CITY as LANDSCAPE architecture

Seven artists and landscape architects outline their views of environmental art and landscape architecture: Brodie McAllister, Andrew Stonyer, Catherine Dee, Ian Thompson, Trudi Entwhistle, Scott Farlow and Edward Hutchison. The debate was organised by LANDSCAPEmatters and held on 15th June 2021 (online). The debate is also available on Youtube https://youtu.be/O4e0bDtKqck 

There is a very fully illustrated version of this podcast on YouTube. Edward Hutchison is a London artist, landscape architect, architect and author of a very popular book on Landscape Drawing (published by Thames and Hudson). In this podcast he talks to Tom Turner about his work and about how he sees the relationship between art, painting and landscape architecture. He sees drawing and painting as analytical tools which help the landscape architecture understand the nature of the world and the place which will be designed. Edward also paints what happens below the ground and above the ground - the world of soil and the world of birdsong (which will be the theme of his next exhibition, in London in 2022). The podcast features a project he did, in Nimes, France, with Norman Foster (for whom he worked at one time).

Here's a summary of what came out of the LANDSCAPEmatters debate on environmental art and landscape architecture (held by LANDSCAPEmatters on 15th June 2021) with a comment on the historical context for the issues (in the design theory of Vitruvius Pollio, whose book was published 2000 years ago). If you'd prefer an illustrated version of this podcast, you can find it on YouTube

Though published out of sequence, this is is the first of nine or ten podcasts about the relationship between the Environment, Art and Landscape Architecture. I’ve also done a short YouTube video about this -  with rather a long title. It was called A History of Land Art, Ecological and Environmental Art  in relation to Landscape Architecture and  made to set the scene for a discussion. But before getting into the discussion I’ve got a news flash about the City as Landscape series of podcasts. I’ve done 18 episodes so far and they began, during the 2020 Covid lockdown, as a narrated version of my book on City as landscape. I’ve recorded most of the 20 essays and published three of them in 2020 -  as both  podcasts and YouTube videos. Reading the essays is easy enough. Converting them to videos is slow work, which may be why I’ve turned to shorter projects. I do however plan to finish the City as Landscape audio book - sometime. Perhaps I’ll do the podcasts but not the videos.

Brodie McAllister gives an outline of land art, environmental art and their relationship to landscape architecture. The debate was organised by LANDSCAPEmatters and held on 15th June 2021. Brodie became the Landscape Institute’s President Elect a few days before the debate.

"Environmental Art" can be seen to have originated in the early 20th century, with Picasso, collage, Duchamp, readymade artworks, Cubism and Minimalism.  Or it can be seen to derive from the ancient world, including the Pyramids, Stonehenge and many projects in the history of landscape architecture and garden design. Asking "what is the difference between Environmental Art and Landscape Architecture" this video sets the scene for a debate, using art projects by Charles Jencks (for Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art) and Tom Turner (for a Sea and Sand Mandala) as debating points.

Landscape architecture is a very good job and a very satisfying career. The work is creative, exciting and a great way to solve environmental problems and contribute to the mitigation of climate change.  See illustrated version of this podcast on YouTube. It was made for people thinking about a career in landscape architecture AND for professionals who would like to expand the scope and work of landscape architects. As an art, landscape design can be traced back 30,000 years. You work with nature, with local communities and with the other environmental design professions, including architects, engineers, horticulturalists, hydrologists and scientists. The documented history of landscape design theory dates back 2000 years, to Vitruvius. It became an organised profession with the work of Frederick Law Olmsted on Central Park in New York City in the 1860s.  As societies become richer the demand for landscape architects goes up. Tom Turner makes these points and sees the design approach known as landscape urbanism as the direction landscape architecture design methods are likely to develop.  More information is available from the Q&A section of the LAA Landscape Architecture website http://www.landscapearchitecture.org.uk/qa-landscape-architecture/ and there is YouTube playlist for the Q&A videos https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL0tjuOrn4n20OnXwUS0r1iKHUJqTf0D-S  Websites with information about salaries for landscape architects include:  USA:  https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/landscape-architects.htm UK: https://www.prospects.ac.uk/job-profiles/landscape-architect

The UK Landscape Institute election, in May 2021, is a good opportunity to think about the future of the landscape profession, the art of landscape architecture and the UK Landscape Foundation.  The LI dates from 1929 and the LF from 1992. Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe was right that both are needed. As well having a major role in shaping the LI, Jellicoe established the International Federation of Landscape Architects and the UK Landscape Foundation. In my view, the LI should concentrate on the administrative aspects of landscape architecture and the LF on the imaginative and  developmental aspects of what Jellicoe believed to be 'the most comprehensive of the arts': Landscape Architecture. It needs more voices.

