Did That Really Happen?

This week we're going back to the 1970s with If Beale Street Could Talk! Join us as we learn about the Rockefeller Drug Laws, New York jails, the term "Holy Roller", and more! Source Brian Mann, "The Drug Laws That Changed How We Punished," NPR, available at https://www.npr.org/2013/02/14/171822608/the-drug-laws-that-changed-how-we-punish Fodei Batty, "How to Understand the Complicated History of 'Go Back to Africa'" Washington Post, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/26/is-go-back-to-africa-always-an-insult-heres-a-brief-history-of-american-back-to-africa-movements/ African Americans in Ghana, Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-7-the-great-convergence-and-divergence-1880-ce-to-the-future/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-7/a/connecting-decolonization-in-africa-and-the-us-civil-rights-movement#:~:text=The%20desire%20to%20repatriate%E2%80%94to,building%20their%20new%20nation%2Dstate. Heather Ann Thompson, "How a Series of Jail Rebellions Rocked New York--and Woke a City," The Nation, 21 March 2019 https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/new-york-jail-rebellion-1970-tombs-mdc/   Daniel Chasin, "Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: How New York's Bail Reform Saga Tiptoes around Addressing Economic Inequality," Cardozo Law Review 43, no. 1 (October 2021): 273-312 Aleza Van Brunt and Locke E. Bowman, "Toward a Just Model of Pretrial Release: A History of Bail Reform and a Prescription for What's Next," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 108, no.4 (2018): 701-774. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48572970 https://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/supervision/pretrial-risk-assessment/pretrial-release  https://www.prisonpolicy.org/research/pretrial_detention/  https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/jails2024_table3.html  https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/incomejails.html Ngram: https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=%22holy+roller%22&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3  Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Holy Roller (n.),” March 2024. Gregg Kilday, "Making of 'If Beale Street Could Talk': How 'Moonlight' Oscar Winner Barry Jenkins Brought James Baldwin's 1974 Novel to the Big Screen," Hollywood REporter, available at https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/a-look-making-beale-street-could-talk-1160625/' Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/if_beale_street_could_talk/reviews Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Beale_Street_Could_Talk_(film)

This week we're traveling back to the 1930s with Amsterdam! Join us as we learn about Smedley Butler, birding, the Harlem Hellfighters, that story about Mussolini running a kid over with a car, and more! Sources: The Press: Vanderbilt Truth (1931) available at https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,930365,00.html Pete Vack, "A Mussolini Alfa Romeo Mystery," available at https://velocetoday.com/a-mussolini-mystery/ Smedley Butler Mussolini 1931, WWII Editorial Cartoon Project, available at https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ww2/1931-2/ Jonathan M. Katz, Gangsters of Capitalism: Smedley Butler, the Marines, and the Making and Breaking of America's Empire (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2021), 304-334. Dietrich, Christopher R. W., ed. Diplomacy and Capitalism: The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Relations. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1sjwpfz. Erick Trickey, "One Hundred Years Ago, the Harlem Hellfighters Bravely Led the U.S. Into WWI," Smithsonian Magazine (14 May 2018), https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/one-hundred-years-ago-harlem-hellfighters-bravely-led-us-wwi-180968977/   "Remembering the Harlem Hellfighters," National Museum of African-American History and Culture Stephen Barker, "Amsterdam: 10 Behind the Scenes Facts About the Star-Studded Movie," Screen Rant, available at https://screenrant.com/amsterdam-behind-the-scenes-facts-star-studded-movie/ Amsterdam, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_(2022_film) Christy Lemire review, Rogerebert.com: https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/amsterdam-movie-review-2022 Tim Birkhead, "How Bird-Collecting Evolved into Bird-Watching," Smithsonian Magazine, available at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-bird-collecting-evolved-into-bird-watching-180980506/

*NOTE: Due to a technical mishap, we had some problems with Jamie's audio on this one. We apologize for the sound quality issues. Content Warning: This episode features discussion of cannibalism and other disturbing content. This week we're traveling back to 1970s Uruguay with Society of the Snow! Join us as we learn about Numa Turcatti, the photos taken on the mountain, student protests, radios, the Strauch cousins, and more! Sources: Drew Weisholtz, "What Happened to Numa Turcatti, Narrator of Society of the Snow?" Today, available at https://www.today.com/popculture/movies/society-of-the-snow-numa-turcatti-narrator-rcna133613 Amanda Rodriguez and Jeronimo Pineda, "Society of the Snow: The Spirit of Numa Turcatti and the Soccer Team Named After Him," El Pais, available at https://english.elpais.com/sports/2024-01-22/society-of-the-snow-the-spirit-of-numa-turcatti-and-the-soccer-team-named-after-him.html Eduardo Strauch and Mireya Soriano, "Returning to the scene of the crash: A survivor of the Uruguayan rugby team plane crash reflects," Salon, (2019) https://www.salon.com/2019/06/15/returning-to-the-scene-of-the-crash-a-survivor-of-the-uruguayan-rugby-team-plane-crash-reflects/   Matt J. Rossano, Mortal Rituals: What the Story of the Andes Survivors Tells Us About Human Evolution (Columbia University Press, 2013). Blair Braverman and Sarah Marshall, "Flight 571: Survival in the Andes with Blair Braverman," You're Wrong About podcast (31 October 2022).  Charles A. Krause, "After the Andes," The Washington Post (4 November 1978), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/11/05/after-the-andes/962054ad-fde2-4c87-9e6d-c656fee2dc49/  https://www.backpacker.com/trips/alive-again-new-findings-in-the-1972-andes-plane-crash/  https://www.history.com/news/miracle-andes-disaster-survival  https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/1972-andes-plane-crash-story-photos/  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/nando-parrado-andes-plane-crash-1972-rugby-team Emilio Mayorga and John Hopewell, Variety (2022), https://variety.com/2022/film/global/netflix-bayona-society-of-the-snow-1235253671/  Society of the Snow: Who Were We on the Mountain (Netflix, 2024) RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/society_of_the_snow  Sheila O'Malley, "Society of the Snow," Roger Ebert (5 January 2024), https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/society-of-the-snow-2024  Peter Bradshaw, "Society of the Snow review- cannibalism in the ice in incredible real-life survival tale," The Guardian (19 December 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/19/society-of-the-snow-review-cannibalism-in-the-ice-in-incredible-real-life-survival-tale  The Tupamaros: https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/uruguay/tupamaros-uruguay.htm

