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We're in the midst of a craft revolution. We're seeing explosive growth in many consumer products categories. There is no one definition, I would say, but oftentimes there are artisanal products, locally sourced, handmade, and sometimes made in small batches.我们正处在一场手工艺革命的浪潮之中。我们看到许多消费品类别都在出现爆炸式增长。虽然没有一个统一的定义，但通常它们是手工制作的产品、本地采购、手工打造，有时以小批量方式生产。It resonates with many of the megatrends that we see with consumers, particularly millennials who are really looking for something very authentic. They like to take risks and try new products. Right now, it's primarily a U.S. phenomenon, but we're seeing growth in many markets outside the U.S. as well.这与我们看到的许多消费大趋势相契合，尤其是千禧一代，他们非常追求真实的东西。他们喜欢冒险、尝试新产品。目前这主要是一种美国现象，但我们也在看到美国以外许多市场的增长。We really think the craft revolution will be a global phenomenon over the next 10 years. We're seeing the craft revolution across many categories. You know, when you think about restaurants, the whole farm-to-table concept is a great example of craft.我们确实认为，在未来10年内，手工艺革命将成为全球现象。我们在许多类别中都看到了这种手工艺浪潮。例如，当你想到餐饮业时，“从农场到餐桌”的理念就是一个典型的手工化代表。You're seeing it in cosmetics. Handmade soap, for example, is really a growing part of that industry. I think most importantly, where we're seeing the most and the fastest growth we're seeing is really in the alcoholic beverages.你也能在化妆品领域看到这种趋势。例如手工皂，已成为该行业快速增长的部分。而我认为最重要的是，我们看到增长最多、增速最快的领域其实是酒精类饮品。Beer and spirits are examples of where we're seeing really a true craft revolution playing out. Craft beer is the most developed and largest segment within craft. It's about 10% of the total industry volume, independent crafts, and if you include some of the craft-style brands that are owned by the major companies, it's actually as large as 13%, 14%.啤酒和烈酒是我们看到真正的手工革命正在发生的典型例子。在所有手工领域中，精酿啤酒是发展最成熟、规模最大的部分。独立精酿啤酒约占整个行业销量的10%，如果再算上大公司拥有的精酿风格品牌，比例实际上可达到13%至14%。It's interesting because it's not a new concept per se. Craft beers have been around since the 80s and 90s, really started out as some of the smaller microbrewery developing their own beer in their garages, and I think the last 10 years, we've seen such explosive growth in craft beer. And we think that over the next five years, the craft beer segment could be as big as 20% of the total industry volume.有趣的是，这本身并不是一个新概念。精酿啤酒从80年代、90年代就已经出现，最早是一些小型的家庭微型酿酒厂在车库里自行酿造。而在过去10年，我们看到了精酿啤酒的爆炸式增长。我们认为，在未来五年内，精酿啤酒可能会增长到整个行业规模的20%。Craft spirits is smaller than beer. Today we think it's about 2% to 3% of the total industry volume, but what's interesting and fascinating is that this is growing at a really faster rate than beer. Many of the craft spirits brands are growing 40%, 50%, and really it touches on across many categories within spirits.精酿烈酒目前比啤酒小得多。现在我们估计它占整个行业的2%到3%。但有趣的是，它的增长速度比啤酒还要快。许多精酿烈酒品牌正以40%至50%的速度增长，而且涵盖烈酒中的多个类别。So it's not just the whiskey phenomenon, but you're seeing it in vodka, you're seeing it in gin. The other thing that's interesting is when you think about the number of distilleries that are actually popping up, it's very close to where beer was 10, 15 years ago. So think about the trajectory that craft spirits could be on for the next 10 years, really replicating what beer went through on the craft side.所以这不只是威士忌的现象，你能在伏特加、杜松子酒中都看到这一趋势。另一个有趣的点是，当你观察新成立的蒸馏厂的数量时，它与啤酒在10到15年前的情况非常相似。所以想象一下未来10年精酿烈酒的发展轨迹，很可能会复制精酿啤酒过去的路径。Interestingly, I think what you have to keep in mind is the consequences of what all this means for some of the larger players. Some are buying some of these smaller craft brands, some are trying to develop their own brands organically, but certainly the competitive intensity has been rising and we think will continue to rise as a result of just the proliferation and the competitive pressure from these craft beer brands. So the rise of craft is here to stay.值得注意的是，我们必须考虑这些变化对大型企业意味着什么。一些大公司正在收购小型精酿品牌，一些则试图自行开发手工风格产品。但无论如何，竞争强度正在上升，且我们认为会持续上升，因为精酿品牌数量迅速增加并带来了巨大的竞争压力。因此，手工艺浪潮势不可挡。In some categories we think the craft will really take over the mainstream segments in that particular category, and like it or not, the larger companies really have to deal with the consequences of what that means. It's not just an impact on the consumers, but how the companies are dealing with that will really define how the industry impacts the broader trends over time.在某些类别中，我们认为手工化甚至会取代该类别的主流市场。不管大型企业愿不愿意，它们都必须应对这种变化带来的影响。这不仅影响消费者行为，更影响企业如何调整策略，而这些变化将最终塑造整个行业如何影响未来更广泛的趋势。

It's becoming increasingly popular for businesses to only accept payments by card. Yes. London's bus network has been cashless since 2014.越来越多的商家只接受刷卡支付。是的，伦敦的公交系统从 2014 年起就已经全面取消现金支付了。And now there are many food and drink outlets in the UK that only accept payment by card. We're looking at the benefits of a cashless company.现在英国有许多餐饮店也仅接受刷卡支付。我们现在要讨论无现金公司的好处。Yes, specifically in the hospitality trade. If you think about in the past, Richard, restaurants. Imagine the scenario. Saturday night, they've done very well, OK.是的，尤其是在餐饮与服务行业。想想过去吧，Richard，比如餐馆。想象一个场景：星期六晚上，他们生意很好。They've had a lot of customers, well, a lot of orders. They've taken a lot of money. What happens at the end of the evening?有很多顾客、很多订单，收入也很多。那么在晚上打烊后会发生什么？Well, obviously the first thing is, after they close, they've got to count the cash, haven't they? They've got to count the takings for the night and record it.首先显而易见的是，打烊后他们必须清点现金，对吧？必须数清这晚的收入并记录下来。And it needs to be checked with the receipts. Exactly. So that takes up a lot of time and resources.而且还需要与收据核对。没错。所以这会占用大量时间和人力资源。And then, of course, if it's night time, they've got to hang on to that money, probably keep it in a safe. If it's a Saturday night, they've got to keep all that cash safe and then probably not be able to take it to the bank, what, until Monday morning?而且，如果是晚上，他们必须妥善保管这些现金，可能要放在保险箱里。如果是星期六晚上，他们需要整晚保管所有现金，并可能直到周一早上才能存入银行。And the bank is the other problem as well, of course, Jackie, because banks will charge customers if they deposit large amounts of cash.银行也是一个问题，Jackie，因为银行在客户存入大量现金时会收取费用。What kind of bank charges do restaurants have a year then, about?那餐馆一年大概要付多少银行手续费呢？Well, it can be as much as from £3,000 to £5,000 for a decent-sized restaurant, and obviously the chains pay much more than that.一家规模不错的餐馆一年大约要支付 3,000 到 5,000 英镑，连锁店则要付更多。Actually, even when people paid with their cards in the past, it wasn't easy or cheap for the restaurants either. The card processing system was much more complicated than it is now.事实上，即使过去顾客使用银行卡支付，对餐馆来说也不简单或便宜。当时的刷卡处理系统比现在复杂得多。OK, so you're talking about people putting their cards into the machine, the handheld machine? Exactly, yes.你是指顾客把卡插进那种手持刷卡机？没错。They had different cards, different fees, some were accepted, some weren't, different card readers. The process is much more streamlined now.当时不同的卡收费不同，有些能刷，有些不能，而且刷卡机也不统一。现在这个流程已经顺畅多了。Yeah, and I think that the card readers, they're much cheaper and easier to use, aren't they, for restaurants?是的，而且现在的刷卡机对餐馆来说更便宜、更容易使用了，对吧？Yes, and interestingly enough, in addition to that, at one particular McDonald's branch, where they introduced cashless kiosks, i.e. they wouldn't take cash at all, the values of the individual orders went up by 30%.是的，而且很有趣的是，在某家麦当劳分店，他们引入了完全不接受现金的自助点餐机后，单笔订单金额竟然上涨了 30%。Well, I suppose people are more willing to spend more if it's with a card, as opposed to putting their hands in their pockets for cash.嗯，我想人们在刷卡时更愿意多花钱，相比掏出现金要更轻松。Certainly would seem so. So maybe, perhaps after all, we are moving towards a cashless society.确实如此。所以或许，我们正在迈向一个无现金社会。However, interestingly, the Bank of England has observed that despite the rate of card transactions soaring, and actually back in 2016, purchases using a debit card overtook cash for the first time in the UK, the volume of cash in circulation is at a record high, which sounds a bit strange.不过有趣的是，英格兰银行观察到，尽管银行卡交易量大幅上升——实际上早在 2016 年英国借记卡消费就首次超过现金——但市场上流通的现金量却创下历史新高，这听起来有点奇怪。And the number of British people who only deal in cash, which is about 2.7 million, is also rising.而只使用现金的人数也在上升，约有 270 万英国人只使用现金交易。So why is that then? Well, there's a number of reasons.那为什么会这样呢？原因有很多。People are hoarding money after the 2008 crash.人们在 2008 年金融危机后开始囤积现金。They're stuffing it underneath their mattresses again, are they?他们又把现金塞回床垫下面了吗？Yeah, sounds a bit strange. But perhaps most interestingly, there's a booming criminal economy.是的，听起来有点奇怪。但也许最值得注意的是，黑色经济正在蓬勃发展。Cash in hand, avoiding taxes, etc. Exactly.比如私下收现金、逃税等等。没错。So cards are great for restaurants, but not necessarily for all businesses.所以刷卡支付对餐馆很有帮助，但不一定适用于所有行业。

