英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分钟

My name is Dwayne Hendrickson and I'm from Minot, North Dakota, about 50 miles out of Keif.我叫德韦恩·亨德里克森，来自北达科他州米诺特市，距离基夫约50英里。But my grandparents lived on a farm near Kief prior to 1968 and a small-town community that everybody knew everybody and everybody helped everybody.但在1968年之前，我的祖父母住在基夫附近的农场里，那是一个小镇社区，每个人都认识彼此，每个人都互相帮助。And it was just a different atmosphere, a different atmosphere of listening to people who didn't speak English, and you were trying to figure out what they were saying.那是一种不同的氛围，人们听着那些不会说英语的人讲话，然后试图弄明白他们在说什么。My father came from Germany. He's a Helme from Germany. His dad got on a ship over at Odessa, Russia and came over here in 1902.我父亲来自德国。他是德国赫尔姆人。他的父亲在1902年从俄罗斯的敖德萨登上一艘船来到了这里。And then he homesteaded in 1905. He found some land and he homesteaded.然后他在1905年申请了宅基地。他找到了一块地并申请了宅基地。And if they homesteaded, was I believe 160 acres, and if they lived on it for five years, then they got the title.他们安顿下来后，我记得是160英亩，要是他们在那片土地上住满五年，就能获得土地所有权。The train came out here and this is what they used to call a tank town. They had a big water tank for the old steam locomotive.火车开到这里，这就是他们过去常说的“水塔镇”。他们为老式蒸汽机车建了一个大水塔。It would stop here and fill up water and then go again. And that's where people settled because they were able to ride the train and the train brought in all the goods.它会在这里停下来加水，然后再出发。而人们之所以在此定居，是因为他们可以乘坐火车，火车还运来了各种货物。Mainly lumber, mainly lumber so that they could build houses and stuff and then, passengers stopped riding it. It was back in the 50s.主要是用来建房子之类的木材；后来，乘客不再乘坐它了。那是在20世纪50年代。My folks were born, I mean, born here and stuff. My mom is a German and my dad is a Russian or a Ukrainian. A lot of them got old.我的父母是在这里出生的。我妈妈是德国人，我爸爸是俄罗斯人或乌克兰人。他们很多人都老了。I mean, like, Michalanko's up there. They had a gas station there. And then Benny Krueger's, he just passed away a few years ago.比如，米哈兰科一家住在那里。他们在那里开了个加油站。还有本尼·克鲁格，他几年前刚去世。A lot of them got old. I mean like Ischenkos, Shevchenko's, Karoenkos, Dislevys.很多人都变老了。像依科兰克斯、史福克兰可、卡罗恩克斯和迪斯莱维斯都老了。

The researchers discovered that the European hedgehog can hear up to 85kHz, a frequency that's considered ultrasonic, far higher than humans who stop hearing past 20kHz.研究人员发现，西欧刺猬能听到达到 85 千赫的声音，这已属于超声波频段，远高于人类 20 千赫的听觉上限。The team now wants to develop sound repellents to be used in cars or lawnmowers that could emit noise at a frequency to scare off hedgehogs.基于此发现，该团队目前正致力于开发出能安装在汽车或割草机上的声音驱赶器，通过发射特定频率的噪音来吓跑刺猬。Thousands of hedgehogs a year are killed in road collisions, and the scientists say the discovery could be a game changer. It could also reveal if the animals communicate to each other using noises that humans can't hear.每年都有数千只刺猬在马路上被撞死，而科学家们表示，这项新发现可能会彻底改变现状。它或许还能揭示这些动物是否会利用人类听觉范围之外的声音进行交流。

Lots of places sell or advertise collagen supplements, but what are the benefits of taking them on a daily basis? A new scientific review by a team from Anglia Ruskin University, published in the Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum, has looked into exactly this, and here's what it found.  很多地方都销售或宣传胶原蛋白补充剂，但每天服用胶原蛋白究竟有哪些益处？安格利亚鲁斯金大学的一个团队在《美容外科杂志开放论坛》上发表了一项研究，针对这个问题进行了深入探讨，以下是其研究发现。Let's start with the basics. What is collagen? Well, it's a type of protein found naturally in the body. It supports and strengthens the skin, nails, bone and connective tissues. But the amount the body makes drops with age.首先从最基本的概念说起。胶原蛋白是什么？它是一种天然存在于体内的蛋白质。胶原蛋白支撑并加固皮肤、指甲、骨骼和结缔组织。但其合成速度随着年龄增长而下降。The team behind this review assessed the results of 113 trials involving nearly 8,000 people, and say it brings together the strongest evidence to dateon collagen supplements. They say it shows the pills orpowderscan offer some realskin-rejuvenatinggains. Taken daily, the protein can improveskin toneorelasticityandmoisture, but it doesn't appear to prevent other signs of ageing, such aswrinkles. The researchers also say supplements can boost collagen levels to easejoint painandstiffnessfromwear-and-tear arthritis.该研究团队评估了涉及 8000 人的 113 个试验结果，并表示这是迄今为止对胶原蛋白补充剂的效果最强有力的证据。研究指出，服用胶原蛋白片或胶原蛋白粉确实能带来一定的 “焕肤” 功效。坚持每天服用，胶原蛋白可以改善肤色、弹性和水分，但似乎无法预防其它老化痕迹，比如皱纹。研究人员还表示，这些补充剂可以提升胶原蛋白水平，从而缓解由磨损性关节炎导致的关节疼痛与僵硬。Experts say consumers should be cautious about bold anti-ageing claims and weigh up the potential benefits against the price. And there are several types of supplements people can take, including marine from fish, bovine from cows and vegan collagen. The review was unable to show if any worked better than the others.专家表示，消费者应该警惕夸张的抗衰老宣传，并权衡潜在的益处和价格。目前市面上有多种胶原蛋白补充剂可供选择，包括鱼胶原、牛胶原和纯素胶原蛋白。这篇综述尚无法证实其中哪一种的效果更好。