Today we're traveling to early 2000s Chile (but also 18th century France, and some other times, too) with vampire-themed political satire El Conde! Join us as we learn about Lucia Hiriart, Augusto Pinochet's shady money dealings, that time he got arrested in London, and more! Sources: John Bartlett, "Widow of Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet Dies at 99," The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/16/lucia-hiriart-widow-chilean-dictator-augusto-pinchocet-dies-age-99 Eva Vergara, "Lucia Hiriart, Widow of Chilean Dictator Pinochet, Dies at 99." Washington Post, Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2021/12/17/pinochet-widow-hiriart-dead/ Andres Oppenheimer, "Ex-Dictator Had Millions in U.S. Bank," (2004). https://archive-yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/ex-dictator-had-millions-us-bank  Hector Tobar and, Eva Vergara. "The World; New Evidence Shatters Chileans' Image of a Frugal Pinochet: [HOME EDITION]." Los Angeles Times, Aug 02, 2004. O'Brien, Timothy,L. "At Riggs Bank, A Tangled Path Led to Scandal." New York Times (1923-), Jul 19, 2004. TIMOTHY L O'BRIEN and,LARRY ROHTER. "U.S. and Others Gave Millions to Pinochet." New York Times, Dec 07, 2004, Late Edition (East Coast). TIMOTHY L O'BRIEN and,LARRY ROHTER. "The Pinochet Money Trail." New York Times, Dec 12, 2004, Late Edition (East Coast). Minder, Raphael. "Spain Reopens Pinochet Inquiry into Tax Evasion and Laundering: [Foreign Desk]." New York Times, Jul 31, 2021, Late Edition (East Coast). Robinson, Eugene. "Thief of State: [FINAL Edition]." The Washington Post, Dec 12, 2006. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6606013  RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/el_conde Jessica Kiang, "'El Conde' Review: Pablo Larraín’s Bizarro-World Reckoning With Pinochet’s Bloodthirsty Legacy," Variety, https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/el-conde-review-pablo-larrain-the-count-1235708790/  Drew Gillis, "El Conde review: Dictators suck in Pablo Larraín's vampiric satire," AV Club, https://www.avclub.com/el-conde-review-pablo-larrain-1850832103  Carlos Aguilar, "El Conde," https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/el-conde-movie-review-2023  Variety, "'El Conde' Cinematographer Breaks Down the Flying Vampire Nun Sequence Using a 90-Foot Crane & Wires," https://youtu.be/bUBbN_xWnCE?si=LRZrkhtwn1zCBhcE  Veronica Diaz-Cerda, "General Pinochet's Arrest: 20 Years On, Here's How It Changed Global Justice," The Conversation, available at https://theconversation.com/general-pinochet-arrest-20-years-on-heres-how-it-changed-global-justice-104806 """Pinochet Arrested in London,"" The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/oct/18/pinochet.chile"

This week we're traveling back to the 1920s with Killers of the Flower Moon! Join us as we learn about William "King" Hale, Mollie Burkhardt, FBI Agent Tom White, and more! Sources: David Grann, Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI. Doubleday, 2017 https://ualr.edu/sequoyah/thisday/hale-given-life-sentence-february-1-1929/ FBI Vault: https://vault.fbi.gov/Osage%20Indian%20Murders  https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/osage-murders-case https://www.npr.org/2018/04/06/600136534/largely-forgotten-osage-murders-reveal-a-conspiracy-against-wealthy-native-ameri  Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.), 16 Jan. 1957. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1957-01-16/ed-1/seq-28/  "Review: FAILED PROTECTORS: THE INDIAN TRUST AND ""KILLERS OF THE FLOWER MOON"" Reviewed Work: Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI by David Grann Review by: Matthew L.M. Fletcher Michigan Law Review, Vol. 117, No. 6, 2019 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW (April 2019), pp. 1253-1269 (17 pages) https://www.jstor.org/stable/45135202 " Donald Fixico, "The Osage Murders and Oil," The Invasion of Indian Country in the Twentieth Century: American Capitalism and Tribal Natural Resources 2nd edition (University Press of Colorado, 2012), 27-54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46nvt7.7  https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/osage-murders-photos-killers-of-flower-moon https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/white-thomas-bruce  and https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/federal-correctional-institution  https://www.fbi.gov/news/podcasts/inside-the-fbi-the-osage-murders https://voicesofoklahoma.com/interviews/conner-joe-carol/  https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OS005 https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a45547775/what-happened-to-everyone-in-killers-of-the-flower-moon-after-the-film-ends/  Kirsten Chuba, "Osage Consultant Admits to Complicated Feelings over Killers of the Flower Moon," Hollywood Reporter, available at https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/killers-of-the-flower-moon-osage-consultant-mixed-feelings-1235620231/ Richard Brody, "Martin Scorsese on Making Killers of the Flower Moon," The New Yorker, available at https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/martin-scorsese-on-making-killers-of-the-flower-moon