Landscape Institute (LI) Past President Merrick Denton-Thompson OBE looks to the future in a wide-ranging  debate with Past LI Vice President Brodie McAllister. They see many ways in which landscape architects contribute to the adaptation of project designs to mitigate the impact of global warming on climate change. Landscape architects' work can be more functional, more beautiful, higher valued, more exciting - and more fun.  In cities, the discussion includes green technology and post-Covid changes to living and work patterns. In the countryside it includes forestry, agriculture and recreation. Landscape architecture is already one of the world’s fast-growing professions. The new challenges can only raise the demand – if we step up to the plate and take a strategic approach. This podcast is also available on YouTube where you can use the comment system to make points and ask questions.

There's an illustrated version of this podcast on Youtube https://youtu.be/qdZIVBRGIec It takes an overview of how and why cities could, and surely will, come to have vegetated rooftops with a profusion of roof gardens. The text is from an online lecture by Tom Turner to the London Branch of the UK Landscape Institute LI on 16th February 2021.

Does the landscape profession need professional societies? Yes. Institutes, societies and similar bodies have a vital role: in promoting landscape architecture, in maintaining standards - and in raising standards.   This podcast is about the past, present and future of the Landscape Institute - and about the term ‘landscape architecture’. Though it’s focus is on the UK, I’m also thinking about the wider, and international, questions of WHY landscape architects NEED professional institutes and of WHAT their main objectives should be. There is an illustrated version of this podcast on YouTube. Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe had a significant role in shaping the UK Institute of Landscape Architects (which became the Landscape Institute) and founded the International Federation of Landscape Architects in 1948. He had the same idea about both institutes: their central role should be in  promoting landscape architecture.

An illustrated version of this podcast is available on Youtube. A reasonable case exists for seeing John Claudius Loudon as Landscape Architecture's Giant. He lived from 1783-1843. More research is necessary but it is evident that: (1) Loudon  was nearer to polymath status than anyone else who has devoted their life to the profession (2) Loudon had a decisive influence on the adoption of the term 'landscape architect' by the profession (3) Loudon laid the ground for a science-and-art based profession specialising in public projects (rather than private gardens) (4) Loudon's 1822 and 1829 proposals for London (which included a circular Promenade and a set of concentric Breathing Zones, which we would call Green Belts or Green Infrastructure - GI) had a far-reaching influence which may well have included subsequent proposals by William Light (for Adelaide), by Joseph Paxton (for London),  by Frederick Law Olmsted (for Boston), Ebenezer Howard's green belt ideas and Patrick Abercrombie's County of London Plan and Greater London Plan. (5) Loudon is one of great 'fathers of landscape architecture'.

No surprise if half of you hate Jordan Peterson and the other half love him. That's how it goes. But I guess we all love Geoffrey Jellicoe. The theme of the podcast is that just as Modernism and Postmodernism were cultural trends with a powerful influence on 20th century design, whatever comes after them (which was called post-postmodernism in the title of my 1996 book on City as landscape) is sure to be a big influence on twenty-first century design including, of course, landscape architecture and landscape urbanism. Geoffrey Jellicoe was, I believe, 'postmodern' (rather than 'modern') but only in the sense Bernard Iddings Bell used the term (ie for an approach which rested on science and belief). He was not 'postmodern' in the current sense of 'skepticism, irony, or rejection toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies associated with modernism'.  I hope the subject isn't too dense for a 25 minute podcast. You might find the Youtube version easier (because it's illustrated) and if you want the notes and bibliographic references they can be found in this blogpost. The list of alternative names for the emerging cultural trend include  altermodernism, cosmodernism, digimodernism, metamodernism, performatism, post-digital, post-humanism, aftermodernism and the new sincerity. In place of cynical postmodern irony, they stress 'faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and truth'. Does Jordan Peterson have these characteristics? Yes.  People referred to in the podcast include: Jordan B Peterson, John Ruskin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Richard Dawkins, Jeffrey Nealon, Alison Gibbons,  Robin van den Akker, Timotheus Vermeulen,   Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Roland Barthes, Ninian Smart, Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe, Carl Gustav Jung, Mircea Eliade, Sir James George Frazer, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Vladimir Propp,  and Canon Bernard Iddings Bell.   The ideas mentioned in the video include: Modernism, Postmodernism, Post-Postmodernism, Metamodernism, Arts and Crafts Style, Abstract Style, Post-Abstract Style,  God, Religion, Faith, Belief Style, Renaissance, Baroque, The Ten Commandments, Structuralism, Myth, Symbolism, Narrative, Collective Unconscious, Genius Loci, Maps of Meaning, Landscape Urbanism, Landscape Architecture, Garden Design. Tom