We all know the feeling. You have a big, difficult task to complete, but your phone is on the desk next to you, teasing you with endless distraction opportunities. What's happening on social media? What's going on in the news? Who's messaging me? This constant bombardment of information through our screens, coupled with a tendency to outsource even basic tasks to technology, might be making us unhappier and more resistant to difficult tasks. Is 'friction-maxxing' the answer?我们都知道这种感觉。 你有一项艰巨的任务要完成，但你的手机就放在你旁边的桌子上，给你带来无尽的分心机会。 社交媒体上发生了什么？ 新闻里发生了什么？ 谁给我发消息？ 这种通过屏幕不断轰炸的信息，加上甚至将基本任务外包给技术的趋势，可能会让我们更加不快乐，并且更加抵制困难的任务。 “最大摩擦力”是答案吗？Humans like to choosethe path of least resistance to conserve energy, but actually, tasks that require more effort often feel more meaningful. Friction-maxxing is a new trend which aims to rebuild our tolerance for inconvenience. In a basic sense, this involves adding more 'friction' to tasks so that they require more time, effort or patience, which, in theory, leads to greater feelings of satisfaction and reward. A series of experiments carried out in 2012 by researchers Norton, Mochon and Ariely found that when people built their own furniture, they had a greater sense of their own competence and pride in their creations.人类喜欢选择阻力最小的路径来节省能量，但实际上，需要付出更多努力的任务往往感觉更有意义。 最大摩擦是一种新趋势，旨在重建我们对不便的容忍度。 从基本意义上讲，这涉及给任务增加更多的“摩擦”，从而需要更多的时间、精力或耐心，从理论上讲，这会带来更大的满足感和奖励感。 2012 年，研究人员 Norton、Mochon 和 Ariely 进行了一系列实验，结果发现，当人们自己制作家具时，他们对自己的能力和创作的自豪感会更强。Our brains operate on a 'use it or lose it' principle, says Gloria Mark, psychologist and author of book 'Attention Span'. To keep new brain neurons alive, we must keep using them by continuing to do effortful tasks. If we rely too much on technology, we risk weakening our mental skills. Many of us use GPS apps to direct us around a city, but overusing these apps appears to be reducing our natural sense of direction, according to a study published in the Scientific Reports journal by Dahmani and Bohbot. On the other hand, studies show that cognitively stimulating activities which require more patience, like reading, doing puzzles and learning an instrument, can preserve our brain function as we age.心理学家、《注意力广度》一书的作者格洛丽亚·马克 (Gloria Mark) 表示，我们的大脑遵循“使用它或失去它”的原则。 为了让新的大脑神经元保持活力，我们必须通过继续完成艰苦的任务来继续使用它们。 如果我们过度依赖技术，我们的心理技能就有可能被削弱。 根据 Dahmani 和 Bohbot 在《科学报告》杂志上发表的一项研究，我们中的许多人都使用 GPS 应用程序在城市中导航，但过度使用这些应用程序似乎会降低我们自然的方向感。 另一方面，研究表明，需要更多耐心的认知刺激活动，如阅读、做谜题和学习乐器，可以随着年龄的增长保护我们的大脑功能。Some are unconvinced by the 'friction-maxxing' trend. Psychologist and author of 'The Distracted Mind', Larry Rosen, believes it's too hard to resist the convenience technology provides. The trend doesn't hurt, says Gloria Mark. "If people are putting in effort, it makes them more intentional and thoughtful." Perhaps by taking the easy route, we're missing out on some of life's enjoyment.有些人对“最大摩擦”趋势不相信。 心理学家、《分心的思维》一书的作者拉里·罗森认为，人们很难抗拒科技带来的便利。 格洛丽亚·马克 (Gloria Mark) 表示，这种趋势并没有什么坏处。 “如果人们付出努力，他们就会变得更加有意和周到。” 也许因为走捷径，我们会错过一些生活的乐趣。

Mornings for Khris Teri of Halo Doughnut means it's time to hand make sweet treats, with flavors such as lemon pop, cinnamon affair along with burnt salty. Everything is made from scratch.对于光环甜甜圈店的克里斯·特里（Khris Teri）来说，早晨是手工制作美味甜点的时间，有柠檬汽水味、肉桂味以及焦盐等口味。所有产品都是从头开始制作的。So the financial downturn helped me revisit my passion.经济低迷期帮助我重燃激情。Unemployed in March, this former video producer with a zeal for cooking, started making doughnuts for friends.三月份失业后，这位热衷于烹饪的前视频制片人开始为朋友制作甜甜圈。So one of my best friends said now Khris I think you should sell this, I think you should make this into a business.我的一个好朋友说：克里斯，我认为你应该卖甜甜圈，你应该把这个做成生意。Teri started out at her mother's kitchen, but quickly outgrew it. So now she rents space in a shared commercial kitchen.特里一开始在母亲的厨房制作，但生意很快就发展壮大了。现在她在一个共享商用厨房里租了场地。It only costs about $400 a month, and includes all the pots and pans which keeps the expenses down.每月只需花费约400美元，而且包含所有锅碗瓢盆，这大大降低了开销。We started it in a shared kitchen because it's low risk and it's low investment. I think it's the perfect way to start a business.我们之所以选择在共享厨房起步，是因为它风险低且投入少。我认为这是创业的绝佳方式。While various new businesses have different back stories, Teri's situation fits a trend that shows a rapidly growing number of micro businesses in Malaysia,虽然各种新企业的背景不同，但特里的情况符合马来西亚微型企业数量迅速增长的趋势：businesses that are starting up from even the garage or their house to kitchen, their home kitchen.从车库或家庭厨房起步。Raymond Woo of the Malaysia Retail Chain Association says, there are easily tens of thousands of micro businesses that have started up in the country since the economic downturn started in March.马来西亚零售连锁店协会的雷蒙德·吴（Raymond Woo）表示， 自三月份经济低迷以来，该国很容易就有数万家微型企业发展起来。The people behind them often need a low-risk way of earning income, after being laid off or forced to take a pay cut.背后的创业者在被解雇或被迫减薪后，往往需要一种低风险的收入方式。It could be doing marketing advisory businesses, website photography, services that they actually know as a hobby, and then moving that hobby and monetizing it.他们可以从事营销咨询业务、网站摄影，或是将原本作为爱好的服务转化为职业，进而将这一爱好变现。At a recent pop-up event, customers sunk their teeth into Teri's doughnuts at prices, ranging from one to two dollars each depending on the flavor.在最近的一次活动中，顾客们狼吞虎咽地吃着特里的甜甜圈，价格从一美元到两美元不等，具体取决于口味。One thing is the fluffiness of the doughnut and the flavor is always something out of the ordinary.甜甜圈很松软，味道与众不同。Halo Doughnut has not quite reached the break-even point yet.光环甜甜圈店尚未达到收支平衡点。But Teri expects to turn this into a profitable business within a few months.但特里预计在几个月内将其转变为盈利业务。She currently has one part-time kitchen worker but plans on hiring more soon.她目前有一名兼职厨房员工，但计划很快招聘更多人手。