We're back with 2024's first episode on Rustin! Join us as we learn about the speeches delivered at the March on Washington, Strom Thurmond's attacks on Bayard Rustin, Dr. Anna Hedgeman, the Bonus Army, and more! Sources: Emma Rothberg, "Anna Arnold Hedgeman," National Women's History Museum, available at https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/anna-arnold-hedgeman GPO, Congressional Record, 1963, Part 11, Page 14836. Full text available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1963-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1963-pt11-7-2.pdf March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Organizing Manual No. 2  (1963), https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.31888236  John Lewis: https://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/lewis-speech-at-the-march-on-washington-speech-text/  A. Philip Randolph: https://theblackfreedommovement.voices.wooster.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/131/2018/02/A.-Philip-Randolphs-1963-March-on-Washington-speech.pdf  "March on Washington History by NMAAHC," https://youtu.be/ZA9TJCV-tks?si=3aiw9BgzmLDRsXsk including B. Rustin speaking "The March of the Bonus Army," American Experience, PBS, https://youtu.be/mSC1lbfXfRQ?si=g9weuwd7x1_yuH0j  Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rustin_2023 Autostraddle review: https://www.autostraddle.com/rustin-review/

For our final episode of the year, we're changing things up with Escape from New York! Join us as we explore how well this 1981 film predicted the year 1997, with discussions of island prisons, crime rates, Telex technology, and more! Sources: Tim Wadsworth, "Is Immigration Responsible for the Crime Drop? An Assessment on the Influence of Immigration on Changes in Violent Crime Between 1990 and 2000," Social Science Quarterly 91, 2 (2010) Dara Lind and German Lopez, "16 Theories for Why Crime Plummeted in the US," Vox, available at https://www.vox.com/2015/2/13/8032231/crime-drop John Gramlich, "Voters Perceptions of Crime Continue to Conflict with Reality," Pew, available at https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/11/16/voters-perceptions-of-crime-continue-to-conflict-with-reality/ John Gramlich, "What We Know About the Increase in Murder in 2020," Pew, available at https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/10/27/what-we-know-about-the-increase-in-u-s-murders-in-2020/ Dennis Thompson, U.S. Violent Crime Rate Drops Significantly Since 1980s; Reduction may be due to programs that try to break cycle of violence, experts say. Available at Gale OneFile.  German Lopez, "Mass incarceration in America, explained in 22 maps and charts," Vox 11 October 2016, https://www.vox.com/2015/7/13/8913297/mass-incarceration-maps-charts   Associated Press, "In 90's, Prison Building by States and U.S. Government Surged," The New York Times 8 August 1997. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/08/us/in-90-s-prison-building-by-states-and-us-government-surged.html   NY Demographics https://www.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/nyc-population/historical-population/nyc_total_pop_1900-2010.pdf  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_Penitentiary  Rosie Blunt, "Rikers Island: Tales from inside New York's notorious jail," BBC News 20 October 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50114468  Caroline Delbert, "Forced Exile: The World's Dubious History of Prison Islands," Popular Mechanics 15 February 2023, https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/a42665100/history-of-prison-islands/   Jake Malooley, "John Carpenter is Scared," Esquire, available at https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/movies/a34518538/john-carpenter-2020-interview-coronavirus-trump-they-live-the-thing/ Rotten Tomatoes, Escape from New York: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1006717-escape_from_new_york WIkipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_New_York Siskel and Ebert Review, available at https://youtu.be/xW-JL58fQQk?si=jadAn9OME4P604ks Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/technology/telex 

This week we're going back to the 1790s with Love and Friendship! Join us as we learn about marriage practices, loyalists in Britain, "bad air", influenza, and more! Sources: RB Outhwaite, "Age at Marriage in England From the Late Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 1972. Maya Jasanoff, Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World. Excerpt available at https://www.amrevmuseum.org/read-the-revolution/liberty-s-exiles Benjamin H. Irvin, "Tar and Feathers in Revolutionary America." Available at https://revolution.h-net.msu.edu/essays/irvin.feathers.html#10 Nathaniel Philbrick, "The Worst Parade Ever to the Hit the Streets of Boston," Smithsonian Magazine, available at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-worst-parade-to-ever-hit-the-streets-of-boston-12934258/ Margaret DeLacy, "The Conceptualization of Influenza in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Specificity and Contagion," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 67, no.1 (1993): 74-118. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44444169  Mary J. Dobson, "Contours of death: disease, mortality, and the environment in early modern England," Health Transition Review 2 (1992): 77-95. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40651902  Ken Hiltner, "Representing Air Pollution in Early Modern London," in What Else is Pastoral? Renaissance Literature and the Environment (Cornell University Press). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7v88q.9  Bill Luckin, "' The Heart and Home of Horror': The Great London Fogs of the Late Nineteenth Century," Social History 28, no.1 (2003): 31-48. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4286944  "Great Fgg in and about London.," National Intelligencer 4 May 1814, Gale Primary Sources: Nineteenth Century U.S. Newspapers.  https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/love_and_friendship  https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/love-and-friendship-2016 