This podcast is a critique of a competition winning design for converting a romantic public garden beside the Houses of Parliament in Westminster into a UK Holocaust Memorial. The small and much-loved greenspace would become a wide verge for a heavily trafficked pedestrian walk from Parliament Square to the Memorial. The design was by Kathryn Gustafson working with Ron Arad (of Ground Zero fame) and David Adjaye who (also with Gustafson) designed the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History in Washington DC. The design for the Holocaust Memorial is very good. But the site selection, done before the design was commissioned, was totally wrong. I've tried to say this using a 'dark' piece of music to explain the proposal and a 'bright' piece of music to describe the character of the existing site. In Chapter 16 of City as landscape, a similar point is made by using the colour-words 'grey' and 'green' to describe the character of urban public spaces. The chapter title is Harlequin Space. This podcast is also available as a YouTube video and so is the design team's explanation of their Concept - explained with the aid of a beautiful (but misleading) Capprice for Viola by Atar Arad (who is Ron Arad's brother). Music is a great way of explaining the moods and characters of people and places.

Ideas lie at the heart of landscape architecture and should have the same place in  the design process. This includes ideas about the natural world, about society, about culture and about the traditions of making cities, gardens and landscapes. To integrate these ideas they can be represented with words and images. The words should be as concise as captions The images should be diagrammatic and photographic Christopher Alexander used the terms 'pattern' and  'archetype' in his 1977 book: A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction and the Alexander patterns are archetypes for making good places. They need to be integrated with the patterns of the natural environment. Other structural patterns can be identified with the help of psychology, ecology, geomorphology, art, design, geometry, planning and other subjects too. This gives us a structuralist approach to landscape architecture, drawing on aspects of philosophical structuralism. Note: the three parts of this podcast have were published from July 5th,  July 19th and August 2nd 2020. This podcast contains all three parts, together with an introduction and a conclusion. A fully illustrated version of this podcast is available on Youtube.

This is the third part of a  podcast, based on Tom Turner's book on City as landscape. A design method is proposed which draws upon Christopher Alexander's Pattern language and other types of structuralist thinking. The method uses types of pattern: natural pattern structures, human pattern structures, archetypal pattern structures, and patterns found in the fine arts (painting, music, literature etc).  There is an illustrated version of this podcast on Youtube.

This is the second part of a podcast, based on Tom Turner's book on City as landscape. It reviews the ways in which different types of structuralist thinking are important in landscape architecture theory. The structuralist ideas are  found in psychology, ecology, geomorphology, art, design, geometry, planning and other disciplines. There is an illustrated version of this podcast on Youtube.

This is the first part of a  podcast, based on Chapter 3 of Tom Turner's book on City as landscape. It's about the importance of ideas in the landscape architectural design process and supports the case for Christopher Alexander’s Pattern Language being incorporated into the landscape design process. There is an illustrated version of this podcast on Youtube.

There is a fully illustrated version of this podcast on Youtube. It's about the most influential landscape architect of the 20th century. Well known to planners and environmental campaigners, Patrick Geddes is less well-known to landscape architects, landscape planners and landscape urbanists. This is a pity. My preferred account of landscape architecture is that it is the art and science of composing five elements to achieve the Vitruvian objectives of Commodity, Firmness and Delight in the design of outdoor space for public goods. Using this definition the practical work of Patrick Geddes is very much landscape architecture and indeed he was the first British citizen to use the professional title landscape, architecture in its modern sense - as launched by Frederick law Olmstead. When dealing with the regeneration of the landscape at the head of the Royal mile in Edinburgh he proposed gardens as a main feature and his daughter who trained as a landscape gardener did some of the design work for him. Later he competed in the Dunfermline competition and described himself as a landscape architect. During much of the First World War he was in India and undertook many consultancy commissions. On these projects his work was that on these projects is what was that of a landscape architect over he chose to describe himself as a town planner. It was really urban landscape design or as he would prefer Civic design. The typical recommendations in these projects were just the kind that a modern landscape architect would make for an urban project and they are not at all the type of proposals that students on town planning courses learn to make.

Far too many buildings are covered with dead skin. Concrete, steel, wood, metal, brick, bitumen, rubber and vinyl are lifeless materials which can and should have a vegetated outer cladding.  Here's an illustrated version of the podcast. The exteriors of buildings should be planned, designed and managed for multiple objectives including: 1. Habitat creation 2. Horticulture for growing food 3. Horticulture for aesthetics 4. Apiculture (bee keeping) 5. Surface water management 6. Energy capture 7. Carbon capture 8. Dust capture 9. Noise attenuation 10. Thermal insulation 11. Natural lighting and ventilation 12. Relaxation and wellbeing Green cladding materials are also beautiful sustainable.  For an illustrated version of this podcast please see  https://youtu.be/S9R2bXDsY2Y on the Landscape Architecture YouTube channel.