Nigeria is one of the top 10 most dangerous countries in the world for women.尼日利亚是全球对女性而言最危险的10个国家之一。The shortage of laws protecting women is compounded by poor law enforcement and traditions that force women to keep quiet about gender violence.保护妇女的法律本就匮乏，再加上执法不力以及迫使女性对性别暴力保持沉默的传统观念，情况更是雪上加霜。Tired of physical abuse, some Nigerian women are now taking self-defense classes.不再忍受身体虐待，一些尼日利亚妇女现在正在上自卫课程。It was really high opening. I liked the fact that I could I can protect myself. Yes, at least I can protect myself and if I wanted to attack, I can attack quickly. Yeah, so you went well.开场真的很精彩。我很喜欢自己能够保护自己这一点。至少我能保护自己，而且如果我想进攻，我也能迅速出击。In Nigeria, even in a large city like Lagos, women learning to fight for themselves face a lot of criticism.在尼日利亚，即使是在拉各斯这样的大城市，女性学习自卫也面临很多批评。It's strange, very, very strange to hear that a woman wants to defend herself if she finds herself in a position where she has to. Nobody is going to listen to that.听到一个女人说如果身处不得不自卫的境地就会自卫，人们觉得非常奇怪。没人会听这种话的。They would just tell you that you're not being submissive as a woman, you know.他们只会告诉你，作为一个女人，你不够顺从。They tell you that you just you've become a feminist and so because you started listening to all those things that are happening and then in Africa we don't do that.他们告诉你，你只不过成了一名女权主义者，因为你开始关注所有正在发生的事情，而在非洲我们可不这么做。The organisers of the self-defense course for women say breaking deep-rooted traditions is hard.女子自卫课程的组织者说，打破根深蒂固的传统很难。The taboo stems from the fact that societal pressures, environmental perception and also within women themselves as well,这种禁忌源于社会压力、环境认知以及女性自身缺乏自信，not having the self-belief that they can actually achieve and do this or what is required to become proficient at self-defense only.她们认为自己实际上无法做到，或者不相信自己能够熟练掌握自卫所需的技能。Only three months ago, Nigeria adopted its first National Sexual Offenders Register, setting up a database of those convicted for sexual violence since 2015.仅三个月前，尼日利亚通过了首个《全国性犯罪者登记册》，建立了自2015年以来的性暴力罪犯数据库。While it is a step toward clamping down on abuse, critics say many assaults go unreported because women are forced to keep quiet.虽然这是打击虐待行为的一步，但批评人士表示，许多袭击事件未被报告，因为女性被迫保持沉默。The self-defense course in Lagos organized by rights group Women Impacting Nigeria and a local gym is also teaching women to speak up.由权益组织“影响尼日利亚的女性”和当地一家健身房在拉各斯组织的自卫课程，也在教导女性勇敢发声。Everybody tells their story because here you're meeting women who have experienced the same things that you've experienced, but some people are silent about it.每个人都在讲述自己的故事，因为在这里你会遇到和你有过相同经历的女性，但有些人对此却保持沉默。As more and more Nigerian women work outside their homes and spend more time on the streets away from their male family members, incidents of assault against them have been increasing.随着越来越多的尼日利亚女性走出家门工作，并在没有男性家庭成员陪伴的情况下在街头停留更长时间，针对她们的袭击事件一直在增加。Until the authorities step in to protect women, self-defence may be the only option for many. 在当局介入保护女性之前，自卫可能是许多人的唯一选择。

Though it appears to have marched straight out of a superhero movie, the Guardian Exoskeleton is ready for work in the real world.虽然它看起来像是直接从超级英雄电影中走出来的，但“守护者”外骨骼设备已准备好在现实世界中投入使用。It's a wearable robot that amplifies its user's strength.这是一款可穿戴机器人，可以增强用户的力量。Anybody who's wearing the Guardian Exo can lift up to 200 pounds.任何穿着“守护者”外骨骼设备的人都可以举起两百磅的重量。It really augments your strength, your performance. You move the way you normally would move.它确实能增强你的力量。你可以像平时一样活动。So if you were to go to grab something to lift it, that responds to your movement and gives you that strength to do that activity.如果你要去拿东西并把它举起来，它会响应你的动作并赋予你完成这项活动的力量。The Exo carries all the weight and transfers it through its legs to the ground, making 90 kilos feel like only 4.5.外骨骼承载所有重量并通过其腿部传递至地面，让90公斤感觉仅如4.5公斤。Whether you're big, strong, small, man or woman, you can do the same task.不管你是高大还是瘦小，也不论你是男是女，你都可以完成同样的任务。At a recent demonstration, audience members experienced how an Exo arm gives them super strength.在最近的一次演示中，观众亲身体验了外骨骼手臂如何赋予他们超强力量。Strapping in takes only a few minutes and once on board, the Exoskeleton responds to the user's body movements.穿戴只需几分钟，一旦佩戴齐全，外骨骼就会对使用者的身体动作做出反应。So this robot is very intuitive. It follows me, does what I do, I don't have to think about it. We have something we call get out of the way control.这个机器人非常直观。它跟着我，模仿我的动作，我都不用去想。我们有一种叫做让路控制的东西。What this allows is any operator to jump in and actually just move the way they normally would, and the robot is constantly getting out of their way.这样做能让任何操作人员直接上手，像平常一样自如移动，而机器人则会不断避让。The first Exos will find work in the military and the airline and construction industries.首批外骨骼将应用于军事、航空和建筑行业。The second most common reason for someone in this work is package.第二个最常见的应用行业是搬运。They're getting injured while they're lifting heavy equipment, while they're doing repetitive tasks,他们在搬运重型设备、进行重复性任务时会受伤，and the Exoskeleton can take the burden from the operator through the Exoskeleton and eliminate that injury.而外骨骼可以为操作人员减轻负担，避免受伤。Though the Guardian Exo would be useful for chores around the home,尽管守护者外骨骼在家务劳动中会很有用，for now it will be going to industries that can afford the $100,000 per year rental fee.但目前它将进入那些能负担每年10万美元租金的行业。

Farmers in Turkana Kenya face an existential crisis.肯尼亚图尔卡纳的农民面临着生存危机。For much of the past year out-of-control swarms of locusts have rampaged through this impoverished region,过去一年的大部分时间里，失控的蝗虫群在这片贫困地区肆虐，啃食大片庄稼，eating fields of crops and leaving little to sell or feed the farm animals.几乎没留下什么可以出售或喂养家畜的东西。Our elders talked about desert locusts, but this is the first time I've seen them.我们的长辈们谈论过沙漠蝗虫，但这是我第一次见到它们。A mother of seven Anna Amurai says locusts deprive animals of the food they need to produce the milk she serves to her family.七个孩子的母亲Anna Amurai说，蝗虫夺走了牲畜产奶所需的食物，而她正是用这些奶来供养家人的。It takes several days and we add water to the milk to make enough for the children.有好几天，我们在牛奶里加水，才够孩子们喝。Locusts have so far eaten as much as 20 percent of the crops in this region,截至目前，蝗虫已吃掉该地区多达20%的农作物，prompting the UN Food and Agriculture Organization to train local youth to monitor and report on locust migrations.促使联合国粮食及农业组织培训当地青年监测和汇报蝗虫的迁徙情况。Pastor and local livestock organization member Moses Areng cautiously puts hope in faith.牧师和当地家畜组织成员Moses Areng谨慎地将希望寄托于信仰。I know if the desert locusts disappear, and God gives us a little bit of rain, the pasture will return.如果沙漠蝗虫消失了，上天再降下一点雨水，牧场就会恢复生机。But if it doesn't rain for a month and the hoppers finish the pasture, the livestock will suffer and die from hunger and disease.但如果一个月不下雨，蝗虫吃光牧场，牲畜就会受苦受难，死于饥饿和疾病。Local agriculture officials say farmers alone cannot solve the locust infestation.当地农业官员说，仅靠农民无法解决蝗灾问题。They're calling for aid from the government and non-profit groups.他们呼吁政府和非营利组织提供援助。If more isn't done fast, experts say the people in East Africa could face food insecurity by December. 专家说，如果不尽快采取更多措施，东非人民将在十二月面临粮食短缺问题。