This week we're traveling to turn-of-the-century Mexico with the Dance of the 41! Join us as we learn about opinion polling, Amada Diaz, euphemisms for homosexuality, and more! Sources: Tom W. Smith, "The First Straw? A Study of the Origins of Election Polls," Public Opinion Quarterly 54 (1990) Campbell Rhodes, "A Brief History of Opinion Polls," Available at https://www.moadoph.gov.au/explore/stories/history/a-brief-history-of-opinion-polls Manuel Bettancourt Review, Dance of the 41, Variety. Available at https://variety.com/2021/film/news/dance-of-the-forty-one-review-el-baile-de-los-41-1234983809/ Rotten Tomatoes, available at https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dance_of_the_41 Lucas E. Espinoza and Rosalva Resendiz, "Los Secretos de la Redada de los 41: A Sociohistorical Analysis of a Gay Signifier," NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings, 6 (2018). https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1197&context=naccs  Thaddeus Morgan, "41 Has a Secret Meaning in Mexico, Thanks to a Queer Underground Ball," History, https://www.history.com/news/dance-of-41-mexico-gay-history  Carlos Monsiváis, "De las variedades de la experincia homoerotica," Debate Feminista 35, (2007): 163-92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42624981  Carlos Monsiváis, Renato Leduc, "Los iguales, los semejantes, los (hasta hace un minuto) perfectos desconocidos (A cien años de la Redada de los 41)," Debate Feminista 24 (2001): 301-27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42625415   Milada Bazant, "Cronica de un Baile Clandestino," in Tradiciones y conflictos: historias de la vido cotidiana en Mexico e Hispanoamerica eds. Pilar Gonzalbo Aizpuro and Milada Bazant (El Colegio de Mexico). https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv47wbxj.14  Google Ngram, "Amor Socratico": https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=amor+socr%C3%A1tico&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&case_insensitive=on&corpus=es-2019&smoothing=3 Edward Carpenter, "Homogenic Love and its Place in a Free Society," 1894, full text available at https://archive.org/details/homogenic-love-and-its-place-in-a-free-s/page/n3/mode/2up Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800, Third Edition. Pearson, 2012  

This week we're going back to 1960s Europe with The Man From UNCLE! Join us as we learn about black market weapons, kidnapped scientists, amphibious cars, CIA recruitment, and more! Sources: "Nazis and Axis Collaborators Were Used to Further US Anti-Communist Objectives in Europe; Some Immigrated to the United States," Report by the Comptroller of the United States, 1985. Available at https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP87M01152R000300410001-8.pdf CIA Tried to Get Mafia to Kill Castro: Documents. Reuters, available at https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cia-secrets-idUSN2636255220070626 Kidnapping of Dr. Walter Linse: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/openness-russia-and-eastern-europe-intelligence/2022-05-11/secret-war-germany-cias  ""Kidnapped" scientist is back at Soviet Embassy," The Times of India (19 September 1967): 7.  "West German Rocket Act Kidnapped," The Arizona Post (Tucson, AZ), 5 October 1962, 3. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82000867/1962-10-05/ed-1/seq-3/  "Israeli Held by Swiss; Claim Bid To 'Coerce' German Scientists," The Jerusalem Post (17 March 1963): 1.  Barry Rubin and Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East (Yale University Press, 2014). https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vkz54.15 TV Tropes: "Kidnapped Scientist," https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/KidnappedScientist  "Remarks By President Barack Obama In Prague As Delivered," 5 April 2009, (Prague, Czech Republic), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-prague-delivered  Sue Branford, "Nuclear secret is out," The Observer (28 June 1981): 11.  Siegfried Buschschluter, "Bonn denial on S. Africa arms," The Guardian (15 August 1977): 6.  Anthony Tucker, "Terrorist nuclear bombs 'feasible'," The Guardian (24 December 1973): 4.  "The Amphibious Car that Lyndon Johnson Used to Prank People," available at https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/amphicar-president-johnson-1960s/ "8 Amphibious Cars You Never Knew Existed," available at https://www.wilsonvilletoyota.com/blog/social/fun/8-amphibious-cars-you-never-knew-existed/ IMDB https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1638355/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt  Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E._(film)  Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_man_from_uncle  Glenn Kenny, "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." Roger Ebert . com (11 August 2015), https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-man-from-uncle-2015  Peter Bradshaw, "The Man from UNCLE review: Style paired with deathly boring substance," The Guardian (11 August 2015). https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/aug/11/the-man-from-uncle-review-style-paired-with-deathly-boring-substance  Julie Miller, "The Fall of Armie Hammer: A Family Saga of Sex, Money, Drugs, and Betrayal," Vanity Fair (11 March 2021). https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2021/03/the-fall-of-armie-hammer-a-family-saga-of-sex-money-drugs-and-betrayal  