Back in March 2018, an insurance company from New Zealand started a landmark trial with its company staff. It decided to trial a four-day working week. Almost 250 staff at Perpetual Guardian took part.早在 2018 年 3 月，新西兰一家保险公司开始对员工进行一项具有里程碑意义的试验：他们决定试行每周四天工作制。大约有 250 名来自 Perpetual Guardian 的员工参与了这项试验。We're looking at the pros and cons of working a four-day week. Right, Jackie. So that New Zealand company, what was the result of their trial? The employees completed surveys before they did the trial and after they did the trial.我们现在要讨论每周四天工作制的利与弊。好的，Jackie。那么那家新西兰公司，他们的试验结果如何？员工们在试验前和试验后都填写了问卷调查。And it was upon reading the results that the company declared it was a great success and decided to adopt the new schedule full-time.在看到调查结果后，公司宣布试验非常成功，并决定永久采用这一新的工作安排。OK. So why was it such a great success then? Well, there were three factors that they looked at.好的。那么它为何如此成功？他们主要从三个因素进行评估。And overall, staff reported lower stress levels, higher levels of job satisfaction. Interesting. And also an improved sense of work-life balance.总体而言，员工表示压力降低、工作满意度提高——很有趣——而且工作与生活的平衡感也有所提升。OK. That sounds obvious. The employees loved it. What did the firm get out of it?好的，这听起来很合理。员工很喜欢。那么公司从中获得了什么呢？Actually, because there was less stress, productivity increased. People who enjoy their job at the end of the day work better. Fantastic.实际上，由于压力减少，生产力反而提高了。喜欢自己工作的人最终会做得更好。太棒了。But actually, the four-day week, it's nothing new, is it? No, they've had it in America for some time. Richard, the difference is, in America, you still work 40 hours, right? But you just do it over four days.不过事实上，每周四天工作制并不新鲜，对吧？对，美国很早以前就有了。Richard，不同之处在于，美国人仍然工作 40 小时，只是把这 40 小时压缩在四天内完成。So you still do the same number of hours as you did in five days, but you do it in the four days.也就是说，你工作时长一样，只是从五天集中到四天中。Exactly. You're working a 10-hour day instead. The important thing here was that people worked fewer hours got paid the same.没错，你每天工作 10 小时。这里重要的是，人们工作更少的时间，却拿同样的薪水。They worked for four days but got paid for five. Exactly.他们只工作四天，但拿五天的工资。没错。So a four-day week then, it can't all be good then, surely?所以每周四天工作制肯定也不是全都是好处吧？Well, I suppose there is a possibility that if you're working harder for four days, you could actually come the fourth day, become less productive.嗯，我想有一种可能是，如果你在四天内更拼命工作，到了第四天你的效率可能反而下降。And also those on a four-day week, they may feel some pressure to come into meetings on that fifth day when they're not there. Or work from home.此外，实行四天工作制的人，可能会感到压力必须在他们本不应该上班的第五天参加会议，或在家工作。OK, it was a great success then, this four-day week. But why did the company actually go for it in the first place?好的，这个四天工作制非常成功。但是，公司当初为什么会尝试这样的制度？Yeah, new technology, Richard. I mean, you know, the use of computers.嗯，是因为新科技，Richard。比如电脑的使用。People always thought, didn't they, that in the future, it wasn't that long ago, they said in the future, people will be working more from home and having a more relaxed work-life balance.人们一直认为——直到不久前还这样说——未来大家会更多在家工作，拥有更轻松的工作与生活平衡。Yeah, they always said people will be working less in the future, didn't they? But it appears that people are actually working more.是啊，他们总说未来人们会工作得更少，对吧？但事实似乎是人们现在反而工作得更多。Exactly. You can't get away from the office nowadays, can you, with emails and phone calls, etc.没错，如今你完全无法远离办公室邮件、电话等。No. It's created a culture where workers are required to be constantly available to work.是的，这创造了一种文化：员工必须随时待命。You see that all the time, Richard. And with our friends, they're on the phone or answering emails at the weekend.你经常能看到这样的情况，Richard。我们的朋友们在周末也在打电话或回邮件。Now that company in New Zealand did one thing. But they've been trying something else in France, haven't they?那家新西兰公司采取了一种方式。但法国采取了另一种方式，对吧？Yeah, France realised that work was spilling into after hours. So they tried a different approach.是的，法国意识到工作不断侵入下班时间，于是他们尝试不同的方式。And this was getting companies to make regulations that stopped employees responding to emails, answering phones after a certain time.他们让公司制定规定，禁止员工在特定时间后回复邮件或接电话。But I wonder, it's interesting, the four-day week. It works for some companies. I wonder if it's the future.不过我很好奇，四天工作制很有趣。它对一些公司有效。我想知道这是否会成为未来趋势。Yes, I think it depends on the company itself, doesn't it? Some companies can lend their ways to four days where it might be impossible for others.是的，我想这取决于公司本身。有些公司可以适应四天工作制，而另一些公司则完全无法实行。Anyway, do you work for a company who does a four-day working week? Or would you like to see it introduced to your company? 总之，你的公司实行四天工作制吗？或者你希望公司引入这样的制度吗？

I'm talking to Simon. Hi Simon. Hi.我正在和西蒙说话。嗨，西蒙。嗨。Who is hoping to become a full-time freelance sports writer. Am I right about that? Yes, just about, yes.他希望成为一名全职自由体育作家。我这样说对吗？是的，差不多，是的。What kind of sports do you write about? Well, at the moment I only write about football.你写哪种运动？嗯，目前我只写足球。That's my specialist subject and that is done in two directions. I have always followed Manchester City Football Club, so that is my English arm of the football writing. And because I'm a resident of Lisbon, I also write about Portuguese football affairs.那是我的专长，而且分为两个方向。我一直关注曼城足球俱乐部，所以那是我足球写作的英格兰部分。而由于我住在里斯本，我也写葡萄牙足球的相关事务。Manchester City, you write about Manchester City. I do. Who do you write for? I write predominantly for ESPN.曼城，你写曼城的内容。是的。你主要为谁写？我主要为 ESPN 写作。Right. So I have a contract with them to produce three or four Manchester City-related articles per week. Per week? Per week.好的。我和他们有合约，每周需要写三到四篇与曼城相关的文章。每周？每周。And you find enough to write about per week? Always. And how long have you been doing that for? I've been doing that for about six or seven years, I think.那你每周都能找到足够的题材？总是能。你这样做多久了？我想大概六七年了。And then you said your other arm, as it were, is writing about Portuguese football. Tell me about that.你刚才还说你的另一部分写作是关于葡萄牙足球的。说说这个吧。Well, there's a huge global interest in the English Premier League, obviously, so there's a lot of competition amongst sports writers, football writers, to get their work published. There is not so much being done in the area of Portuguese football, so it's more of a niche market.嗯，全球对英超的兴趣非常大，所以体育记者、足球记者之间竞争激烈，想发表文章很难。而关于葡萄牙足球的内容并不多，所以这是一个更小众的市场。I write for an English-language website called portugol.net, which is run by a friend of mine in Lisbon. It's the biggest and most well-known English-language site covering Portuguese football.我为一个叫 portugol.net 的英文网站写稿，它由我在里斯本的朋友经营。这是最大、最知名的英文葡萄牙足球网站。Am I right in saying then, both... for both the Manchester City writing and for the Portugal writing, your writings appear on the internet only? No, it can be in print as well.那么我这样说对吗——无论是写曼城还是写葡萄牙足球，你的文章都是发表在网络上？不，也可以是纸媒。OK. Sometimes... sometimes... there's a lot of website-based stuff, but I write, for example, for the Irish Examiner.好。有时候……有很多是在线内容，但比如我也会为《Irish Examiner》（爱尔兰观察家报）写稿。All right. Again, about Manchester City. So that will be a newspaper?好的，又是关于曼城的。这是纸媒吗？That's a weekly column on a Monday in the newspaper, which is sort of a reflective piece on what happened at the weekend.那是报纸上每周一的专栏，主要是对周末比赛的一些回顾性评论。If there are other people listening who have a passion for a sport and like writing about it, what advice would you give them if they wanted to do something like this as well?如果有其他人热爱某项运动，也喜欢写作，希望做类似的事情，你会给他们什么建议？If it's football, it's very difficult to get into because there is a cabal of well-known writers who almost always are chosen by the newspapers and the magazines to do their stuff for them.如果是足球，这个行业很难进入，因为报纸和杂志几乎都选择那群知名作者来写稿。So are you the Man City expert?所以你算是曼城专家吗？Because I'm so old, I do have an advantage over some of the younger guns because I go back further and I can add historical perspective to a lot of my articles, which some of the others can't unless they research it.因为我年纪大，我相比年轻作者有优势——我能回顾更久远的历史，可以在文章中加入历史视角，而其他人若不特别研究，就无法做到。And even then, they don't have the feel as someone who was actually there and lived through whichever period we're writing about or talking about.即使研究了，他们也没有那种亲历其境的感觉——不像真正经历过那个时代的人。So you've got the experience. Yes. Yeah.所以你有经验。是的，没错。But I would say just keep going and try and get yourself noticed.但我会说，坚持写，让别人注意到你。If you have the skill and the ability and you write in an interesting, informative and entertaining way, somebody somewhere will take you on.如果你有技巧、有能力，并且写得有趣、有信息量、有可读性，总会有人愿意用你的文章。They probably will not offer to pay you to start with. So be prepared to do work for free just to get your name out there.他们一开始可能不会付你钱，所以准备好先免费写稿，让自己的名字被看到。Now, I know you're not a full-time freelance worker. So although you seem to be very busy, it's still a step away then from it paying all your bills.我知道你还不是全职自由工作者。虽然你看起来很忙，但这些收入还不足以支付你所有的开销。Yes, it doesn't pay all my bills. That's why I also teach.是的，不能完全覆盖所有开支。所以我还要教书。My dream would be to be free of teaching and just to write because I'd like to be a creative writer as well as a contracted writer because there's not complete creativity with what I do.我的梦想是不再教书，只靠写作，因为我希望既能成为创意写作者，也能成为签约作者——我现在做的写作并不完全属于创意写作。And how are you going to get onto that next step? Very good question.那你要怎么迈向下一步？好问题。Just keep writing. The more writing I do, the more it gets noticed. The more people want stuff from you, the more people are prepared to pay for it.就是继续写。我写得越多，就越容易被注意到。越多人想要你的内容，就越多人愿意付费。And your passion shows through your writing. I hope so. I hope so.而且你的热情会通过你的文字展现出来。我希望如此，我希望如此。

Hey, WorkLifers, it's Adam here, and I have some exciting news.嘿，WorkLifers，我是 Adam，有个令人兴奋的消息要告诉你们。Last year, by popular demand, we started releasing more conversations and debates with my favorite thinkers, creators, doers, and leaders.去年，根据大家的强烈要求，我们开始发布更多与我最喜爱的思想家、创作者、实干家和领导者的对话与讨论。The goal is to figure out what makes them tick, and what they can teach us about a life well lived.目标是弄清楚是什么驱动着他们，以及他们能教会我们如何过好一生。Sometimes we talk about work, but often it's just been a window into the interesting ways their minds work.有时我们谈论工作，但更多时候，这些对话是了解他们独特思维方式的窗口。If you haven't had a chance to listen, the guests have included Lin-Manuel Miranda, Brene Brown, Ava DuVernay, and Malcolm Gladwell.如果你还没收听过，嘉宾包括林-曼努尔·米兰达、布芮内·布朗、艾娃·杜威内以及马尔科姆·格拉德威尔。You asked for more episodes, so we're doing just that, regular episodes all year round.你们希望有更多节目，所以我们照做了——全年持续更新。We've decided to call it Rethinking with Adam Grant, because that's been the pull for me, a chance to reexamine the things I think are true, and to dig into the psychology of these fascinating guests.我们决定把节目命名为《Rethinking with Adam Grant》（与 Adam Grant 一起重新思考），因为这对我来说，是一个重新审视自以为真实的事物、深入挖掘这些迷人嘉宾心理的机会。We'll kick off the fall with conversations with entrepreneur Mark Cuban, best-selling author Celeste Ng, Oscar-winning actor and producer Rhys Witherspoon, neuroscientist Chantal Pratt, Nobel Laureate physicist Saul Perlmutter, and death-defying rock climber Alex Connold.秋季我们将以一系列对话开场——包括企业家马克·库班、畅销书作家伍绮诗、奥斯卡影后兼制片人瑞茜·威瑟斯彭、神经科学家尚塔尔·普拉特、诺贝尔物理学奖得主索尔·珀尔马特，以及挑战死亡极限的攀岩者亚历克斯·霍诺德。And season six of Work Life will still be coming out right here next year.另外，《Work Life》第六季将在明年继续在这个频道推出。Thanks as always for listening. Follow Rethinking with Adam Grant on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen.一如既往感谢你的收听。请在 Apple Podcasts、Spotify 或任何你使用的平台关注《Rethinking with Adam Grant》。

