensive slow-growth companies46:00 Magnificent Seven through the growth lens52:00 Rob’s outlook on emerging markets55:00 Why the US is priced for perfection57:00 Averaging out and trimming expensive winners58:00 New research and future product ideas from RA59:00 Rob’s personal portfolio approach and long-short ideas01:00:20 Closing thoughts and outlook

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Follow us on Substackhttps://excessreturnspod.substack.comIn this episode, we sit down with Bob Elliott for a wide-ranging conversation about the late-cycle economic backdrop, the Fed’s dilemma, AI’s real economic impact, the cracks forming beneath the surface of private credit and private markets, and the growth of hedge-fund-style strategies inside ETFs. Bob walks through what he is seeing in the labor market, inflation, tariffs, and risk assets, and then breaks down how Unlimited is building replication-based ETF strategies to capture hedge fund returns at low cost.Topics covered:• The late-cycle economy and the disconnect between markets and weakening real-world data• Why labor markets look softer than headlines suggest• How tariffs are affecting inflation, growth, and consumer spending• The Fed’s policy bind and why reasonable cases exist for both cutting and holding• The slowdown in household income growth and the idea of a “slow-cession”• AI spending, productivity claims, and why the economic benefits are not yet showing up• The self-referential nature of Big Tech AI spending and poor return on AI CapEx• Why real-economy companies may not see meaningful profit uplift from AI• The private credit and private equity concerns Bob sees building• Hidden risks and information asymmetry in private-market products• New hedge-fund-style ETF strategies built using replication technology• Equity long-short, global macro, and managed futures as standalone ETF exposures• Why fee reduction is the most durable source of hedge-fund alpha• How advisors are shifting from 60/40 toward 50/30/20 allocations with alternativesTimestamps:00:00 Macro conditions and weakening labor market02:00 Disconnect between markets and the real economy04:00 Working without government data during the shutdown06:00 Inflation trends and tariff impacts10:00 Fed policy, cuts, and late-cycle dynamics12:30 Income-driven vs debt-driven cycles15:00 Slow-cession and household spending power18:30 Fed uncertainty and prediction challenges21:00 Why the Fed paused quantitative tightening25:00 Liquidity, reserves, and bank system mechanics28:00 Equity markets, expectations, and AI mania31:00 AI spending, productivity doubts, and return on investment37:00 Business models, layoffs, and macro implications40:00 Private credit, private equity, and hidden risks45:00 How some private-market ETFs may disadvantage retail investors47:00 New Unlimited ETF strategies and how replication works52:00 Equity long-short, macro, and managed futures inside an ETF55:00 Late-cycle benefits of tactical positioning57:00 Future strategies and expanding the replication lineup59:00 Fee advantages and democratizing hedge-fund-style returns

Subscribe on Spotify⁠https://open.spotify.com/show/5IsVVM27KWP6SUW6KN2ife⁠Subscribe on Apple Podcasts⁠https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-100-year-thinkers-long-term-compounding-in-a-short-term-world/id1845466003⁠Subscribe on YouTube⁠https://youtube.com/@excessreturnsIn this episode of The 100 Year Thinkers, Chris Mayer, Robert Hagstrom, Bogumil Baranowski, and Matt Zeigler dive deep into what truly makes a great business and how long-term investors can develop the conviction to hold through volatility, dead-money periods, and inevitable mistakes. They break down the characteristics of the perfect business, the behavioral challenges of long-term investing, the pain of errors of omission, how to evaluate management, and why returns on capital and cash generation matter so much over decades.

Follow us on Substackhttps://excessreturnspod.substack.comBill Bengen, the creator of the 4% rule, joins us to revisit one of the most important ideas in financial planning and retirement research. In this conversation, he explains the origins of the 4% rule, how his thinking has evolved over 30 years, and why he now believes retirees can safely withdraw closer to 4.7% — or even more — under certain conditions. We explore the data behind his findings, how to think about inflation, valuations, longevity, and sequence of returns risk, and the philosophy of living well in retirement.Topics covered:​The origins and evolution of the 4% rule​How Bill discovered the worst-case retirement scenario (1968)​The role of inflation and market valuations in withdrawal rates​Why he now recommends 65% equities instead of 55%​How diversification increases sustainable withdrawals​The logic behind a U-shaped equity glide path​Sequence of returns risk and how to mitigate it​Thoughts on the permanent portfolio and gold​Bucket strategies and cash reserves​Dynamic vs. fixed withdrawal methods​How longevity and FIRE affect planning horizons​Why retirees should spend and enjoy more​The philosophy behind “A Richer Retirement”Timestamps:00:00 The origins of the 4% rule03:00 The 1968 retirement “buzz saw” scenario07:00 Common misconceptions about the 4% rule10:00 Inflation and valuation adjustments13:00 Diversification and higher withdrawal rates15:00 Longevity, FIRE, and extended retirements16:00 The U-shaped equity glide path18:00 Rebalancing and allocation timing19:00 The permanent portfolio and gold20:00 Sequence of returns risk explained22:00 Cash reserves and bucket strategies23:00 Dynamic withdrawal approaches24:00 Why the rule is now closer to 4.7%27:00 The changing market environment29:00 Key charts and frameworks from the book31:00 The eight essential elements of planning33:00 Withdrawal strategies and asset allocation34:00 Required minimum distributions36:00 Reflections on creating the 4% rule38:00 Bill’s philosophy on life and retirement40:00 Closing thoughts and where to find his book