At this fitness clinic, a small group of Malaysians try to shed some excess weight.在这个健身诊所， 一小群马来西亚人试图减肥。Sarah Baharudin is 35 years old, 165 centimeters tall, and weighs 110 kilos.莎拉·巴哈鲁丁35岁了，身高165厘米，体重110公斤。I eat traditional Malay food, and it's high in fat and calorie. And then on top of that, I did not go for any you know active. I was not active.我吃传统的马来食物，它的脂肪和热量很高。除此之外，我没有进行任何锻炼。我不爱运动。I was not living an active lifestyle. I did not exercise. So you know, years after years of doing that and becomes obesity.我不锻炼。年复一年这样做就导致了肥胖。Her story is all too common across Malaysia. About half of the country's adults are overweight or obese.她的故事在马来西亚非常普遍。约一半的马来西亚成年人超重或肥胖。Dr. Noradhiah Tumirin, a physician and fitness trainer, says the country's obesity crisis is a key reason why the number of non-communicable diseases is growing.医生兼健身教练诺拉迪娅·图米林博士表示，该国的肥胖危机是非传染性疾病数量增加的关键原因。This obesity will lead to multiple illnesses such as hypertension, high cholesterol, heart illnesses, and diabetes.肥胖会导致多种疾病，如高血压、高胆固醇、心脏病和糖尿病。Kevin Zahri is one of Malaysia's leading fitness influencers. He founded a local weight loss movement called Jom Kurus, which translates to let's get thin or let's lose weight.凯文·扎赫里是马来西亚顶尖的健身网红之一。他发起了一项名为“Jom Kurus”的当地减肥活动，翻译过来就是“让我们变瘦”或“让我们减肥”。To help somebody not feel alone and jump on the bandwagon with a group of people who are of similar physical stature and of similar physical objectives, goals and desires.帮助某人不感到孤独，并加入一群身材相似、身体目标、愿望和渴望相似的人的行列。Every year thousands of Malaysians across the country join six-week-long Jom Kurus fitness camps.每年，全国成千上万的马来西亚人参加为期六周的Jom Kurus健身营。They meet several times a week for exercises and lessons on nutrition. Plus there are social media support groups.他们每周碰面几次，一起锻炼并学习营养知识。此外，还有社交媒体互助小组。Zahri says the average participant loses 4 to 5 kilos during the 6-week program, but the real goal is to get them to lead healthy lifestyles long after.扎赫里说，参与者在为期6周的项目中平均减重4到5公斤，但真正的目标是让他们在项目结束后长期保持健康的生活方式。We are hoping that the 6-week program can become the kick-start in the longevity of their journey. 我们希望这个为期六周的项目能成为他们漫长旅程的开端。That's what Sarah Baharudin is pushing for by getting on a regular exercise routine and improving her diet. I have decided to change my lifestyle into a healthier one.这就是莎拉·巴哈鲁丁通过坚持规律锻炼和改善饮食所追求的目标。我决定将自己的生活方式转变为更健康的方式。But while Jom Kurus and other fitness programs are helping Malaysians change their lifestyles, it's clear they're just scratching the surface of this nation's obesity crisis.但尽管Jom Kurus等健身计划正在帮助马来西亚人改变生活方式，显然这些举措只是触及了该国肥胖危机的表面问题。All said and done, the amount of people that we've targeted in comparison to the number of the population which are obese is still very very small.总而言之，与肥胖人群的数量相比，我们锁定的目标人群数量仍然非常非常少。Baharudin acknowledges changing lifelong habits is not easy, but says she's determined to make this the beginning of a new way of living.巴哈鲁丁承认改变一生的习惯并不容易，但她说她决心让这成为一种新生活方式的开端。

At the Computer History Museum in the heart of Silicon Valley, people gathered recently at the African Diaspora Investment Symposium to talk about the future of Africa business.在硅谷中心的计算机历史博物馆，人们最近齐聚非洲侨民投资研讨会，探讨非洲商业的未来。In the past, many Africans and especially people like me from the diaspora were not invited to the table to really discuss on issues that mattered for the continent.过去，许多非洲人，尤其是像我这样旅居海外的非洲人，没有被邀请参与真正讨论对非洲大陆至关重要的问题。So we said, well, what if we can just bring everyone together so we can have that discussion at the same table?我们就想，如果我们能把所有人聚到一起，让大家围坐一桌进行讨论，会怎么样呢？Remittances, money set by people living in the U.S. to family in Africa, has long been a key way to support the continent, speaker said.发言人表示，汇款，即居住在美国的人寄给非洲家人的钱，长期以来一直是支持非洲大陆的关键方式。But Negash and others said there are other uses of diaspora funds.但内加什和其他人表示，侨民资金还有其他用途。How do we scale remittances, so that it can also be invested in other people than our family, supporting startups?我们如何扩大汇款规模，以便除了资助自己的家人之外，还能将其投资于其他人，支持初创企业呢？While many investors and businesses want to come to Africa, it can be a challenge to navigate, which is why African nations have been working on the African continent of free trade area, said Joseph Mucheru, Google's first Sub-Saharan African lead and our minister in the Kenya government.谷歌首位撒哈拉以南非洲地区负责人、肯尼亚政府部长约瑟夫·穆切鲁表示，虽然许多投资者和企业希望来到非洲，但在这里开展业务可能是一项挑战，这就是为什么非洲国家一直在推进非洲大陆自由贸易区建设。How do they with the different regulations, different countries be able to get into the continent? So we are providing the platform that they can now use.他们如何应对不同的规定，不同国家的人怎样才能进入这个大陆呢？所以我们正在提供他们现在可以使用的平台。They come, and as part of the continental free-trade area, they are able to then go to many of the other different markets.他们来了后，作为非洲大陆自由贸易区的一部分，他们随后能够进入许多其他不同的市场。For the roughly 50 African entrepreneurs attending the event, this was an opportunity to pitch their businesses.对于参加活动的约50名非洲企业家来说，这是一个推介他们企业的机会。Aboubacar Komara, an architect from Guinea, is working on a housing startup.来自几内亚的建筑师Aboubacar Komara正在为一家住房初创公司工作。We're implicating people in the process of actually building their homes, you know.我们实际上是在让人们参与建造自己家园的过程中。We want to change the concept of what is architecture because architecture has a lot to do with your identity.我们想改变建筑的概念，因为建筑与你的身份认同有很大关系。Neile Nkholise is the chief executive of a sports technology company in South Africa.Neile Nkholise是南非一家体育科技公司的首席执行官。We have a smart wearable that are sewn into the garments around the joint ankles of the athletes' garments.我们有一款智能可穿戴设备，被缝制在运动员服装的脚踝关节周围。Barbara Birungi Mutabazi runs Uganda Women In Technology, which trains female students and young women for technology jobs like coding.芭芭拉·比伦吉·穆塔巴齐运营着乌干达女性科技组织，该组织为女学生和年轻女性提供编程等科技类工作的培训。Yeah, I made some really good connections especially in terms of funding, fundraising. And I'm proud to be a second generation family business leader.我建立了一些非常好的人脉关系，尤其是在资金筹集方面。我很自豪能成为家族企业的第二代领导者。For many of the attendees, the event was a welcome chance to talk about Africa's successes.对许多与会者来说，这次活动是一个谈论非洲成就的好机会。Thelma Ekiyor runs a Nigeria-based business accelerator and an investment fund for women-run businesses.塞尔玛·埃基约尔经营着一家总部位于尼日利亚的商业加速器，以及一个面向女性经营企业的投资基金。"I think one of the problems that Africans had for years is we tend not to talk about the progress and the developments that are happening on the continent,我认为非洲人多年来面临的一个问题是，我们往往不去谈论这片大陆上正在发生的进步和发展。So it's been a pleasure to come here and share with people that live here in the valley about the work that we're doing.很高兴能来到这里，和在硅谷生活的人们分享我们正在做的工作。The connections made at this event can be long lasting as people look for ways to be part of the burgeoning African business sector. 由于人们在寻找融入蓬勃发展的非洲商业领域的途径，在此次活动中建立的人脉关系可能会持续很久。