You know that saying, move fast and break things? I do. Well, we say move fast and fix things, because in our experience, speed and fixing go hand in hand. Absolutely.你知道那句“快速行动，打破常规”的说法吗？ 我知道。而我们说的是“快速行动，迅速修复”，因为根据我们的经验，速度和解决问题是相辅相成的。的确如此。Speed's gotten a dangerous reputation, but it signals that you take a problem seriously, and it builds momentum for real change. Which is why we move fast and we fix things. My name is Anne Morris.速度常常名声不佳，但它表明你认真对待问题，并且能为真正的改变积累动能。 这就是为什么我们快速行动并迅速解决问题。我叫安妮·莫里斯。I'm a company builder and a leadership coach. And I'm Frances Frey. I'm an author and a Harvard Business School professor.我是一名公司创建者和领导力教练。而我是弗朗西丝·弗雷，一名作家，也是哈佛商学院的教授。And, most importantly, I'm Anne's wife. You're going off script, sunshine. We're the co-authors of two books on building better businesses, and we've spent decades helping everyone, from entrepreneurs just starting out to CEOs of global corporations.而且最重要的是，我是安妮的妻子。你已经开始偏离台本了，亲爱的。我们共同撰写了两本关于打造更好企业的书籍，并花了数十年时间帮助各类人士——从刚创业的创始人到全球公司的 CEO。We help them all solve their work problems. Along the way, we've noticed something surprising. When people come to us with a work problem, whether it's completely new or something they've been wrestling with for years, often they're just one good conversation away from removing the roadblock and finding a solution.我们帮助他们解决各种工作难题。在这个过程中，我们注意到一个令人惊讶的现象：不管人们带来的工作问题是全新的，还是多年来一直困扰他们的，往往只需要一次高质量的对话，就能解除障碍，找到解决方案。That's where we come in. We guide people past those barriers so that they can make things happen. And that's exactly what we'll be doing here.这就是我们出现的地方。我们引导人们跨越这些障碍，让他们真正推动事情发生。而这正是我们将在这里做的事。Unfixable. This is a new show from the TED Audio Collective. Each week, we'll take a call from someone who's stuck, someone who's facing a work problem that they just don't know how to solve.《不可修复？》——这是 TED 音频团队推出的新节目。每周我们都会接到来自陷入困境的人的来电，他们正面临一个不知道如何解决的工作难题。We'll cover things like when to say enough is enough. The workload was starting to get unmanageable. What to do when you think your boss is acting unethically.我们将讨论的话题包括：什么时候该说“够了”；工作量已经变得无力承担；以及当你认为上司行为不道德时该怎么办。How do I convey that messages in a manner where they understand doing the right thing is not just aboutrhetoric. And my personal favorite, how to find your strengths and lean into them. Wow, you know, I came for the discussion and I'm staying for the ego boost.我该如何传达信息，让他们明白做正确的事不仅仅是口头说说？还有我个人最喜欢的话题：如何发现自己的优势并好好运用它们。哇，我本来是来听讨论的，现在是为了被夸留下的。This is great. Our hope is that by doing this work out here in the open, inviting everyone to the party, we can start to really spread the message that meaningful change happens fast and really that everything is fixable. Everything is fixable.太棒了。我们希望通过公开做这些事情、邀请所有人参与，真正传达一个信息：有意义的改变可以很快发生，而且——所有问题都能修复。所有问题都能修复。And that's where you come in. If you have a work problem you're feeling stuck on, get in touch. Tell us how we can help.这就是你可以参与的地方。如果你有工作上的困扰，卡住了，来联系我们。告诉我们如何能帮到你。Email us at fixable at ted.com or give us a call at 234-fixable. That's 234-349-2253. And make sure to subscribe to Fixable right now on your favorite podcast app so you don't miss a single episode.你可以发邮件到 fixable@ted.com，或拨打 234-FIXABLE（234-349-2253）。并记得在你喜欢的播客应用上订阅《Fixable》，别错过任何一集。Part of what we do in the world is just bring some can-do lesbian spirit into organizations. We are can-do lesbians and we think there's a can-do lesbian inside of everyone. You just have to find her.我们做的事情之一，就是把那种“什么都能做的女同志精神”带进各个组织。我们是能干的女同志，而且我们相信每个人心里都住着一个能干的女同志。你只需要把她找出来。You just got to find her. She's in there.你只要找到她。她就在你的心里。

We belong to an organisation that puts you in touch with pet-sitters when you go away. People who can look after your house and animals while you're on holiday. And it was coming up for renewal, wasn't it? The subscription, yes.我们加入了一个组织，当你外出时，它会帮你联系宠物看护的人。他们可以在你度假期间照顾你的房子和动物。而我们的会员马上要续费了，是吗？对，就是订阅服务。Every year. Fine. But what they didn't tell us was it was more expensive than the previous year.每年都要续费，好吧。但他们没告诉我们的是，这次续费比前一年更贵。And what's more, it was more expensive, a lot more expensive than new customers were going to pay. We're looking at customers' loyalty. It wasn't the first time that we found out that we as existing customers were paying more for a product than new customers coming on.更糟的是，这次续费比新客户要付的钱贵得多。我们说的就是对老顾客忠诚度的“惩罚”。这不是第一次我们发现，作为老客户，我们反而比新客户付更多钱。We're not the only ones. In the UK, Citizens Advice, which is an independent charity, have recently complained to a government department about these loyalty penalties, which people are paying in essential markets. Yes, now these essential markets, they include things like paying for your mobile, broadband, home insurance is a big one, bank savings and mortgages.我们并不是唯一的例子。在英国，一个独立慈善机构“公民咨询局”最近向政府部门投诉这种“忠诚惩罚”，它出现在很多基本民生市场里。是的，这些基本市场包括手机套餐、宽带、家庭保险（这个特别严重）、银行储蓄和房屋贷款。They're all more expensive for their loyal customers than for new people joining. Yeah, their existing customers. Up to 64% of consumers didn't know that they were being charged either the same or much more than newer customers.这些服务对长期客户来说都比对新加入的人更贵。是的，就是说对老客户更贵。多达 64% 的消费者甚至不知道自己被收取的费用要么和新客户一样高，要么更高。Yes, and they found that 8 in 10 bill payers are currently charged significantly higher prices for remaining with their existing supplier rather than getting a new supplier. And I suppose, Richard, part of this is because of privatisation. In the past, a lot of these – especially gas and electricity, things like that – the government provided those.是的，而且他们发现，十分之八的账单付款人因为继续使用原服务商，而不是更换新服务商，被收取了明显更高的费用。我想，Richard，这部分原因是私有化导致的。过去很多服务——特别是燃气、电力之类——都是政府提供的。And now you have to go and look, and it's difficult to choose which company to go for. And when they've got special offers to attract new customers, that's got to be paid for by someone. So, we're feeling very sympathetic towards these people, especially because of our own situation.而现在你必须自己去选择，挑选哪家公司很麻烦。而且企业为了吸引新客户会推出特价优惠，而这些成本总得由某些人承担。所以我们对这些被多收费的人很同情，尤其是因为我们自己也遇到了类似的情况。However, Richard... Yes? I'm wondering whether this might change your mind. OK. Now, we have a couple of dogs and we go to the supermarket and we buy dog food.不过呢，Richard……什么？我在想这件事可能会改变你的看法。好，现在我们有几只狗，我们去超市买狗粮。Yes. We can choose to switch to a different brand if we discover that it's cheaper. We have the option to do that.对。如果我们发现另一种品牌更便宜，就可以换品牌。我们完全可以这样做。Yes. And it would actually be very nonsensical of us to stay with our normal brand if it has become more expensive. Do you agree with that? If the quality is identical, you go for the cheaper the product.是的。如果我们发现平常买的品牌变贵了，还坚持不换，那其实很不明智。你同意吗？如果品质一样，当然选便宜的。Right. OK. Because this is all about a competitive market.好的。因为这一切都与竞争性市场有关。And competition is for the benefit of the consumers. And so, if you're going to have a competitive market, this includes switching from one brand to another. Loyalty doesn't pay.而竞争是为了让消费者获益。所以在竞争市场里，你就应该在品牌之间切换。忠诚并不划算。Right. OK. So, there is less sympathy for people being penalised for being loyal if, in fact, they just need to do a little bit more work and go for the cheaper brand.好的。所以如果消费者只需要稍微动动手，就能找到更便宜的品牌，那么他们因忠诚而被多收费，别人可能就不太同情了。It's just like buying in a supermarket. I'm not so sure about that. Obviously, there's more to it, isn't there, Richard? Because in the supermarket, the switching is very simple, isn't it? You just choose the other brand.这就像在超市购物。我不太确定哦，显然事情没那么简单，是吧 Richard？因为在超市换品牌很容易，你只要拿另一包就行了。Exactly. And I think what's happened nowadays, it's much more difficult to switch from one brand to another. And there are often penalties.没错。但现在情况更复杂了，从一个品牌切换到另一个往往非常困难，而且还会有罚金或额外费用。And also, if it's an auto-renewal subscription, then that price increase should be communicated to customers.而且如果是自动续订的订阅服务，价格上涨应该明确告知客户。Definitely. Actually, recently we changed our web host that hosts the site, Podcast in English.没错。事实上，我们最近更换了为 "Podcast in English" 网站提供服务的网络主机。I didn't choose the very cheapest host. I chose one a bit more expensive because their renewal price didn't actually go up that much. You're computer savvy, you see.我没有选择最便宜的那家，而是选了稍微贵一点的，因为他们续费的涨幅不大。你是电脑高手嘛。So, at the end of the day, if you know there are cheaper options out there but don't switch, that's your problem. However, if you stay with a brand who is overcharging because the barriers to switching, you know, it's too expensive or it's difficult to understand, those barriers are too big, then that is not acceptable.所以，最终如果你明明知道外面有更便宜的选择却不切换，那是你自己的问题。但如果你因为转换成本太高、太复杂，而被迫留在一家乱收费的公司，那就不可接受了。But really, people are going to be less sympathetic to us because we can find out about the switching and go for the cheaper option.但说实话，别人对我们不会太同情，因为我们有能力查到替代方案，也能选择更便宜的选项。