*Note: We decided to delay our planned episode for this week, so instead we are releasing one of the bonus episodes from our Patreon feed. Sources: Pamela D Arcineaux, "The Storyville Madam Who Challenged Jim Crow, and Won," The Historic New Orleans Collection, available at https://www.hnoc.org/publications/first-draft/storyville-madam-who-challenged-jim-crow-and-won Storyville Guidebooks to Sin, Images Available at https://www.hnoc.org/virtual/storyville/guidebooks-sin "The Sex Workers of Storyville," The Historic New Orleans Collection, available at https://www.hnoc.org/virtual/storyville/sex-workers-storyville Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/interview_with_the_vampire/s01 Caroline Framke, https://variety.com/2022/tv/reviews/interview-with-the-vampire-review-amc-anne-rice-1235388669/  Gilbert King, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-portrait-of-sensitivity-a-photographer-in-storyville-new-orleans-forgotten-burlesque-quarter-166324443/ "Brothels & Music"  The Historic New Orleans Collection, https://www.hnoc.org/virtual/storyville/music-and-musicians Jelly Roll Morton to Earle Cornwall, 27 April 1938, http://hnoc.minisisinc.com/thnoc/catalog/3/1214  Light Townsend Cummins, Judith Kelleher Schafer, Edward F. Haas, and Michael L. Kurtz, Louisiana: A History (Malden, MA:Wiley Blackwell, 2014, 6th edition) 313-15.

This week we're going back to the Roman Empire with Centurion! Join us as we learn about the Picts, Roman armor, the 9th Legion, and more! Sources: Michael Squire, Embodied Ambiguities on the Prima Porta Augusta. Art History 36, 2 (2013) "Muscle Cuirass". Australian National University. Available at http://artserve.anu.edu.au/raid1/student_projects97/armour/muscle/muscle.html Joshua J Mark, "Picts" World History Encyclopedia, available at https://www.worldhistory.org/picts/ Tacitus' Account of the Battle of Mons Graupius, ed. Joshua J. Mark, World History Encyclopedia, available at https://www.worldhistory.org/article/776/tacitus-account-of-the-battle-of-mons-graupius/#:~:text=Tacitus%20records%20that%20the%20Romans,Romans%20marched%20forward%20in%20formation. Julianna Grigg, "The Romans and the Picts," The Picts Re-Imagined (Arc Humanities Press, 2018). https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvfxvd0p.7  David J. Breeze and Brian Dobson, "A View of Roman Scotland in 1975," Glasgow Archaeological Journal 4 (1976): 124-43. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44811052   J.G. Scott, "The Roman Occupation of South-West Scotland from the Recall of Agricola to the Withdrawal under Trajan," Glasgow Archaeological Journal 4 (1976): 29-44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44811041  D.J. Woolliscroft, "More thoughts on why the Romans failed to conquer Scotland," Scottish Archaeological Journal 22:2 (2000): 111-22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27917432  Kate Ravilious, "Land of the Picts," Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America (Sep/Oct 2021). https://www.archaeology.org/issues/441-2109/letter-from/9932-scotland-picts   Joshua L. Mark, "Tacitus' Account of the Battle of Mons Graupius," 9 January 2015, https://www.worldhistory.org/article/776/tacitus-account-of-the-battle-of-mons-graupius/   Tom Stanier, "The Brigantes and the Ninth Legion," Phoenix 19:4 (1965): 305-13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1085830  Menachem Mor, "Two Legions: The Same Fate? (The Disappearance of the Legions IX Hispana and XXII Deiotariana)," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 62 (1986): 267-78. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186341  David J. Breeze and Brian Dobson, "Roman Military Deployment in North England," Britannia 16 (1985): 1-19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/526389  R.P. Wright, "Tile-Stamps of the Ninth Legion Found in Britain," Britannia 9 (1978): 379-82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/525953  Miles Russell, "The Roman Ninth Legion's mysterious loss," BBC (16 March 2011). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-12752497  Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centurion_(film)  Roger Ebert, "Landscape painting with blood and guts," Rogerebert.com/reviews/centurion-2010 https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1020558/ 