Grueling work for little pay, that's the daily reality for millions of children across Africa.做着辛苦的工作，报酬却十分微薄，这就是非洲数百万儿童的日常写照。The International Labour Organization estimates about 73 million children in Africa are sent out to work because of widespread poverty, insufficient access to education and conflict, some as young as five years old.国际劳工组织估计，非洲约有7300万儿童因普遍贫困、教育机会不足和冲突而被送去工作，有些年仅五岁。What we're talking about is work that puts their future in jeopardy whether because their health is on the line.我们谈论的是危及他们未来的工作，无论是由于他们的健康受到威胁。They're working in mines, for example, where the imminent danger of a mine collapse or death.例如，他们在矿井里工作，那里随时可能发生矿井坍塌甚至有生命危险。Murtada Al-Haj left school in Sudan when he was 12. For him, it was a choice between study or feeding his family.穆尔塔达·哈吉12岁时就离开了苏丹的学校。对他来说，这是在学习和养活家人之间做出的选择。My mother kept telling me in the future and when our life gets better and not get worse, I'll study and become a doctor. But all of a sudden, the whole situation occurred in Sudan.我妈妈一直告诉我，将来等我们的生活变好而不是更糟时，我会去学习并成为一名医生。但突然间，苏丹的整个局势发生了变化。According to the ILO, 85 percent of Africa's child labourers work in agriculture.根据国际劳工组织的数据，非洲85%的童工从事农业劳动。Across all sectors, many are subject to backbreaking labor, long hours and exposure to dangerous environments. Rights advocates say injuries are not the only problem.在所有行业中，许多人都要承受繁重的劳动、长时间工作，还要暴露在危险的环境中。权益倡导者表示，受伤并非唯一的问题。There are other negative aspects because the children's self-esteem is low. Because all the time he faces insults, he has a low self-esteem.还有其他负面影响，因为孩子的自尊心很低。因为他一直面对侮辱，所以自尊心很低。Because all the time the factory's owner insults him, makes him feel that he is less than anyone. So you are already bringing up a generation that has no self confidence.因为工厂老板一直在侮辱他，让他觉得自己不如任何人。所以你正在培养一代没有自信的人。Experts say putting kids to work is no solution to extreme poverty.专家说，让孩子们工作并不能解决极端贫困问题。They don't have the opportunity to get an education and learn those skills that would enable them to get a decent job and become productive workers when they're older.他们没有机会接受教育，学习那些技能，这些技能能让他们在长大后找到一份体面的工作，成为有生产力的工人。Several African governments including Ivory Coast, Mali, Rwanda and Nigeria have taken steps to address the worst form of child labor, but it's not enough.包括科特迪瓦、马里、卢旺达和尼日利亚在内的多个非洲国家政府已采取措施解决性质最为恶劣的童工问题，但这还不够。Poverty, illiteracy and cultural belief, religious prejudices, these are some of the reasons that I was actually affected, you know, the efficacy.贫穷、文盲、文化观念和宗教偏见，这些问题我都曾经遭受过，我可以感同身受。Major U.S. companies including Apple, Google, Hershey's and Nestle USA have come under fire for allegedly failing to combat child labor in their supply chains.包括苹果、谷歌、好时和雀巢在内的美国主要公司因被指控未能解决供应链中的童工问题而受到抨击。The companies say they're committed to responsible sourcing that prohibits the use of child labor.这些公司表示，他们致力于负责任的采购，杜绝聘用童工。The UN's goal is to end child labour by 2025, an ambitious goal for our continent with the highest rates of child labor in the world. 联合国的目标是到2025年消除童工现象，这对我们这个拥有全球最高童工率的洲来说，这是一个雄心勃勃的目标。

Since its discovery, food businesses have encouraged high-protein diets, according to research by the University of Oregon. Whether it's bars, shakes or even marshmallows, protein has always prevailed in conversations about health and fitness. Some people think that these kinds of diets are a fad because high-protein products appear on supermarket shelves often. However, these diets have slightly stagnated within the realm of wellness.根据俄勒冈大学的研究，自发现以来，食品企业一直鼓励高蛋白饮食。 无论是能量棒、奶昔甚至棉花糖，蛋白质在有关健康和健身的话题中始终占据主导地位。 有些人认为这种饮食是一种时尚，因为高蛋白产品经常出现在超市货架上。 然而，这些饮食在健康领域略有停滞。And that's because there's now another food group gaining popularity – fibre. Found in foods like fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes, our enzymes can't break down fibre into nutrients to absorb like it would with other food groups. Instead, it passes through the digestive system, which helps regulate bowel movements. Multiple studies have shown that certain types of fibre can lower cholesterol, help manage blood sugar levels and improve general gut health. It can also help you feel fuller for longer as it takes more time to digest.那是因为现在另一种食物越来越受欢迎——纤维。 我们的酶存在于水果、蔬菜、谷物、坚果、种子和豆类等食物中，但它不能像其他食物组那样将纤维分解成营养物质以供吸收。 相反，它通过消化系统，有助于调节排便。 多项研究表明，某些类型的纤维可以降低胆固醇，帮助控制血糖水平并改善整体肠道健康。 它还可以帮助您更长时间地感到饱腹感，因为消化需要更多时间。The World Health Organisation recommends that adults consume 25-35g of fibre a day. However, research by Tate & Lyle between the years of 2021 and 2022 shows that adults in many countries aren't even close to that benchmark. The National Institute of Health tells us that the fibre intake in women is less than men. Additionally, data from the World Health Organisation shows a trend that those living outside of cities, like villages and in the countryside, have lower fibre consumption in comparison to those who live in cities.世界卫生组织建议成年人每天摄入 25-35 克纤维。 然而，泰莱尔 (Tate & Lyle) 在 2021 年至 2022 年期间的研究表明，许多国家的成年人甚至没有接近该基准。 美国国立卫生研究院告诉我们，女性的纤维摄入量少于男性。 此外，世界卫生组织的数据显示，与居住在城市的人相比，居住在城市以外的人（例如村庄和农村）的纤维消耗量较低。Studies have found that not eating enough fibre can have detrimental consequences on your health. Without it, your gut bacteria can't fight excess inflammation, provide energy, or manage your blood sugar levels or your mood. Physically, you're more likely to be constipated and to feel sluggish and tired. 研究发现，摄入纤维不足会对您的健康产生不利影响。 没有它，您的肠道细菌就无法对抗过度炎症、提供能量或控制血糖水平或情绪。 从身体上来说，您更有可能出现便秘、感觉迟钝和疲倦。 So, what can you do? Well, dieticians say that you should eat five to eight portions of fruit and vegetables a day. Try throwing in a handful of cooked lentils or chickpeas into curries, soups or salads. You can also eat seeds, nuts and dried fruit as your snack between meals. It might feel fashionable to talk about fibre at the moment, but science suggests that we need it to be healthy. So, be careful to follow dieticians' advice and try to eat your fruits and veggies!那么，你能做什么？ 营养师说，你每天应该吃五到八份水果和蔬菜。 尝试将一把煮熟的扁豆或鹰嘴豆放入咖喱、汤或沙拉中。 您还可以在两餐之间吃种子、坚果和干果作为零食。 目前谈论纤维可能很时尚，但科学表明我们需要它才能保持健康。 所以，一定要听从营养师的建议，多吃水果和蔬菜！