Iceland has no shortage of natural dangers – volcanic eruptions, glacial floods, scaldingly hot springs and bitterly cold winters. But it is at least one of the few places on Earth where humans don't have to worry about mosquitoes – until now.冰岛总是有各种各样的自然危险，那里有火山喷发、冰川导致的洪水、滚烫的温泉和苦寒冰冷的冬季。不过，冰岛至少是地球上少数几个人类不必担心蚊子的地方之一，直到现在。Two females and a male have been caught on a sticky trap used to attract moths. They're a species that's resistant to the cold.两只雌蚊和一只雄蚊被一个用于吸引飞蛾的粘性陷阱所捕获。它们属于一种能抵抗寒冷的蚊种。It isn't clear how many other mosquitoes are in Iceland or exactly how they got there. One scientist said he did not believe their arrival was linked to climate change and suggested they could have been stowaways on a ship.人们尚不清楚冰岛目前还有多少只蚊子，以及这些蚊子如何来到了这里。一名科学家表示，他不认为这些蚊子的到来和气候变化有关，并提出它们也可能是坐船抵达冰岛的 “偷渡者”。

"No pain no gain!" That's a mindset applied to many things – from working long hours when starting a new business, to studying hard for an important exam. And gym culture often encourages people to push themselves to their limits, leading people to have an all or nothing attitude, where they feel they must either have an extremely tough fitness regime, or do nothing at all. But what if it doesn't have to be this way? What if you can improve your fitness and wellbeing with minimal effort? Meet the new trend gainingtraction: zone zero exercise.“不劳无获！” 这种心态适用于许多事情——从创业初期的长时间工作，到为重要考试而刻苦学习。健身文化往往鼓励人们把自己推到极限，导致一种“要么全力以赴、要么干脆不做”的态度，仿佛非得执行极其严苛的健身计划，否则就是零运动。但事情真的一定要这样吗？如果只需付出最小的努力，也能提升健康与体能呢？让我们来认识一个正在流行的新趋势：零区运动（zone zero exercise）。Zone training is about your heart rate. For example, zone 1 exercise requires 50% of your maximum heart rate, up to zone 5 which is 100% effort. Activities range from a dog walk or easy warm-up in zone 1, to a sprint up the stairs at zone 5. Think of zone zero as any kind of movement that keeps your heart rate below 50%. This could be a gentle stroll, a few stretches in between long stints of sitting at your desk, even gardening or light housework. Terry Tateossian, a personal trainer and nutritionist, said that for many of her clients, "zone zero is the bridge between sedentary and sustainable". It is exercise that feels effortless.分区训练（zone training）主要基于你的心率。 例如，一区运动需要达到最大心率的 50%，五区则是 100% 的全力输出。日常活动从牵狗散步或轻松热身（一区），到冲刺上楼梯（五区）不等。所谓的零区，就是任何让心率维持在 50% 以下的动作。这可能是一段轻松的散步、久坐办公期间的几下伸展运动，甚至是园艺或轻度家务。私人教练兼营养师 Terry Tateossian 说，对于她的许多客户来说，“零区是从久坐到持续运动之间的桥梁。” 它是一种几乎不费力的运动方式。One major benefit of zone zero activity is accessibility. For those unable to do high intensity workouts, such as those recovering from injury, light exercise may feel like a smaller mountain to climb. And with this comes another benefit – consistency. A routine based on zone zero activity is easier to sustain, meaning the long-term benefits are easier to achieve. A 2018 review of research, published in the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, found that zone zero activity can support mental wellbeing, help regulate blood sugar and improve circulation. It can even lower the risk ofcardiovasculardisease.零区运动的一大优势是容易执行。 对于无法进行高强度训练的人，如正在从伤病中恢复者，轻度运动更像是一座较易攀登的小山。同时也带来另一项好处——坚持性更强。以零区活动为基础的运动习惯更容易长期维持，也因此更容易获得长期健康效益。2018 年发表在《国际行为营养与体育活动杂志》上的一项研究综述显示，零区运动有助于提升心理健康、调节血糖并改善血液循环，甚至可以降低心血管疾病风险。Of course, if you're gunning for a personal best, or wanting to significantly improve your fitness, you shouldn't stop at zone zero activities. You'll need to do challenging, high-intensity workouts to grow stronger. But even top athletes must embrace gentle movement. Endurance coach Stephanie Holbrook says, "it's often the missing piece that unlocks breakthrough performances because it facilitates genuine recovery." Maybe slowing down is the best way to move forward.当然，如果你想刷新个人最佳成绩，或者显著提升体能，就不能只停留在零区活动上。你仍然需要具挑战性的高强度训练来变得更强。但即便是顶尖运动员也必须接受轻柔的活动。耐力教练 Stephanie Holbrook 说：“这往往是促成突破性表现的关键，因为它让身体真正恢复。” 或许，放慢脚步才是继续前进的最好方式。

We're talking about a restaurant. A restaurant that became the top-rated restaurant in London. Except that the restaurant was a fake.我们要谈的是一家餐厅——一家成为伦敦最高评分餐厅的餐厅。只不过，这家餐厅是假的。It didn't exist. Yes, so we ask who did it, why he did it and how. Well, let's start with who, Richard.它根本不存在。那么我们来问：是谁干的？为什么要这么做？又是怎么做到的？我们先从“谁”开始吧，理查德。It was a journalist, OK? By the name of Ubar Butler. And what's interesting was that his original job included writing fake reviews for TripAdvisor restaurants, even though he never went to them, right? And he saw that these fake reviews actually helped the restaurants to become very popular. The reviews were always positive.是一个记者，名叫乌巴·巴特勒。有趣的是，他之前的工作就是帮餐厅在TripAdvisor上写假评论——虽然他从来没去过那些餐厅。而且他发现，这些虚假的好评确实能让餐厅变得很受欢迎。Yes, obviously the restaurants themselves paid for him to write the reviews. Of course, which leads on to why he had his idea. Yes, he wondered whether it was possible for not only to have fake reviews but actually have a fake restaurant.没错，那些餐厅当然是付钱请他写好评的。而这也引发了他的灵感：他在想，既然有假的评论，那能不能干脆弄一家假的餐厅？Would it be possible to become the best restaurant in London? Yeah, now this became a challenge for him, didn't it, Richard? And we're talking about April 2017. So how did he go about it, Richard?能不能让这家假餐厅成为伦敦最好的餐厅？对，这对他来说成了一个挑战。时间是在2017年4月。那他是怎么做的呢，理查德？Well, the first thing is he decided to use his real shed in the garden. That was the restaurant.首先，他决定用自己花园里的小棚子当作餐厅。Yeah, and he called it The Shed. And for £10 he was actually able to get it verified as a real place. Because it wasn't real, he didn't want to give his real address, so he made it appointment-only.对，他把餐厅命名为“The Shed（棚屋）”。花了10英镑，他居然真的能让TripAdvisor验证通过。因为餐厅并不存在，他不想公开真实地址，于是设置为“仅限预约”。And then, so he did that, then he designed a website and he created a concept. What was that? He named all his dishes after moods. So he had a happy, love, comfort as his dishes.接着他做了网站，并设计了一个概念。他把所有菜品都以情绪命名，比如“快乐”“爱情”“安慰”等。So comfort for me would be something like shepherd's pie. Yes, and he also took some photos of the dishes. Yeah, those arty, soft, focused, close-up photos of food that is very popular nowadays.比如“安慰”这道菜，对我来说可能就像牧羊人派一样。是的，他还拍了一些菜的照片——那种现在很流行的艺术感、柔焦、特写的美食照。But they were all fake as well. Yeah, he didn't even use real ingredients, right? He used shaving cream instead of cream. Shaving cream, yes, and paint.但那些照片也全是假的。他根本没用真正的食材，比如用剃须膏代替奶油。没错，还有颜料。He painted his things to look attractive. Yeah, so he had a name, had a logo, and lots of great photos. So then he submits his restaurant to TripAdvisor and... Well, it's approved and then it's put on their site for everyone to see.他用颜料把东西涂得看起来很诱人。于是，他有了名字、有了标志，还有很多漂亮的照片。接着，他把餐厅提交到TripAdvisor——结果真的通过审核，上了网站。He started out ranked at number 18,149, but by the end of August he was at number 156. And by the winter he's number 30. How did he do that, Richard?起初他的排名是第18,149名，但到了八月底，已经上升到第156名。到了冬天，更是进入前三十。理查德，他是怎么做到的？Well, obviously, he has a history of writing fake reviews. Yes. He had lots of contacts. He got all his friends to write really great reviews for his non-existent restaurant and that soon got him shooting up the charts.很明显，他有写假评论的经验。而且人脉广，他请朋友们帮忙为这家不存在的餐厅写极好的评论。没多久，排名就蹭蹭往上涨。It was all about the reviews. All the reviews were fantastic and it made all the difference. And of course he couldn't have any bad reviews because no real people went to the restaurant at all.一切都靠评论。所有的评论都极其出色，这就是关键。而且根本不会出现差评，因为没有真正的顾客去过。Exactly. And then on the 1st of November, the same year, just six months after listing The Shed online, he gets an email from TripAdvisor. He's worried, isn't he?没错。然后在同年11月1日，也就是上架六个月后，他收到了TripAdvisor的邮件。他当时很紧张，对吧？Yes, he thinks they've rumbled him. Yeah. But an actual fact is to tell him that he's London's top-rated restaurant.对，他以为自己被揭穿了。其实不是。那封邮件是告诉他，他的餐厅成了伦敦排名第一的餐厅。A restaurant that doesn't exist, he's told, is currently the highest ranked in one of the world's biggest cities on perhaps the internet's most trusted review site.一间根本不存在的餐厅，成了世界上最大城市之一、也许是最受信任的评论网站上的第一名。Number one, Richard. I mean, that is just incredible.第一名啊，理查德。这真是太不可思议了。Now, he stayed there for two weeks, but of course now that the page has been deleted, everybody realises it was a fake.后来它保持第一名两周，但如今页面已被删除，大家才意识到那是个骗局。But he said it was a fake, didn't he? Yeah, he... It wasn't actually found out by anybody. No, no, no. He wanted to show that this was possible, right?不过是他自己公开承认的。并不是被揭穿的。他只是想证明，这一切是可以做到的。And I suppose it's sad really because it just shows how easily fooled people are.说起来也挺讽刺的，这说明人们是多么容易被欺骗。How fake everything is. But an actual fact, in his own words, he's much more positive. He says, if he can transform his garden into London's best restaurant, then literally anything is possible in the business world.世界多么虚假。但用他自己的话说，他倒是更乐观——如果他能把自家花园变成伦敦最好的餐厅，那在商业世界里，一切皆有可能。