This week we're going back to 1890s Kenya with The Ghost and the Darkness! Join us as we learn all about Colonel John Patterson, the Kenya-Uganda Railway, the ivory trade, burial practices, and more! Sources: Ahmed al-Dawoody, Respect for the Dead Under Islamic Law: Considerations for Humanitarian Forensics. ICRC, available at https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2018/11/01/respect-for-the-dead-under-islamic-law-considerations-for-humanitarian-forensics/ Rodney Muhumuza, "Africa Slowly Turning to Cremations, Though Long Taboo," AP, available at https://apnews.com/article/e4d90cbae6b84d2d95e74e357f2b8c16 Abdullah Shihipar, "Sri Lanka's Baseless Forced Cremations Must Stop," Washington Post (25 January 2021): https://go-gale-com.lscsproxy.lonestar.edu/ps/i.do?p=ITBC&u=nhmccd_main&id=GALE%7CA649607653&v=2.1&it=r&sid=ebsco&aty=ip Yanky Fachler, "The Zion Mule Corps--and Its Irish Commander," History Ireland 11:4 (2003): 34-8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27725064  J.H. Patterson, The Man-Eaters of Tsavo and Other East African Adventures (Gutenberg Press, 2009). https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3810/3810-h/3810-h.htm   William K. Storey, "Big Cats and Imperialism: Lion and Tiger Hunting in Kenya and Northern India, 1898-1930," Journal of World History 2:2 (1991): 135-73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078498  Paul Raffaele, "Man-Eaters of Tsavo," Smithsonian Magazine (January 2010). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/man-eaters-of-tsavo-11614317/  Field Museum: https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/man-eating-lions-tsavo  Samuel G. Ruchman, "Colonial Construction: Labor Practices and Precedents Along the Uganda Railway, 1893-1903," The International Journal of African Historical Studies 50:2 (2017): 251-73. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44723449  Major E.H.M. Leggett, "The Economic Development of British East Africa and Uganda," Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 63: 3246 (5 February 1915): 209-20. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41341935  A.M. O'Connor, "New Railway Construction and the Pattern of Economic Development in East Africa," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 36 (June 1965): 21-30. https://www.jstor.org/stable/621451  GC Whitehouse, The Building of the Kenya-Uganda Railway, Library of Congress, available at https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_13809/?sp=5&r=-0.302,0.162,1.407,0.881,0 RW Beachey, "The East African Ivory Trade in the 19th Century," Journal of African History 8, 2 (1967)

This week we're traveling back to 1890s New England with The Lighthouse! Join us as we try to figure out what the heck is going on in this movie, and along the way learn about seagull myths, how lighthouses work, New England dialects, Davy Jones, and more! Sources: "Seagulls," A Dictionary of English Folklore, Oxford Reference Dictionaries, available at https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100450456;jsessionid=0C830965CCC27A471D73ABD544FFA75D Fletcher S Bassett, Legends and Superstitions of the Sea and of Sailors in All Lands and in All Times (1885). Available on Google Books. Etymology Online, available at https://www.etymonline.com/word/Davy%20Jones https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Folk_lore_Record/zW0AAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=davy+jones+locker+folklore&pg=PA66&printsec=frontcover Thomas L. Cromwell, Jr., "Ye Olde Englysshe 'Ye'" American Speech 24:2 (1949) 115-19. https://www.jstor.org/stable/486618  Herman Melville, Moby Dick, https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2701/pg2701-images.html  Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lighthouse_(2019_film)  Rotten Tomatoes https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_lighthouse_2019  Vanity Fair, "Willem Dafoe Rewatches Spider-Man, The Lighthouse, Platoon & More | Vanity Fair" https://youtu.be/88MCNN0abIU?si=ZDLA7om0MmdMYjBy   GQ, "Robert Pattinson Breaks Down His Most Iconic Characters | GQ," https://youtu.be/pz52gPH3ou4?si=J3SfP1S8lpCrc_Ix  Eric Grundhauser, "When the Lights Go Out: 8 of the World's Loneliest Lighthouses," Atlas Obscure (25 August 2015). https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/when-the-lights-go-out-8-of-the-worlds-loneliest-lighthouses  Sean Kirst, "Dark Past Haunts Lighthouse Thursday, October 31, 1996," The Soul of Central New York: Syracuse Stories by Sean Kirst (Syracuse University Press, 1996). https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1ht4w1r.33  Michael Brian Schiffer, "The Electric Lighthouse in the Nineteenth Century: Aid to Navigation and Political Technology," Technology and Culture 46:2 (2005): 275-305. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40060849  D. Alan Stevenson, "The Development of Lighthouses," Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 80: 4130 (1932): 224-42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41358948  "Beacons of Safety," Scientific American (1926). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24976807  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Sur_Lighthouse  https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/saint-john-n-b-home-to-foghorn-inventor-1.941959  "Yellow Gals (Doodle Let Me Go)" http://balladindex.org/Ballads/Hugi380.html  "Doodle Let Me Go (Yaller Girls)" https://mainlynorfolk.info/lloyd/songs/doodleletmego.html 