In order to survive the cold, emperor penguins must remain on platforms of sea ice for long enough every year to replace weather-beaten feathers with new waterproof coats. Little was known about what is called catastrophic moulting until researchers at the British Antarctic Survey looked at satellite pictures of the frozen continent and spotted brown smudges. They realised they were mounds of feathers. But global warming is now rapidly changing Antarctica. 为了在严寒中生存，帝企鹅每年必须在海冰平台上停留足够长的时间，以将历经风雨的羽毛换成一套全新的防水 “大衣”。此前，人们对帝企鹅这种被称为 “灾难性换羽” 的过程知之甚少，直到英国南极调查局的研究人员看了这片冰封大陆的卫星照片时，发现了一些棕色的斑块。他们意识到这些斑点其实是堆积如山的羽毛。不过，全球变暖正在迅速改变着南极洲。Satellite images show that after summer sea ice shrank dramatically in 2022 and 23, there were fewer smudges, suggesting many penguins had died in West Antarctica. There is hope that some move to safer ice, but it is another sign of how climate change is endangering some of the world's most vulnerable animals.卫星图像显示，自夏季海冰于 2022 年和 2023 年大规模缩小之后，棕色斑块的数量有所减少，这表明西南极洲的许多企鹅可能已经死亡。虽然人们仍希望部分企鹅能迁移到更安全的冰面上，但这一迹象再次表明，气候变化正危及世界上一些最脆弱的动物的生存。

The students in this class reflect the diverse nature of American society.这个班的学生反映了美国社会的多样性。Elizabeth Kleinrock is teaching students how to respect differences and challenge prejudice, racism, social injustice, and learn how to be the agents of change in their own lives.伊丽莎白·克莱因洛克正在教导学生如何尊重差异、挑战偏见、种族主义和社会不公，并学习如何推动生活变革。If you can't talk about race comfortably, how are we everyone to end systemic racism in our country?如果你不能自在地谈论种族问题，我们又怎能共同终结国内的制度性种族主义?And I think it's really important to have these conversations with children because they have this very clear, pure, less biased way of looking at the world, where they haven't learned that these topics are things that they should be afraid of.我认为与孩子们进行这些对话非常重要，因为他们看待世界的方式非常清晰、纯粹且较少偏见，他们尚未学会对这些话题产生畏惧。So they're more willing to sit down and have a conversation about it.他们更愿意坐下来谈谈这件事。Anti-immigrant attitudes, bullying, racism, anti-LGBT and written slurs in the bathrooms, desks and lockers are all issues that have been reported in American schools.反移民态度、霸凌、种族主义、反LGBT以及在洗手间、课桌和储物柜上出现的侮辱性文字等问题，均是美国校园内被举报过的问题。According to hate crime statistics report released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation or FBI, an astonishing 7120 hate crime incidents were reported in 2018.根据联邦调查局发布的仇恨犯罪统计报告，2018年报告的仇恨犯罪案件数量高达7120起。We already live in a diverse world in a diverse country here in the United States.我们已经生活在美国这个多元化的国家中。And to recognize that there is no inferiority or superiority associated with that, there is something beautiful indifference,要认识到这其中不存在优劣之分，有一种美好的平等；there's something beautiful and getting to know someone whose background is different from yours, who has cultural traditions that are different from yours, and it's not something to be afraid of.去了解一个背景与你不同、文化传统与你相异的人，这是一件美好的事情，而且这没什么好害怕的。If we can get this with young people early, then they can grow up to be the decision-makers, the people who make laws, the people who enforce laws, the people who are then educators, that can hopefully turn our society around.如果我们能尽早让年轻人明白这一点，他们就能成长为决策者、立法者、执法人员以及教育工作者，这些人或许能扭转我们社会的现状。If we can get them at this age now where they're ready to sit and listen to different perspectives and express how they feel, I just have so much more hope for the future of our communities.如果能在他们这个年纪就让他们学会坐下来倾听不同的观点并表达自己的感受，我对我们社区的未来就会充满更多希望。The course also works to teach children what to do when they encountered intolerance in all its forms.该课程还致力于教导孩子们当他们遇到各种形式的不宽容行为时应该怎么做。Then when you see and just as happening, you can actually take action against it.当你看到事情正在发生时，你实际上可以采取行动来应对它。As an individual but also as part of collective action that organizations or groups might be doing because we know that change happens when we work together.作为个人，同时也是组织或团体可能采取的集体行动的一部分，因为我们深知唯有携手合作才能带来改变。Tolerance magazine was founded in 1991 to prevent the growth of hate. Most writers for this magazine are freelancers and volunteers.《宽容》杂志创刊于1991年，旨在阻止仇恨的蔓延。该杂志大部分撰稿人都是自由职业者和志愿者。Their articles not only address social issues, but also fuel further discussion on topics that are considered taboo in most parts of United States.他们的文章不仅探讨社会问题，还进一步引发了在美国大部分地区被视为禁忌话题的讨论。Materials produced by the magazine have won two Oscars, an Emmy and scores of honors.该杂志制作的作品获得了两项奥斯卡奖、一项艾美奖等众多荣誉。

I wanted one probably for, I don't know, as long as I could think.我一直都想要一部手机，大概从很早就想要了。Getting a first cellphone is a rite of passage for many kids around the world, a taste of independence.对于全球许多孩子来说，拥有第一部手机是一种成长的标志，也是体验独立的开始。When the bell rings to go home, literally everyone takes out their phones, and they're just like staring down at it.放学铃声一响，所有人立刻掏出手机，低头盯着屏幕。But a new phone brings risks. The parents agonize about too much screen time and online predators.但新手机也带来了风险。家长们为过多的屏幕时间和网络上的潜在危险而苦恼。When she discovered one of her daughters was being targeted by an adult man on the social media platform designed for kids, Alani Parker was outraged.当阿兰妮·帕克发现自己的一个女儿在专为儿童设计的社交媒体平台上被一名成年男子盯上时，她感到无比愤怒。I mean it was so scary because I just had no idea who really was there and who really was she talking to.这太吓人了，因为我完全不知道到底是谁在那里，她到底是在和谁说话。Parker did not want her kids to have smartphones, but she wanted the ability to be in touch with them. Then we heard about Gap Wireless.帕克不想让她的孩子拥有智能手机，但她希望能够与他们保持联系。后来我们听说了Gap Wireless公司。Gap Wireless is a new cellular network created just for kids. The starter phone looks just like a smartphone, but without internet.Gap Wireless是为儿童打造的全新移动网络，入门款手机外形与智能手机无异，但不具备上网功能。Kids can make voice calls and send text. It has a camera, calculator, calendar and a clock with an alarm. No social networking, no videos.孩子们可以打电话和发短信。它有摄像头、计算器、日历和带闹钟的时钟。不支持社交网络，不能播放视频。The average high school student now is coming home with already almost 5 hours of screen time consumption before they get home from school.现在，普通高中生在放学回家前，已经花了近5个小时盯着电子屏幕了。We've created devices that really are advocates of living life outside of the screen.我们创造了真正倡导人们脱离屏幕、享受现实生活的设备。The Parker girls celebrated their new phones. Friends, however, not so much.帕克家的女孩们很高兴拥有了新手机。但是她们的朋友们却不这样想。When I told some of my friends about my phone, they're like, wow, that's really basic.当我向一些朋友展示我的手机时，他们的反应是，这也太基础了。Your mom must be mean. But I know she's all just doing it to protect me and she loves me.你妈妈一定很吝啬。但我知道她这么做只是为了保护我，因为她爱我。Keeping connected to the kids while unplugging them from outside distractions and threats.这能够使家长与孩子保持联系，同时让他们远离外界的干扰和威胁。