Hey, what's up guys, MKBHD here, still in Las Vegas, and I've seen a lot of self-driving tech so far here at CES, like if you walk through any of the halls with cars in them, there's tons of like open room concepts and things like that, but they feel kind of useless, you know, like as long as they're still in a concept phase, they don't really feel real yet.大家好，我是 MKBHD，现在还在拉斯维加斯。在今年的 CES 展会上，我已经看到了很多自动驾驶技术。走进任何一个汽车展厅，都能看到各种“开放空间”式的概念车，设计很炫，但感觉都没什么实际用途。你懂的，只要还停留在概念阶段，就让人觉得离现实还挺远的。So then I got an email from a company called Yandex, you may know them as a Russian tech company, and they said, hey, come check out our autonomous car at CES.然后我收到一封来自一家叫 Yandex 的公司的邮件——你可能知道，这是一家俄罗斯科技公司。他们说：“嘿，来看看我们在 CES 上的无人驾驶汽车吧！”I'm kind of thinking, okay, well, I've seen a lot of autonomous concepts and things like that, how could this be much different? But then they said, listen, we have a fully autonomous driverless car hitting the streets of Las Vegas with all the other regular cars right now, you can go for a ride, you in? So I'm super in, let's do it.我当时心想，好吧，我已经看过那么多自动驾驶概念了，这还能有多不一样？但他们接着说：“听好了，我们的车已经在拉斯维加斯的街头，与普通车辆一起行驶，你可以亲自坐上去试一试。要不要来？”我当然要啊，立刻答应了！So the car itself is a retrofitted Prius, on top is radar, lidar, and camera array for the car to map out its surroundings.这辆车本身是一辆经过改装的丰田 Prius（普锐斯），车顶上安装了雷达、激光雷达和摄像头阵列，用来扫描和绘制周围的环境地图。I think as someone who's used the autopilot from a Tesla, it helps me to not be as nervous in the backseat, but it's still crazy not having anyone in the driver's seat at all as the car navigates the streets.我以前开过特斯拉的自动驾驶，所以坐在后座的时候没那么紧张，但眼前这辆车完全没有司机、自己在街上行驶，还是让人觉得很不可思议。There's a safety engineer in the passenger seat, which had a kill switch next to him for if anything happened to go wrong or it needed to be interrupted, but we did about a 15 minute loop around real streets, real drivers, real people, and everything went smoothly and it was kind of still trippy the whole time.副驾驶坐着一位安全工程师，旁边有个紧急关闭开关，如果出现问题可以立刻介入。我们在真实街道上行驶了大约15分钟，周围都是正常行驶的车辆和行人，一切顺利，但整个过程还是让人觉得有点“魔幻”。This really feels like the future, I gotta say. It might not be this crazy self-driving interior that everyone else is talking about, but this tech part is cool to me.我得说，这真有种“未来已至”的感觉。虽然它没有其他厂商展示的那种炫酷自动驾驶内饰，但技术本身就已经够让我兴奋了。The details are that this is a small area in Las Vegas that was already mapped by this company, so it was a predetermined route and the car knew where it was going to go, but everything else, road conditions, the other cars, the pedestrians, the traffic lights, the turns, speed changes, all of that was decisions made by the car, but all that makes sense for a taxi.具体来说，这辆车运行的区域是 Yandex 事先绘制好的拉斯维加斯一小片区域，路线是预设的，车知道自己要去哪。但像路况、其他车辆、行人、红绿灯、转弯、加减速这些，全都是车自己实时判断的。对无人驾驶出租车来说，这样的模式其实挺合理的。I mean you map the town or city you want to be in, you have predetermined routes for pickup and drop off, and then the taxis are driverless and they just go from there.比如说，你先把城市或镇区地图建好，设定好接送点的路线，然后这些出租车就可以无人驾驶运行了。And the even cooler, nerdier part is these iPad Pros you're seeing, that's a visualization of what the sensors on top of the car are seeing in real time.更酷、更“极客”的部分是，车里这些 iPad Pro 上显示的，就是车顶传感器实时捕捉到的周围环境画面。So the radar, lidar, and cameras are all combining to identify what is other cars on the road, what's pedestrians, what is a stationary object, and seeing things up to 250 meters away in every direction.雷达、激光雷达和摄像头的数据融合在一起，用来识别道路上的其他车辆、行人以及静止物体。它可以在四个方向上探测到最远250米外的情况。So things 6, 7 cars away were on the iPad that I couldn't even see in real life out the windows.我在 iPad 上能看到六七辆车之外的物体，而从车窗外肉眼是完全看不到的。So there are some red paths, and when we start driving you're going to see some green paths. And basically what I'm seeing here is, it's evaluating what's currently happening on the road and what's about to happen.屏幕上有一些红色路径和绿色路径。开车时你会看到绿色路径代表可行方向。简单来说，车在实时评估当前路况和即将发生的情况。Red paths, no good. Green paths, good. And it takes the green path, and it has a predetermined destination, we're on a left turning lane, so you can see way up ahead where it wants to go, and it's just going to follow where it can.红色路径代表不可行，绿色路径代表可行。车辆会自动选择绿色路径行驶。现在我们在左转车道上，可以看到系统已经标出了它想去的方向，车辆会顺着可行的路线前进。Based on the cars around us, you can't really merge right now, so those paths are red, but it has a green path, and it has a bunch of other possible paths to take if it wants to switch it up. But right now, it's all green.根据周围车辆的情况，现在无法并线，所以那些方向是红色的。但它仍然有一条绿色路线可走，而且系统还规划了备用路线以防需要变道。此刻，一切都是绿的。And the best part is the reaction from other people on the road was pretty great.最有趣的是，路上其他人的反应相当精彩。There's people pulling out their phones to record the driverless car, people kind of stare a little bit at stoplights when they realize what's going on, and apparently Las Vegas cops think it's pretty funny too.有人掏出手机拍摄无人驾驶车，也有人在红灯时发现没有司机后，盯着看个不停。听说连拉斯维加斯的警察都觉得挺有意思。But overall, the 15 minutes we spent in this car were a lot of fun, I learned a lot just looking at these iPads and what they were seeing as the car drove around, and this gave me sort of an optimism for the future of self-driving tech.总的来说，那15分钟真的很有趣。我通过这些 iPad 看到车在“看什么”，也学到了不少，让我对自动驾驶技术的未来充满信心。So that's pretty much it, I figured I would share my experience.这就是我今天的经历，想和大家分享一下。Would you let yourself get driven in a driverless taxi like this? Maybe share this video with other people you think would be interested, and I'll leave some links below with some more information so you can look it up if you want to see that too. Either way, thanks for watching, see you guys in the next one.你愿意坐上这样一辆无人驾驶出租车吗？可以把这个视频分享给感兴趣的朋友。我会在下方附上更多相关信息的链接，想了解的可以去看看。不管怎样，感谢观看，我们下期再见。

Imagine you're the mayor of a small, rural town. Over the years the houses have become empty as people move to the city for employment. An earthquake 50 years ago caused terrible damage and forced more families to leave their homes.想象一下，你是一座偏远小镇的市长。多年来，随着人们为了工作迁往城市，镇上的房屋逐渐空置。而且在五十年前，一场地震造成了严重破坏，迫使更多家庭离开家园。And you find yourself facing the possibility of living in a ghost town but in a most beautiful area. We look at the strategy that one local council used to reverse their decline. So where are we, Jackie? On the Italian island of Sicily in a small town called Sambuca.于是你发现自己正面临着一个可能——生活在一座风景优美却濒临“鬼城”的地方。我们来看一个地方政府是如何扭转这种衰退的。那么，我们现在在哪儿呢，杰基？在意大利西西里岛，一个名叫桑布卡（Sambuca）的小镇。Sounds great. So what was Sambuca like in the past then? Very different, Richard. It was a bustling town of about 9,000 people.听起来不错。那么，桑布卡过去是什么样的呢？完全不一样，理查德。那时它是一个热闹的城镇，约有九千名居民。It was, well, and still is, on the top of a hill. And it's in a nature reserve about an hour's drive from the capital. Right, OK.它坐落在一座山顶上，现在依然如此。小镇位于一个自然保护区内，距离首都大约一个小时车程。好的，明白了。So what happened? Basically, Richard, farming practices changed. And following the industrialisation of the agricultural sector, farm workers simply left. So they didn't need so many farm workers.那么后来发生了什么？基本上，理查德，是农业方式发生了变化。随着农业产业化的发展，农场工人不再被需要，因此纷纷离开了。They all left to the city to find jobs then. Yeah, I mean, there's just no human labour needed in the fields anymore. And that left the mayor and his deputy needing to decide what to do.他们都去了城市找工作。是的，因为农田里再也不需要人工劳作了。于是市长和副市长不得不面对一个问题——该怎么办。Exactly, with only about 5,000 people now. So what they decided to do was to sell the homes that the council owned because they wanted people to buy the homes and do them up, live in them and then provide a community once more. Actually, they had an interesting marketing strategy.没错，如今镇上只剩约五千人。所以他们决定出售镇政府名下的房屋，希望吸引人们购买、修缮、居住，从而重建一个社区。事实上，他们采用了一种非常有趣的营销策略。They wanted to sell the houses, but they also wanted to attract media attention. So they decided to advertise the homes for €1 each. €1.他们不仅想卖房子，还想吸引媒体关注。于是，他们决定以每套1欧元的价格对外宣传这些房屋。1欧元！So you can imagine, right, huge reaction and interest from around the world. And just a few weeks after the announcement, the council received almost 100,000 emails. Right, OK, but I still can't believe all these houses were for sale for just €1.你可以想象，来自世界各地的反响有多大。公告发布仅几周后，镇政府就收到了近十万封电子邮件。好的，但我还是难以相信这些房子真的只卖1欧元。They'd all be gone now, surely. Actually, it was an auction. The houses did indeed start at €1, Richard, but of course if there was competition, the price went up.这些房子现在肯定早就卖光了吧？其实并不是——那是一场拍卖。房价确实从1欧元起拍，理查德，但当然，如果有人竞争，价格就会上涨。So was it a success then? Was it a successful initiative? Well, five months after the scheme was advertised, the mayor announced the sale of the first 16 houses. The cheapest went for €1,000, so still very cheap. Very cheap.那么这个计划成功了吗？是一次成功的尝试吗？在计划公布五个月后，市长宣布首批16套房屋售出。最便宜的一套卖了1000欧元，依然非常便宜。非常便宜。The most expensive for €25,000. So what's the latest then, Jackie? What's happening now? Well, I've had a look at the Sambuca council site, Richard, and it looks like there are another 44 houses up for sale right now and people are bidding for them. And some of them still only have €1 bids on and some of them have higher bids on.最贵的一套卖了2万5千欧元。那么，杰基，现在最新的情况如何？我看了桑布卡镇政府的网站，理查德，目前又有44套房屋在出售，正在接受竞标。其中一些仍然只有1欧元的出价，而有些已经更高了。And do you know who's bought these houses? It's a whole mixture of people. Among the new owners are British, Russian, Chilean,Israelifamilies. Wow.你知道是谁买下这些房子的吗？买家可谓五花八门——包括英国人、俄罗斯人、智利人和以色列家庭。哇！So then from a business perspective then, it sounds like it's been quite successful. Yeah, I mean the mayor, he said we did not expect it to be so successful. What, selling houses for €1? Yeah, but I mean it's still a remote area of Europe, Richard, and the houses still need to be worked on.从商业角度来看，这似乎相当成功。是的，市长也说他们没想到会这么成功。卖1欧元的房子还能这么火？没错，但毕竟这里仍是欧洲的偏远地区，这些房子还需要修缮。These aren't houses you can just move into. They need to be rehabilitated. So this sounds great for the mayor, but what about the locals? What do they think about this? Well, interesting question, Richard.这些房子不是买来就能直接入住的，必须整修。因此，这对市长来说听起来很好，但当地居民怎么看呢？这是个有趣的问题，理查德。Many have feared that Sambuca will fall into decline, like many towns in southern Italy. So if the scheme prevents that from happening, I think they're willing to accept their new neighbours. It's certainly an interesting survival strategy.许多人担心桑布卡会像意大利南部的其他小镇一样继续衰落。因此，如果这个计划能阻止那种命运，他们愿意接受这些新邻居。这确实是一种有趣的生存策略。We'll just have to wait and see what happens.我们只能拭目以待，看看结果如何。