This week we're traveling back to 1950s Hollywood with Hail Caesar! Join us as we learn about the Writers Guild, stars going on arranged dates, the phrase "cut the mustard", how stars concealed unplanned pregnancies, and more! Sources: Jeffrey Schwartz, Tab Hunter Confidential. Allan Glaser Productions, 2015. Available on Amazon Prime. Benjamin McVay, "Movie Stars in the Studio System: Secrets and Rules," Cinema Scholars, available at https://cinemascholars.com/movie-stars-in-the-studio-system-secrets-and-rules/ Writers Guild of America West https://www.wga.org/the-guild/about-us/history and https://www.wga.org/the-guild/about-us/history/a-history-of-wga-contract-negotiations-and-gains  Hilary Swett, "The Screen Writers' Guild: An Early History of the Writers Guild of America," WG Foundation (2020). https://www.wgfoundation.org/screenwritersguild-history  Greg Myre, "How The CIA Found A Soviet Sub--Without the Soviets Knowing," All Things Considered (NPR, 18 September 2017). https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/09/18/549535352/how-the-cia-found-a-soviet-sub-without-the-soviets-knowing   Lila Thulin, "During the Cold War, the CIA Secretly Plucked a Soviet Submarine From the Ocean Floor Using a Giant Claw," Smithsonian Magazine (10 May 2019). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/during-cold-war-ci-secretly-plucked-soviet-submarine-ocean-floor-using-giant-claw-180972154/  "Russian Foxtrot Class attack submarine B-39, has gone to pasture." https://sdmaritime.org/visit/the-ships/b-39-submarine/  Louise Pound, Kemp Malone, and Arthur Garfield Kennedy, "cut the mustard," American Speech, Vol. 2 (1927), 352.  Dialect Notes Vol. 3 (University of Michigan and American Dialect Society, 1905).  Anne Helen Petersen, "Clark Gable Accused of Raping Co-Star," Buzzfeed News, 2015. Available at https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/annehelenpetersen/loretta-young Bill Desowitz, "Hail Caesar! How the Coen Brothers Made Their Hollywood Valentine," IndieWire, available at https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/hail-caesar-the-coen-brothers-hollywood-1201781360/ Wikipedia, available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail,_Caesar!

NOTE: Due to technical difficulties, this episode contains some lost audio. This week we're traveling back to the 19th century with The Harder They Fall! Join us as we learn about the real-life figures behind the characters of this film, including Stagecoach Mary, Cherokee Bill, and more! Sources: Paul M. Lucko, "Goldsby, Crawford [Cherokee Bill]," Texas State Historical Society, available at https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/goldsby-crawford Art T. Burton, "Goldsby, Crawford," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, available at https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=GO006 Juliet Galonska, "Cherokee Bill," On the Outlaw Trail, NPS, available at https://www.nps.gov/fosm/learn/historyculture/cherokee-bill-outlaw-trail.htm Shelby Amspacher, "Stagecoach Mary Fields," Smithsonian National Postal Museum, https://postalmuseum.si.edu/stagecoach-mary-fields   Roger D. Hardaway, "African-American Women on the Western Frontier," Negro History Bulletin 60, no.1 (1997): 8-13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24766796  Kelli Cardenas Walsh, "Fields, Stagecoach Mary," in Black Women in America ed. Darlene Clark Hine (Oxford University Press, 2005).  Maggie Slepian, "Stagecoach Mary: A Montana Legend," Distinctly Montana  3 May 2023. https://www.distinctlymontana.com/stagecoach-mary  https://arcadiapublishing.com/blogs/news/pioneering-black-women-stagecoach-mary  Erin Blakemore, "Meet Stagecoach Mary, the Daring Black Pioneer Who Protected Wild West Stagecoaches," History, 28 January 2021, https://www.history.com/news/meet-stagecoach-mary-the-daring-black-pioneer-who-protected-wild-west-stagecoaches  "Cathay Williams," Santa Fe Historic Trail, https://www.nps.gov/people/cwilliams.htm  Tamara Shiloh, "Cathay Williams: Buffalo Soldier," Oakland Post (27 March 2019):1.  DeAnne Blanton, "Cathay Williams Black Woman Soldier 1866-1868," Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women in the Military X, no. 3 (1992): 1.  Bruce A. Glasrud and Michael N. Searles, Buffalo Soldiers in the West: A Black Soldiers Anthology (Texas A&M University Press, 2007).  RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_harder_they_fall  The Drew Barrymore Show, "Zazie Beetz Tells Drew About Her "The Harder They Fall" Fight Scene with Regina King," https://youtu.be/V3Gr4K_KJhY   "Jay-Z, Jeymes Samuel, and James Lassiter discuss making THE HARDER THEY FALL | Netflix" https://youtu.be/okyZHi4muoo   https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-features/jonathan-majors-abuse-allegations-yale-1234781136/  Holly Rivet, "Love and Death on the Frontier: Finding Ben Reeves at the National Archives," Rediscovering Black History, National Archives, available at https://rediscovering-black-history.blogs.archives.gov/2021/08/18/ben-reeves-at-the-national-archives/ Art T. Burton, "Reeves, Bass," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, available at https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=RE020