At this Silicon Valley high school, teachers are locking up students' phones.在硅谷的这所高中，老师们正在没收学生的手机。Checking their phones and texting and going on social media, and I would confiscate the phone over and over and over.检查他们有没有在玩手机、发短信、刷社交媒体，我会一遍又一遍地没收手机。We were just playing for a night, like on top of the desks with their phones, like in the middle of class.我们只是晚上玩，手机放在桌子上，就像在课上那样。We did see some students upwards of like 11, 12 hours of screen time a day.我们确实看到一些学生每天的屏幕使用时间长达11、12个小时。Each student now has to stow their phone in this small cloth pouch with a magnetized lock.现在每个学生都必须把手机放进这个带磁力锁的小布袋里。This pin, and go right in here, and now it's kind of locked for the day. And then at the end of the day, they find one of these. And all they have to do is really tap it.把这个别针扣上去，然后这一整天手机就锁在里面了。一天结束后，他们会拿到一个这个东西。他们只需要轻轻一敲就行了。It is called a Yondr pouch. Yondr is used at concerts and art venues for a phone free experience, but it is quickly found its way into schools in the U.S. and Europe.它被称为Yondr袋。Yondr被用于音乐会和艺术场所，以提供无手机体验，但它很快就在美国和欧洲的学校中流行起来。The students are very engaged this year, instead of just taking selfies or looking at their phones. But some students struggle with smartphone separation.今年学生们参与度很高，不再只是自拍或看手机。但有些学生还是难以摆脱智能手机。People put stuff on the needle. They'll break the needle. Or they'll even buy magnets online so they can unlock it.人们往别针上放东西，会把针弄坏，甚至还会在网上买磁铁来解锁它。The school has wellness counselors available and support groups for those experiencing stress without their phones.学校为那些因没有手机而感到压力的人提供健康顾问和互助小组。It's harder to escape like our problems and our anxiety and depression when we don't have our phone sometimes.有时没有手机时，就会出现各种问题，比如焦虑，抑郁。What starts over this type of screen dependency is what motivated Yondr CEO Graham Dugoni, a former pro-soccer player to create Yondr.正是这种对屏幕的依赖促使Yondr首席执行官格雷厄姆·杜戈尼——这位前职业足球运动员——创立了Yondr公司。People primarily digesting the world through a screen 8 to 10 hours a day.人们每天主要通过屏幕来了解世界，时间长达8到10小时。For me, it became very clear that the idea of device-free spaces in every modern urban setting is something that probably needs to happen and would be helpful.对我来说，现代城市环境中设置无设备区域的想法显然很有必要且大有裨益。The cost of rent equipment is around 20,000 dollars per year or 12 dollars a student, which Graham says so far seems more than worth it to the staff.租赁设备的费用约为每年2万美元或每名学生12美元，格雷厄姆表示目前这对员工来说似乎非常值得。It's tough to imagine what a classroom with cell phones would look like now.如今很难想象教室里人手一部手机会是什么样子。The greatest benefit they are hoping for is a big boost in grades once report cards come out. 他们最期待的好处是成绩能大幅提升。

Athletes and organizers in Budapest say the water is fine in the fast-flowing Danube river.布达佩斯的运动员和组织者说，多瑙河的湍急水流很好。Here it's the current that many people see is scary or causes them anxiety.这是许多人看到的令人恐惧或焦虑的急流。In recent years, we noticed that we Hungarians swim very little in the Danube.近年来，我们注意到匈牙利人很少在多瑙河上游泳。The event is part of the Budapest Urban Games where the city's local government encourages using the city's parks, roads and waterways as sporting venues.该活动是布达佩斯城市运动会的一部分，市政府鼓励将城市的公园、道路和水道用作体育场地。In past years, concerns about pollution and the Danube kept many swimmers away.过去几年里，对污染和多瑙河的担忧使许多游泳者望而却步。But the Urban Games founder and organizer Balazs Mezos says the city cleaned up the river years ago.但城市运动会的创始人兼组织者Balazs Mezos表示，该市多年前就对这条河流进行了清理。We try to tell people every year that the Danube is clean. Since 2010 we've channeled all sewage to a cleaning plant. Plus we're far from the eddies at the foot of the bridges.我们每年都试图告诉人们多瑙河很干净。自2010年以来，我们已将所有污水引至污水处理厂。另外，我们离桥底的漩涡还很远。Athletes swim for causes like breast cancer awareness.运动员们为提高对乳腺癌的认知等事业而游泳。But former Hungarian Olympic and World Champion boxer Ko-Ko Kvacs swims for national pride.但前匈牙利奥运会和世界拳王Ko-Ko Kvacs为民族骄傲而游泳。To swim in our beautiful river is not a big challenge, it's a great feeling.在我们美丽的河流中游泳并非巨大挑战，而是一种绝妙享受。You know, I born in Budapest, I live in Budapest and I make a lot of sports activities in Budapest.我出生在布达佩斯，我住在布达佩斯，我在布达佩斯参加了很多体育活动。And that's just a certain moment in our life to swim in this beautiful river and everybody have to try.这只是我们生命中某个特定的时刻，在这条美丽的河流中畅游，每个人都应该尝试。About 700 swimmers swam in the European Union's longest river during the recent Budapest Urban Games.在最近举行的布达佩斯城市运动会期间，大约700名游泳者在欧盟最长的河流中游泳。Organizers only allowed about 20 to 25 swimmers at a time to observe social distancing guidelines.组织者每次只允许约20到25名游泳者下水，以遵守社交距离准则。

There's long been concern about the effect that melting ice was having on their ability to hunt seals, their staple diet. But in the Norwegian Archipelago of Svalbard, something surprising has happened. The bears there have gained weight, and for a polar bear, fatter means healthier. Rising temperatures, though, mean that there are now 100 more ice free days per year in Svalbard than when this study began, so the bears are now hunting on the land.长期以来，人们一直担心海冰融化会影响北极熊捕食海豹的能力，而海豹正是他们的主食。但在挪威的斯瓦尔巴特群岛，一个令人意想不到的情况发生了。那里的北极熊体重增加了，而对于北极熊来说，更胖就意味着更加健康。不过，不断上升的全球气温也意味着斯瓦尔巴特群岛现在每年平均无冰天数比这项研究开始时增加了 100 天，因此那里的北极熊现在开始在陆地上进行捕食。This unexpected, good news, scientists say, is temporary. As sea ice recedes more, bears may have to travel further between their hunting grounds, using up valuable fat reserves for energy.科学家们表示，这个出乎意料的好消息只是暂时的。随着海冰进一步消退，北极熊可能需要往返于更远的猎场之间，迫使它们大量消耗本就宝贵的脂肪储备以获取能量。