In the UK, over 3 million people are vegetarian. That's 7% of the population. And in addition to that, a further 600,000 people, less than 2% of the population, are vegan.在英国，有超过三百万人是素食者，占全国人口的7%。除此之外，还有大约六十万人（不到2%）是纯素食者。Yeah, now 600,000 is not a lot of people, but it's 4 more, 4 times more than in 2014. And half of these made the change just last year. In addition, a third of all Brits are reducing the amount of meat they eat.是的，六十万人并不是很多，但比2014年多了四倍。而且，其中一半人是在去年才改成纯素的。另外，三分之一的英国人正在减少他们吃肉的量。Yes, and actually it's even predicted that vegans and vegetarians will make up a quarter of the British population by 2025. So, without doubt, this is a new and fast-growing area. We're looking at how UK companies are responding.没错，事实上，有预测认为到2025年，素食者和纯素食者将占英国人口的四分之一。因此，这无疑是一个新兴且增长迅速的领域。我们来看看英国的企业是如何应对的。Now, Richard, tell us about Gregg's the Bakers. Yes, it's the largest bakery in the UK and this year in January they launched their first vegan sausage roll. As a result of that single sausage roll, profits leapt more than 50% to £40 million in the first six months of 2019.那么，理查德，请你谈谈英国最大的连锁面包店——Gregg’s。是的，它是英国最大的面包连锁店，今年一月他们推出了第一款纯素香肠卷。结果仅凭这一款产品，公司在2019年上半年的利润就激增了50%以上，达到四千万英镑。I have to say, vegan and sausage roll, it sounds a bit strange to me, Richard. Yes, it does sound a bit strange, but it's obviously very tasty as it's now one of Gregg's five bestsellers. Wow! And for them, of course, veganism is great for business.我得说，纯素和香肠卷放在一起听起来有点怪，理查德。是啊，听起来确实有点奇怪，但显然味道很好，因为它现在是Gregg’s销量前五的产品之一。哇！对他们来说，纯素主义简直成了生意上的福音。But the marketing strategy also meant an increase in their other products, so its shares have also doubled in value over the past year. Yes, because people are going in to buy the vegan sausage roll and buying other things at the same time. So Gregg's is a good example of a company embracing veganism and profiting from that.而且，这种市场策略也带动了他们其他产品的销量，所以过去一年公司股价翻了一倍。是的，因为顾客去买纯素香肠卷时，也顺便买了别的东西。所以Gregg’s是一个很好的例子，说明企业拥抱纯素潮流也能从中获利。But it's not just the food industry, is it, that's riding the vegan wave? No, no. Another British company, Dr Martens, often called Doc Martens, isn't it? It's famous for its boots and shoes. Now they've been going in and out of fashion, what, since the 1960s? Don't tell me, Jackie, they've got a vegan boot.不过，乘着纯素潮流的不仅仅是食品业，对吧？没错，还有另一家英国公司——马汀博士（Dr. Martens），也叫Doc Martens，它以靴子和鞋子闻名。从上世纪六十年代起，它的鞋子时尚与否几经起伏。别告诉我，杰基，他们现在也出纯素靴子了？Yes, the company launched a vegan range of boots. Now this was back in 2011, actually, but it was this year that profits surged by 70% and online sales also rose by two-thirds to £72.7 million. And this accounts for 16% of the total revenues for the company.是的，这家公司在2011年就推出了纯素系列靴子。不过，今年它的利润猛增了70%，线上销售额也增长了三分之二，达到7270万英镑，占公司总收入的16%。Right, Jackie, what makes their boots vegan then? Well, you're not going to eat them, but they have replaced the leather uppers with a combination of polyester fabric and polyurethane. So you're basically telling me they're making plastic boots. It does seem a bit odd to exchange leather for plastic.好的，杰基，那他们的靴子怎么叫“纯素”呢？嗯，当然不是给人吃的，只是他们把皮革鞋面换成了聚酯纤维和聚氨酯的组合。也就是说，他们其实在做塑料靴子？是的，用塑料取代皮革确实有点奇怪。I mean, they may not be made out of animals, but plastic is hardly an ecological alternative. Again, it's the marketing, isn't it? Yes, it's interesting that these companies use the term vegan. But of course, we're talking about clothes.我的意思是，虽然这些靴子不是动物制品，但塑料显然也谈不上环保。又是营销手法，对吧？是的，这些公司使用“纯素”这个词很有意思。但别忘了，我们讨论的是衣物，不是食物。We're not talking about things that the customers are eating, is it? But it's the brand, isn't it, Richard? Because not that long ago, synthetic leather, it was considered fake. It was considered a product for people who couldn't afford the real thing. But now the brand, the marketing, it's making all the difference.我们不是在谈顾客吃的东西，对吧？但这关键在于品牌，不是吗，理查德？因为就在不久前，合成皮还被认为是“假货”，是买不起真皮的人才会买的产品。但如今，品牌与营销改变了一切。Yes, anything animal-free and it's flying off the shelves. Yeah, yeah. My question is this, Richard.是的，只要打上“无动物成分”的标签，产品就会被抢购一空。没错，没错。不过理查德，我有个问题。People become vegans for their health, for the animals and for the environment. But the reason companies are embracing the term and design vegan-labeled products, I think is a little bit more questionable. They're just after the cash, aren't they? Of course.人们选择纯素，是为了健康、动物和环境。但企业热衷推出纯素产品、打上“纯素”标签的动机，我觉得就值得怀疑了——他们只是为了赚钱，对吧？当然。Because at the end of the day, if you want to be eco-friendly, ethical, more sustainable, you just need to consume fewer items. Yeah, buy less. But that's hardly something that businesses want to hear.毕竟，如果真想做到环保、道德、可持续，其实只需要少消费。是的，少买点东西。但这显然不是企业愿意听到的话。

Very recently, a restaurant in Manchester, in the north-west of England, won the city's first Michelin star in 40 years. We talk about the Michelin Guide and the effect of winning one of its prestigious stars. Yes, because this restaurant, Mana it's called, opened less than a year ago.最近，位于英格兰西北部的曼彻斯特有一家餐厅获得了该市四十年来的第一颗米其林星。我们今天要谈的，就是米其林指南以及获得这一权威星级后的影响。是的，这家名为 Mana 的餐厅开业还不到一年。And as soon as it was awarded the star, it became fully booked for months ahead, well into the next year. Yeah, and good news also for Manchester, Richard. Once a restaurant in a town gets given a star, it elevates not just the restaurant's profile but that of the city too.一旦获得米其林星级，这家餐厅立刻变得一位难求，订位排到了好几个月之后，甚至延续到下一年。是啊，Richard，这对曼彻斯特来说也是个好消息。因为一旦一座城市有餐厅获得米其林星，不仅餐厅的声誉得到提升，整个城市的形象也会随之提高。I mean, quite simply, people want to come to a place which has a Michelin-starred restaurant. Yeah, so it all seems a very positive thing, doesn't it? The most Michelin-starred chef, who was French, he claimed that the stars were financially transformative. Yes, indeed, because I think he said with one Michelin star you can get about 20% more business.很简单，人们总是想去有米其林星级餐厅的地方。是啊，这听起来一切都很正面，不是吗？拥有最多米其林星星的那位法国厨师就曾说过，米其林星对餐厅的经济效益有“颠覆性的作用”。没错，他说获得一颗星后，生意可以增长大约20%。Two stars, 40% more business, and with three stars you'll do twice as much business. That's 100% improvement. So you'd think then all restaurants would want to get at least star, but that is not necessarily the case.拿到两颗星，生意增长40%；而三颗星的餐厅，营业额可以翻倍，也就是提升100%。听起来每家餐厅都该梦想至少拿到一颗星，但事实并非如此。Gaining a star, surely that can only be a positive thing. Actually some restaurants return their stars and don't actually want to be in the Guide. That sounds very odd.获得米其林星，照理说应该是件好事吧？但实际上，有些餐厅选择“退星”，甚至不想再出现在米其林指南里。这听起来相当奇怪。Why would they do that? Two main reasons, right? One is undesirable customer expectations. Ah, OK. The customers expect too much, do they? Well, as soon as you become a Michelin-starred restaurant, then customers have... they expect a certain style of food and formal dining.他们为什么要这么做呢？主要有两个原因。第一个是顾客的期望变得“难以招架”。哦？是顾客期望太高了吗？没错，一旦餐厅获得米其林星，顾客便会期待一种特定风格的菜肴和正式的用餐体验。So restaurants that, especially those that serve very, very good but perhaps more simple food, they start to get loads of complaints from customers. Ah, the pressure. The pressure's really on, isn't it? For example, there was one chef, she had a restaurant in a garden centre and she said it changed the atmosphere.于是，那些原本提供非常美味但较为简朴菜肴的餐厅，就会突然收到一堆顾客投诉。啊，这压力确实不小，对吧？例如有一位女厨师，她的餐厅开在一个花园中心里，她说获得星级后，整个餐厅的氛围都变了。Instead of people coming in and being surprised how good the food was, they came expecting something very special and they complained, for example, that there wasn't tablecloths on the wooden tables. They didn't like the rustic feel, they wanted something posher, did they? Yeah. The other thing is that the chefs are overwhelmed by the response.以前，顾客走进来时往往惊喜于食物的美味；但现在，他们带着极高的期望而来，然后抱怨木桌上没有铺桌布。原本的乡村风格不再被欣赏，他们反而希望环境更华丽。是的。另一方面，厨师们也被这种反应压得喘不过气来。You talked about that restaurant in Manchester, completely full up. And then the thing is, Richard, you've got this star. Any minute now, any day, without anybody knowing, a judge can come into your restaurant and decide whether or not you should keep that star or not.你刚提到曼彻斯特那家餐厅——订位已经排满。而问题在于，Richard，一旦你有了这颗星，任何时候、任何一天，米其林评审员都可能悄悄走进你的餐厅，决定你是否还能保住这颗星。So the pressure on the chefs to maintain that star is enormous. And if you lose that star... If you lose a star, you can actually have fewer customers than before. People think it's gone downhill.因此，厨师们为了维持这颗星所承受的压力极大。而一旦失去了星级……顾客甚至可能比以前还少，因为人们会认为餐厅“变差了”。Now, an example of this, a restaurant in Dublin, right, lost its star and as a result, profits declined by 76% and eventually the restaurant was forced to close. Oh dear. So it's a double-edged sword, really.比如，有一家位于都柏林的餐厅在失去米其林星后，利润下滑了76%，最终被迫关门。真糟糕。看来这真是一把双刃剑啊。So perhaps, Richard, you won't be surprised to hear that in fact, a few years ago, a celebrated French chef wanted to lose one of his three stars. But surely that is the industry's highest accolade. That's the right, the top.所以，Richard，也许你不会惊讶地听到，其实几年前有一位著名的法国厨师，主动要求摘掉他三颗星中的一颗。可那可是厨师界的最高荣誉啊。没错，顶级的象征。He said he wanted to be allowed to cook excellent food, but away from the frenzy of star ratings and the anxiety over Michelin's anonymous food judges, it just wasn't worth the stress. It's interesting then, isn't it, that becoming the best in the business is one thing, but maintaining that is even more demanding.他说，他只想专注于烹饪美食，而不想再被星级排名的狂热和对匿名米其林评审的焦虑所折磨。这种压力，根本不值得。真是有趣——成为业界最优秀的人是一回事，但要持续保持在那个位置，却更艰难。