Follow us on Substackhttps://excessreturnspod.substack.comIn this episode, we kick off our book project, The Most Important Investing Lesson: What the World’s Best Investors Would Teach You, with a deep dive into the ideas of Michael Mauboussin. We explore his most enduring lessons—concepts that have reshaped how we think about investing, decision making, and life. From base rates to expectations investing, we unpack how Mauboussin’s frameworks can help investors build better models of the world and make more rational, probabilistic decisions.Main topics covered:​Why base rates are the most underused yet powerful tool in investing and life​How to apply expectations investing and reverse engineer stock prices​Why multiples are not valuation and how to earn the right to use shortcuts​Understanding the paradox of skill and why luck matters more when everyone is good​Lessons investors can apply across fields like business, sports, and personal decision making​How humility, reference classes, and feedback loops improve judgment​Reflections on learning, writing, and how AI tools are changing the creative process

Rupert Mitchell of Blind Squirrel Macro joins Matt Zeigler to talk global markets, China’s resurgence, the AI CapEx boom, and where investors can still find value in a concentrated, overvalued U.S. market. Rupert shares insights from his recent trip to China, his evolving macro framework, and how he’s positioning across equities, credit, and real assets in what he believes could be the start of a long cycle shift away from U.S. dominance.Topics covered:China’s accelerating industrial and market recoveryWhy he sees the start of an 8–10 year bull market in ChinaThe “CapEx time bomb” under the Mag 7U.S. vs. international equity performance and valuationsThe rise of fallen angels and how private credit changed high yieldWhy he may soon flip from short to long creditThe end of the stock-bond correlation eraHis “Bushy” portfolio and defensive positioningTrend following, precious metals, and EM local debtEmerging opportunities in Africa and UzbekistanThe global energy complex and long-dated crude exposureShort ideas in fast casual restaurants and the “forgotten 493”How investor sentiment extremes create opportunityTimestamps:00:00 China’s transformation and why Rupert’s bullish05:00 The Made in China 2025 plan and global dominance07:00 U.S. vs. international equity rotation10:00 The Mag 7’s CapEx problem14:00 The “forgotten 493” and passive flow dynamics18:00 Bonds, credit spreads, and what the yield curve says21:00 Private credit, fallen angels, and the next credit setup25:00 The end of risk parity and correlation breakdown27:00 Inside the Bushy portfolio and alternatives30:00 Gold, miners, and precious metals strategy33:00 Frontier and EM opportunities – Africa and Uzbekistan39:00 The Acorns portfolio and global positioning44:00 Energy stocks, refiners, and long-dated crude49:00 The restaurant short thesis and U.S. consumer trends53:00 Where to follow Rupert and Blind Squirrel Macro

Follow us on Substackhttps://excessreturnspod.substack.comIn this episode, we are joined by Richard Bernstein, CIO and CEO of Richard Bernstein Advisors. We discuss why this is one of the most speculative market environments he has seen in his 40-year career, why he still believes it may also be one of the best eras for patient long-term investors, and how to think about the real opportunities hiding beneath the market's current narrow leadership. Richard breaks down his profit cycle framework, shares why investors are confusing economic stories for investment stories, and explains why non-US quality stocks and dividend strategies may be primed for a comeback.Topics covered• Speculation across asset classes and why it matters• Why fundamentals still offer big opportunities• The profit cycle vs the economic cycle• Divergence between the market leaders and the broader market• Inflation, pricing power, and corporate margins• Parallels between the AI boom and the dot-com bubble• Misallocation of capital and risks to the market• The case for non-US quality stocks• Where value investing could shine again• Dividend compounding and long-term wealth building• How RBA approaches macro-driven ETF investing• What investors are getting wrong about diversification• Deglobalization, reindustrialization, and long-term themesTimestamps00:00 Intro and speculative environment01:46 Best opportunities for patient investors03:52 Profit cycle framework explained06:00 Where we are in the profit cycle07:32 What investors are missing on inflation09:12 Lessons from the dot-com era and AI comparisons13:46 What could trigger the speculative unwind17:18 Valuations, CAPE, and return expectations20:23 AI’s impact on margins and productivity22:39 Can value outperform again25:41 International opportunities and quality stocks34:31 Market breadth and narrow leadership36:00 The Fed, inflation targeting, and policy risks40:11 RBA’s investment process and ETF selection47:13 Diversification vs speculation behavior49:26 Misallocation of capital and market risks52:00 Deglobalization and manufacturing opportunities54:13 Closing question: Stock market vs horse race57:40 The business Richard would start today58:29 Where to follow Richard Bernstein