For years, astronomers have hypothesised about life beyond Earth, especially on the closest planet to Earth – Venus. Venus is often named the Earth's 'evil twin' because of its extremely hot temperature and greenhouse effect, which make it toxic and inhospitable. It is also similar in size, mass and rocky composition.多年来，天文学家一直假设地球以外存在生命，特别是在距离地球最近的行星——金星上。 金星经常被称为地球的“邪恶双胞胎”，因为它具有极高的温度和温室效应，使其有毒且不适宜居住。 它的大小、质量和岩石成分也相似。Though no organic molecules have been discovered on Venus, new findings from the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument on board NASA's Magellan spacecraft shows caves lurking beneath the surface. Researchers from Nature Communications add that these could offer us new ideas about the evolution of Venus – about how it might have possibly supported life in the past or could again in the future.虽然金星上没有发现有机分子，但美国宇航局麦哲伦航天器上的合成孔径雷达 (SAR) 仪器的新发现显示，金星表面下潜伏着洞穴。 《自然通讯》的研究人员补充说，这些可以为我们提供关于金星演化的新想法——关于它如何在过去或将来如何支持生命。The caves suggest that lava tubes, otherwise known as pyroducts, could be prevalent. The search for pyroducts was challenging at first because the planet is shrouded in thick clouds of sulphur and carbon dioxide that not only contribute to the immense temperature but also block any view of the surface. However, the recent radar images suggest that a big pyroduct lies near Nyx Mons, a large volcano in the highlands of Venus's Bell Regio region.这些洞穴表明熔岩管（也称为火山熔岩）可能很普遍。 寻找火山产物一开始很困难，因为这颗行星被厚厚的硫和二氧化碳云笼罩着，这不仅导致了巨大的温度，而且挡住了地表的任何视线。 然而，最近的雷达图像表明，金星贝尔区高地的尼克斯蒙斯火山附近有一座大型火山熔岩。In a 2026 study called 'Radar-based observation of a lava tube on Venus', it can be understood that, in the field of geoscience, volcanoes play an important role in the evolution of a planet. If we think about Earth billions of years ago, volcanoes released gases that helped form our oceans and our atmosphere. Volcanoes keep Earth warm, wet and habitable. So, we have evidence that there are many active volcanoes on Venus, but will we ever be able to live there?在 2026 年一项名为“基于雷达的金星熔岩管观测”的研究中，可以看出，在地球科学领域，火山在行星的演化过程中发挥着重要作用。 如果我们想想数十亿年前的地球，火山释放的气体有助于形成我们的海洋和大气层。 火山使地球保持温暖、湿润和适宜居住。 那么，我们有证据表明金星上有许多活火山，但我们能够在那里生活吗？Well, we would require an abundance of water, which is greatly lacking on Venus. But data gathered by the Venus Express orbiter, launched in 2005 by The European Space Agency, could hint toward the planet once having oceans. And though the clouds on Venus rain sulphuric acid, they could still support an exotic biochemistry that thrives in such conditions. There's also plenty of sunlight to serve as a power source for life.嗯，我们需要大量的水，而金星上却非常缺乏。 但欧洲航天局 2005 年发射的金星快车轨道飞行器收集的数据可能暗示这颗行星曾经拥有海洋。 尽管金星上的云层会下硫酸雨，但它们仍然可以支持在这种条件下蓬勃发展的奇异生物化学。 还有充足的阳光可以作为生命的动力来源。

It's taken decades and millions of health workers traveling by foot, boat and any other way they had to immunize children from polio.经过数十年努力，数百万医务工作者跋山涉水、不辞辛劳，通过步行、乘船等各种必要方式为儿童接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗。Health workers have even braved conflict to prevent a horribly crippling disease.卫生工作者甚至冒着冲突的危险来预防这种可怕的致残疾病。We've made tremendous progress, working with community leaders, sometimes with military officials,我们取得了巨大进展，与社区领袖合作，有时也与军方官员协作，to help deliver vaccine to reduce the number of children that were inaccessible due to conflict down to very very small numbers.帮助运送疫苗，将因冲突而无法接种疫苗的儿童数量降至极低水平。Twenty years ago, African governments committed to eradicate polio.20年前，非洲各国政府开始致力于根除脊髓灰质炎。Since then, nine billion oral polio vaccines have prevented nearly two million cases of wild polio virus on the continent, according to the World Health Organization.据世界卫生组织称，自那时起，90亿剂口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗已在非洲大陆预防了近200万例野生脊髓灰质炎病毒病例。It took a lot of effort from many leaders, traditional leaders, religious leaders and families as well as volunteers and health workers, who came together to make this tremendous feat possible.许多政府领导人、宗教领袖和家庭以及志愿者与卫生工作者付出了巨大努力，他们齐心协力才使这一壮举成为可能。The Global Polio Eradication Initiative provided funding and logistical support.全球根除脊髓灰质炎倡议提供了资金和后勤支助。This partnership involves the United Nations, Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance.这一伙伴关系涉及联合国、国际扶轮社、 美国疾控中心，比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会以及全球疫苗免疫联盟。The effort also involved a huge disease surveillance network to check sewage for the virus and test cases of paralysis.这项工作还涉及一个庞大的疾病监测网络，用于检测污水中的病毒并测试瘫痪病例。But Pandak says the work is not done. It's important that community members continue to immunize their children against polio.但是Pandak说这项工作还没有完成。重要的是，社区成员要继续为他们的孩子接种脊髓灰质炎疫苗。That's because polio still exists along the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.这是因为脊髓灰质炎仍然存在于巴基斯坦和阿富汗之间的边境，Until the virus is knocked out of this region, children everywhere still need to be immunized.在该地区的病毒被彻底消灭之前，各地的儿童仍需接种疫苗。And children whose immune systems are weak sometimes get a type of polio that's shed from the vaccine into sewage.免疫系统较弱的儿童有时会感染一种由疫苗排泄到污水中的脊髓灰质炎病毒。A different oral vaccine will be introduced next year to prevent this from happening.明年将推出一种不同的口服疫苗，以防止这种情况发生。Dr. Pate hopes lessons learned from the effort to end polio will continue.帕特博士希望从根除脊髓灰质炎行动中汲取的经验教训能持续发挥作用。I hope that some of those assets that have been deployed in the polio eradication effort will then be used to hold on to the gains that we have made,我希望那些投入于根除脊髓灰质炎行动中的资源，今后能用于巩固我们已取得的成果，not only on polio but on routine immunization, to ensure that every child everywhere in the world is able to be protected from vaccine preventable diseases.不仅是在脊髓灰质炎方面，还有常规免疫方面，以确保世界上每个地方的每个孩子都能免受疫苗可预防疾病的侵害。The polio eradication effort demonstrates two things, that people around the world can come together to accomplish great things, and, Dr. Pate says, it shows that vaccines work. 消灭脊髓灰质炎的努力证明了两件事：世界各地的人们可以团结起来完成伟大的事业，而且正如帕特博士所说，这也证明了疫苗的有效性。