Sawflies are named after the saw-like organ used by the females to lay eggs in plants. The insects want to avoid killing the plants, which provide food for their larvae.锯蜂以它身上一种像锯子一样的器官命名，雌性锯蜂会用这个锯状器官在植物内部产卵。这种昆虫会尽量避免杀死植物，因为植物可以为它们的幼虫提供食物。The researchers discovered that small serrations on the sawfly's teeth worked with larger protrusions to create a selective cutting action, allowing them to avoid cutting internal structures carrying water and nutrients. The team scaled up the mechanism and tested it on material mimicking human tissue.研究人员发现，锯蜂牙齿上较小的锯齿状突起和较大的突起物共同作用，从而创造出了一种具有选择性的切割动作，这种动作让锯蜂能够避免切断植物中含有水分和养分的内部结构。研究团队按比例放大了这一构造机制，然后在模拟了人体组织的材料上对其进行了测试。Although more work is needed, they think there's potential for a surgical instrument based on this natural mechanism, which could instinctively avoid critical tissues whilst cutting.虽然尚有更多工作需要完成，但研究人员认为也许能够发明出一种基于这种自然机制的外科手术器械，这种器械可以在切割时本能地避开关键组织。

When you hear the word 'carnivore', do you think of lions and bears and sharks, or humans? Steak for breakfast, chicken breasts for lunch and salmon and lamb for dinner. No veg and no carbs. This is just a typical day for someone on the carnivore diet. It's a meal plan that only allows meat, poultry, eggs, fish, seafood, dairy products and water. It's animal-based opposed to plant-based. But why are some people following this diet? And what do nutritionists think about it?当你听到“食肉者”这个词时，你会想到狮子、熊和鲨鱼，还是人类？早餐是牛排，午餐是鸡胸肉，晚餐是三文鱼和羊肉——没有蔬菜，也没有碳水化合物。这就是一个典型的“食肉饮食”者的一天。这种饮食方式只允许食用肉类、禽类、鸡蛋、鱼类、海鲜、乳制品和水——完全以动物性食物为主，与植物性饮食截然相反。但问题是，为什么会有人选择这种饮食方式？而营养学家对此又怎么看？The carnivore diet is a type of ketogenic diet. Normally the body uses glucose from carbohydrates as energy, but when there's a lack of this, the liver breaks fat down into ketones. This essentially means the body can fuel itself using fat instead of sugar. Followers of the diet may experience weight loss, especially early on. One reason for this is that protein is highly satiating, so you consume fewer calories. On top of this, cutting out sugary snacks and fizzy drinks has significant health benefits, and when our carb intake is reduced, our stored water levels fall, again helping to reduce weight.食肉饮食其实是一种生酮饮食。通常，人体会利用来自碳水化合物的葡萄糖作为能量来源，但当缺乏碳水化合物时，肝脏就会将脂肪分解为酮体。这意味着身体可以用脂肪代替糖来提供能量。遵循这种饮食的人通常在初期会出现体重下降，这部分是因为蛋白质具有很强的饱腹感，从而减少总热量摄入。除此之外，戒掉含糖零食和碳酸饮料本身就有益健康，而当碳水摄入减少时，身体储存的水分也会随之减少，从而进一步帮助减重。Nevertheless, the carnivore diet can't be described as 'balanced' by any stretch, according to health experts. In fact, the British Heart Foundation strongly opposes it, saying there is no scientific evidence that it helps weight loss in the long term, and it's lacking in essential nutrients. They say extreme diets which are low in fibre and high in fat can increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Saturated fat increases levels of LDL cholesterol and processed meat is high in salt which can raise blood pressure. Fibre, they say, is necessary andcounteracts all these issues, but it can only be found in 'banned foods' of the carnivore diet – fruits, vegetables, seeds, legumes and wholegrains, for example.然而，健康专家指出，食肉饮食无论如何都不能称作“均衡”。事实上，英国心脏基金会（British Heart Foundation）强烈反对这种饮食方式，认为没有科学证据表明它能长期有效减重，而且缺乏必需营养素。他们警告说，这种高脂肪、低纤维的极端饮食可能增加心脏病发作和中风的风险。饱和脂肪会提高“坏胆固醇”（LDL）的水平，而加工肉类中含有大量盐分，会升高血压。专家还指出，膳食纤维对人体是必需的，它能抵消这些风险，但纤维主要存在于食肉饮食所“禁止”的食物中——例如水果、蔬菜、种子、豆类和全谷物。On social media you'll find plenty of people showing off their muscles and claiming their brain is working better than ever after weeks of fat and eggs and butter. Influencer Paul Saladino was an advocate of the carnivore diet until he started experiencing some persistent unpleasant symptoms. Speaking on a health and fitness podcast, he recounted heart palpitations, muscle cramps and sleep disturbances. He researched the diet more and concluded it was detrimental to his health and probably "not a great thing for most humans".在社交媒体上，你会看到很多人炫耀自己的肌肉，并声称在连续几周只吃脂肪、鸡蛋和黄油之后，大脑运转比以往更好。网红Paul Saladino曾是食肉饮食的倡导者，但后来他开始出现一些持续的不适症状。在一次健康与健身播客中，他提到自己经历了心悸、肌肉痉挛和睡眠障碍。经过进一步研究后，他得出结论：这种饮食对健康有害，可能“并不适合大多数人”。Most experts recommend balance, such as the Mediterranean diet, which is full of fruits, vegetables, wholegrains and seeds – it even includes meat, fish and eggs – but everything in moderation.大多数专家仍然推荐“均衡饮食”，比如地中海饮食。这种饮食富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物和种子，也包含肉类、鱼类和鸡蛋——但一切都讲究“适量”。

Sporting events and organisations have long looked to sponsorship for a way of surviving. For many, without financial support of sponsors, they simply wouldn't be able to compete. We're talking about one particular area of concern in sponsorship.体育赛事和组织长期以来都依靠赞助来维持生存。对许多赛事而言，如果没有赞助商的资金支持，他们根本无法继续竞争。我们今天要谈的是赞助领域中的一个特别值得关注的问题。Yeah, now we both remember, Richard, the dominance of tobacco companies sponsoring major events, especially things like Formula One. Yes, the Marlborough McLaren cars, for instance. Yeah.是的，Richard，我们都还记得，以前烟草公司主导了大型赛事的赞助，尤其是像一级方程式赛车这样的赛事。没错，比如万宝路赞助的迈凯伦车队。Now, that's not allowed anymore. But there's a new industry taking over, isn't there? And that is gambling and betting. Betting companies take £14.4 billion from punters every year.如今，烟草赞助已经被禁止了。但现在有一个新的行业正在接手，不是吗？那就是博彩业。博彩公司每年从赌客那里获得高达144亿英镑的收入。In the UK. Yes, that is equal to about £200 from every man, woman and child. It's a huge amount.在英国，这相当于全国每个男人、女人和孩子各贡献了约200英镑。这是一个庞大的数字。Yeah. So why has this happened? How has it happened? And is it really such a bad thing? Well, I suppose it really, it goes back to 2005 and the government of the day then passed the Act and this dramatically relaxed many of the old restrictions. And as soon as they did that, the difference was just incredible.是啊，那为什么会出现这种情况？这是怎么发生的？真的有那么糟糕吗？嗯，我想这要追溯到2005年。当时的政府通过了一项法案，大幅放宽了旧有的限制。一旦法律放宽，整个行业的变化简直令人惊讶。How has it happened? Well, simply because gambling-related TV and radio advertising was banned up until 2005. And then since then, advertising has increased significantly. Yes.它是怎么发展的？其实很简单——在2005年之前，博彩类的电视和广播广告是被禁止的。但从那以后，广告数量显著增加。没错。By 2018, UK betting firms were spending £328 million on direct advertising alone. Yeah. And you're talking about adverts in the commercial breaks and sports programmes.到2018年，英国的博彩公司仅在直接广告上的支出就达到了3.28亿英镑。是的，那些广告主要出现在商业广告时段以及体育节目中。But what we're really talking about is live footballs on the TV. Oh yes. I mean, you know I love football.但我们真正要谈的是电视上播放的足球直播。哦，是的，你知道我多么喜欢足球。I watch the football match and there are adverts on betting before, during, after. It's just all betting. But Richard, you say about the adverts, OK, but it's not just the adverts, of course, it's what they're wearing.我看一场足球比赛，从赛前到中场再到赛后，全是博彩广告，几乎无处不在。但Richard，你刚才提到广告，其实不仅仅是广告问题，还有他们穿的球衣。It's blasted across the players' shirts, isn't it? They're all sponsored by betting companies. I think half of the Premier League shirts will have a gambling company's logo on it. Clubs in the Premier League stand to earn about £350 million from their shirt sponsors.球衣上全都印着博彩公司的名字，不是吗？几乎所有球队都由博彩公司赞助。我记得英超大约有一半球队的球衣上印着博彩公司的标志。英超俱乐部从球衣赞助中能赚取大约3.5亿英镑。And about £70 million of that comes from betting companies alone. Yeah. But not just the shirts, but all around the football pitch as well, the hoardings around the football pitch.其中大约7000万英镑来自博彩公司的赞助。是的。不仅是球衣，连球场四周的广告牌上也到处都是博彩公司的标志。The publicity for these gambling companies is in your face, isn't it? It's everywhere. Hmm. Research has shown that gambling, it can make people's lives a misery.这些博彩公司的宣传无孔不入，几乎扑面而来。是啊，研究表明，赌博可能会让人的生活陷入痛苦。Yes. And the problem nowadays is it's so easy. You know, in the old days, you used to have to go to the betting shop to place a bet.没错。现在的问题是赌博变得太容易了。以前你还得亲自去投注站下注。Now it's all on the mobile phone and everybody has a mobile phone so everybody can gamble. It's so easy. But the adverts, we go back to the adverts that they have, there's this real feeling of excitement and they give the perception that gambling is a fundamental part of watching the sport.而现在，一切都能通过手机完成。每个人都有手机，因此每个人都能随时赌博，太方便了。至于广告，它们总是营造一种极度兴奋的氛围，让人误以为“看体育比赛”就该伴随“下注”——仿佛赌博是体育观赛不可或缺的一部分。They're linking sport and watching the game so directly with gambling, it's like the two automatically go together. And actually, we've just heard that the club with the biggest shirt sponsorship deal in the Premier League, Manchester United, they're not renewing the contract for their current sponsor. Hmm.他们把体育和赌博联系得如此紧密，以至于让人觉得两者天生就该绑在一起。而事实上，我们刚刚听说英超拥有最大球衣赞助合约的俱乐部——曼联——决定不再续约现任赞助商。嗯。Well, let's hope that their new sponsor is not going to be a betting company.希望他们的新赞助商不要再是博彩公司吧。

The British Pest Control Association says its members have recorded an increase in complaints about rat activity around the UK. Cleankill, a company that operates in the south of England, says it's seen a 20% rise in call-outs about rats in the last two years, and climate change may be playing a role.英国虫害防治协会称，其成员记录了英国各地对老鼠的活动情况投诉数量的增长。一家在英格兰南部地区开展业务的名为 “Cleankill” 的公司称，他们在过去两年中发现由老鼠引起的呼叫请求上升了 20%，而气候变化可能是其中一个原因。A study published earlier this year of 16 cities around the world, mostly in North America, found a strong link between rising temperatures and rat activity. The researchers believe warmer winters enable rats to reproduce more rapidly.今年早些时候发布的一项针对全球 16 座主要分布在北美洲的城市的研究发现气温上升和老鼠的活动情况之间有密切联系。研究人员认为，更温暖的冬季让老鼠能以更快的速度繁殖。But there are also other issues at play. Pest controllers say our overflowing bins, fractured communities and growing appetite for fast food all allow rats to thrive.不过依然有其它因素在发挥作用。害虫防治人员表示，人们满当当的垃圾桶、分崩离析的社区关系和快餐食品盛行都让老鼠得以快速成长。

After MIT Professor Joseph Weizenbaum created the chatbot Eliza, he became concerned that people who had used the programme started to act as if it was human. This might sound like a modern problem, but Eliza was created in 1966. If a programme from the 1960s was capable of tricking people into thinking it was human, what effect could the large-language-model-based chatbots of the 2020s have?麻省理工学院教授 Joseph Weizenbaum 创建聊天机器人 Eliza 后，他开始担心使用该程序的人开始表现得像人类一样。 这听起来像是一个现代问题，但 Eliza 是在 1966 年创建的。如果 1960 年代的程序能够欺骗人们认为它是人类，那么 2020 年代基于大型语言模型的聊天机器人会产生什么效果呢？Modern philosophers and technology experts have discussed whether AI could develop consciousness. Sentience is difficult to define, but the fact that large language models respond by mathematically calculating the probability of certain patterns appearing suggests that it would be hard to consider them to be alive. However, in terms of our responses to them, what matters is not whether they are sentient, but whether they appear to be so.现代哲学家和技术专家讨论了人工智能是否可以发展意识。 感知很难定义，但大型语言模型通过数学计算某些模式出现的概率来做出响应的事实表明，很难认为它们是活着的。 然而，就我们对它们的反应而言，重要的不是它们是否有知觉，而是它们看起来是否有知觉。Large language models are made up of genuine human interactions.  While their tendency to hallucinate means that chatbots are not able to provide reliable factual information, they are able to effectively replicate the language used in human communication. Psychologists report that people tend to have a cognitive bias towards forming attachment and trust. Even sceptical technology writers report feeling some emotion towards AI chatbots. Some users have even reported grief when one model has been replaced by a newer one.大型语言模型由真实的人类互动组成。   虽然聊天机器人产生幻觉的倾向意味着它们无法提供可靠的事实信息，但它们能够有效地复制人类交流中使用的语言。 心理学家报告说，人们往往对形成依恋和信任存在认知偏见。 即使是持怀疑态度的技术作家也表示对人工智能聊天机器人有一些感情。 一些用户甚至表示，当一种型号被更新的型号取代时，他们感到非常悲伤。This combination of believable human language together with the inability to reliably assess facts can be dangerous.Cases have been reported where people have been encouraged by chatbots to do dangerous or illegal things. The chatbots were able to use language to encourage and persuade, but not identify or evaluate risks. Trust becomes dangerous when it is not accompanied by reason. Also, if people form relationships with AI, then they may spend less time and effort trying to cultivate genuine human relationships. Could the chatbot revolution lead to a world where we struggle to relate to each other?可信的人类语言与无法可靠评估事实的结合可能是危险的。据报道，聊天机器人鼓励人们做危险或非法的事情。 聊天机器人能够使用语言来鼓励和说服，但无法识别或评估风险。 当信任没有理性的陪伴时，它就会变得危险。 此外，如果人们与人工智能建立关系，那么他们可能会花费更少的时间和精力来培养真正的人际关系。 聊天机器人革命是否会导致我们难以相互联系的世界？

For our last business podcast, we talked about the big PLCs, the companies traded on the stock exchange.在上一期商业播客中，我们谈到了大型公众有限公司（PLCs），也就是在证券交易所上市的公司。We're talking about the stock exchange. Richard, what is it?我们现在要谈的是证券交易所。Richard，它是什么？The stock exchange is also called the stock market and essentially it is a market.证券交易所也叫股票市场，本质上它就是一个市场。It's where the big companies, the shares in the big companies are bought and sold. Simple as that.在那里，大公司的股票被买卖。就是这么简单。Now, Richard, I have to confess my image of the stock market comes from films where you often see scenes of people throwing their arms in the air and, you know, lots of pieces of paper.Richard，我得承认，我对股票市场的印象来自电影——你经常看到人们挥舞着手臂，还有满天飞的纸片。It seems very mad. What's happening there?看起来很疯狂。那是怎么回事？Well, that doesn't really happen anymore. That system is called an open outcry.嗯，现在基本不会那样了。那种方式叫“公开喊价”。And basically these are the guys in the exchange buying and selling the shares. Only a certain number of people can do this in the old days.以前交易所里只有特定的人可以大声喊价买卖股票。So the old days, they don't do that anymore? Not so much now.所以那是以前了，现在不再这样了？现在基本不这样了。It's nearly all electronic trading.现在几乎全部是电子交易。I know that there's the FTSE 100 and there's things like the Dow Jones. What exactly are they?我知道有富时100指数，还有道琼斯这样的指数。它们到底是什么？Well, the FTSE 100 is basically the 100 biggest shares in the UK.富时100指数实际上是英国最大的100支股票。100 biggest companies? 100 biggest companies, yes.100家最大公司？没错，就是100家最大公司。It's a number to represent the total value of those 100 companies.它是一个代表这100家公司总价值的指数数字。And of course, as individual shares go up and down, what happens to the FTSE 100 gives a general indication of all of them, what's going on.当然，随着个股的涨跌，富时100的变化可以总体反映市场情况。So that's why it's called an index, because it's an indication. Exactly.所以它叫指数，因为它是一种指示。没错。And that's the same for the Dow Jones? The Dow Jones is the top 30 companies in America.道琼斯也是如此？道琼斯指数是美国最大的30家公司。And in Germany, you have the DAX, which again is the top 30 companies in Germany.德国有DAX指数，代表德国最大的30家公司。So all of these are indications of how the stock market is going in those countries? Exactly.所以这些指数都反映了各国股市的表现？没错。So there's the bear and the bull, isn't there? Stocks and shares generally rise and we call that a bull market.还有“熊”和“牛”，对吧？股票整体上涨时叫牛市。And then, or if they're generally falling, we call that a bear market.如果整体下跌，就是熊市。It always seems to me, Richard, that the stock market is a kind of a veryelitebuying market. Can anybody buy shares?Richard，我一直觉得股市是精英才能参与的市场。任何人都可以买股票吗？Well, yes. Actually, because most stock market trading is done online now, anybody can open up an online account and buy shares through the internet.当然可以。现在大多数交易都在线进行，任何人都可以开个网上账户买股票。It's very simple and it doesn't cost that much anymore.很简单，而且成本已经不高了。But interestingly, actually, I think most people will already have shares.但有趣的是，我认为大多数人其实已经持有股票了。Really?真的吗？Well, because a lot of people have pensions, especially company pensions, and the pension companies themselves invest their money in the stock exchange.是的，因为很多人有养老金，尤其是公司养老金，而养老金公司会把这些资金投资到股市。So anyone with a pension already will probably have a significant portion of that pension invested in the stock market.所以任何有养老金的人，其实都有一部分钱投资在股市里。Already? Yes.已经投资了？是的。I do know if you buy, if you spend too much money on buying shares and things, it can all go horribly wrong and you can lose your investment in your house, etc, etc. How risky is it?我知道如果你投入太多钱买股票，事情可能会变得很糟糕，你甚至可能损失所有投资甚至房子。风险到底有多大？Well, yes, of course, if you buy shares in just one company, that company goes bust, you've lost everything.是的，如果你只买一家公司的股票，而那家公司倒闭，你就会损失所有投资。So what a lot of people do is buy a fund.所以很多人会选择买基金。OK, what does that mean?好的，那是什么意思？Well, a fund is a collection of companies. So if any one of them does really badly, you don't lose all your money.基金就是一篮子公司。如果其中一家表现不好，你不会损失全部资金。But of course, if one of them does really well, then you do pretty well.当然，如果其中一家公司表现特别好，你也能赚到钱。So buy a fund. Your investment is spread then?所以买基金更好。这样投资就分散了？The key is to spread the risk. Don't put all your eggs in one basket.关键是分散风险。不要把所有鸡蛋放在一个篮子里。Otherwise, you'll have egg on your face.否则，你会颜面尽失（丢大脸/损失惨重）。