Today we're traveling back to the San Fernando Valley of the 1970s with Boogie Nights! Join us as we learn all about the impact of VHS on the porn industry, adult film awards, the history of the San Fernando Valley, and more! Sources: Timothy Buzzell, "Demographic Characteristics of Persons Using Pornography in Three Technological Contexts," Sexuality & Culture 9, no.1 (2005): 28-48. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy-Buzzell-2/publication/227101923_Demographic_characteristics_of_persons_using_pornography_in_three_technological_contexts/links/5627ead608ae518e347b2faa/Demographic-characteristics-of-persons-using-pornography-in-three-technological-contexts.pdf  Jonathan Coopersmith, "Sex Vibes and Videotape: Sexuality and Electrical Technology in the 20th Century: The Role of the Pornography Industry in the Development of Videotape and the Internet," http://owncloud.unsri.ac.id/journal/threat/sex_vibes_21century.pdf  Ingrid Rachel Olson, Pornography, Spectatorship, and Sex Education in the VCR Era, Dissertation, The University of British Columbia (2018).  Karl A. Groskaufmanis, "What Films We May Watch: Videotape Distribution and the First Amendment," University of Pennsylvania Law Review 136, no.4 (1988): 1263-1300. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3312163  Peter Alilunas, Smutty Little Movies: The Creation and Regulation of Adult Video (University of California, 2016). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1d4v0gx  Steven Niedbala, "The Ontology of the Pornographic Image: The Meese Commission and the Rise of Sexual Media," Grey Room 64 (2016): 104-23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26778436   AFAA Award Ceremonies: A Pictorial History, Part I (1977-1980). The Rialto Report. Available at https://www.therialtoreport.com/2018/08/19/afaa-awards/ Ben Sherlock, "You're Not the King of Dirk: 10 Behind the Scenes Facts About Boogie Nights," ScreenRant, available at https://screenrant.com/boogie-nights-behind-scenes-facts-paul-thomas-anderson-movie/ Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Nights Oral history of Boogie Nights: http://grantland.com/features/boogie-nights/  Melia Robinson, "How LA's 'Porn Valley' Became the Adult Entertainment Capital of the World", Insider, available at https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-porn-valley-hugh-hefner-2017-9 Roth v. United States, 1957. Opinion available at https://www.oyez.org/cases/1956/582 Miller v. California, 1973. Opinion available at https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-73 Rose Eveleth, "What Can We Learn from the Porn Industry About HIV?" Smithsonian Magazine, available at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/what-can-we-learn-from-the-porn-industry-about-hiv-111558622/

This week we're traveling back to the 1970s with our 100th Episode Spectacular!!! Join us as we learn about activists Cleve Jones and Anne Kronenberg, Prop 6, and the Coors Boycott, before we look back on our favorite segments from past episodes.  Sources: Footage of 1978 Board of Supervisors Meeting, Anne Kronenberg: https://archive.org/details/glbths_1999-52_012_sc Photo of Anne Kronenberg Delivering Eulogy, SJSU Archives: https://digitalcollections.sjsu.edu/islandora/object/islandora%3A80_364 Anne Kronenberg, Faculty Biography, available at https://npli.sph.harvard.edu/about/people/anne-kronenberg/ Japhy Grant, "Immortalized in Milk, Anne Kronenberg Still Sees the Big Picture," Queerty, available at https://www.queerty.com/immortalized-in-milk-anne-kronenberg-still-sees-the-big-picture-20090122 Allyson Brantley, "Taking on the Coors Brewing Company (And the Conservative Family Behind It," Public Seminar, available at https://publicseminar.org/essays/taking-on-the-coors-brewing-company-and-the-conservative-family-behind-it/ Taplines Episode on How Coors Busted Its Union and Boosted Its Boycott, available at https://vinepair.com/taplines-podcast/coors-labor-union-boycott/ Allyson Brantly, "The 1970s Beer Boycott Inspiring Amazon Organizers Today," Zocalo, available at https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2022/04/21/the-1970s-coors-beer-boycott/ideas/essay/ Cleve Jones, When We Rise: My Life in the Movement (New York: Hachette Books, 2017).  https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Milk-actors-and-the-people-they-play-3184353.php  "Vote No On Proposition 6" https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.13910627  Jason Edward Black and Charles E. Morris (eds.), An Archive of Hope: Harvey Milk's Speeches and Writings (University of California Press, 2013). https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt24hsnt  Jackie M. Blount, "How Sweet It Is!" Counterpoints 367 Sexualities in Education: A Reader (2012): 46-60. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42981383  Katherine Turk, ""Our Militancy is in Our Openness": Gay Employment Rights Activism in California and the Question of Sexual Orientation in Sex Equality Law," Law and History Review 31, no.2 (2013): 423-69. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23489486  Karen Graves, "Presidential Address: Political Pawns in an Educational Endgame: Reflections on Bryant, Briggs, and Some Twentieth-Century School Questions," History of Education Quarterly, 53, no.1 (2013): 1-20.  https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481661  Kirk Honeycutt, "'Milk': Film Review" The Hollywood Reporter (2 November 2008). https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/milk-review-2008-movie-125079/#!   RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/milk  https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/emile-hirsch-interview-jail-rehab-1201758602/  Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_(2008_American_film)  David Edelstein, "'Milk' Is Much More Than A Martyr Movie," Fresh Air NPR (26 November 2008). https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97518380  

This week we're going back to 1920s Chicago with Ma Rainey's Black Bottom! Join us as we learn about The Defender, some NSFW slang, recording contracts, Ma Rainey's love life, and more! Sources: Katherine A. Bitner, "The Role of the Chicago Defender in the Great Migration of 1916-1918," Negro History Bulletin 48, 2 (1985) James R. Grossman, "Blowing the Trumpet: The Chicago Defender and Black Migration During World War I," Illnois Historical Journal 78, 2 (1985) Mary E. Stovall, "The Chicago Defender in the Progressive Era," Illinois Historical Journal 83, 3 (1990) Chicago Defender Homepage (Current Version): https://chicagodefender.com/ Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom_(film) K. Allison Hammer, ""Just like a natural man": The B.D. styles of Gertrude "Ma" Rainey and Bessie Smith," Journal of Lesbian Studies (2019): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10894160.2019.1562284   Robert Springer, "Folklore, Commercialism and Exploitation: Copyright in the Blues," Popular Music 26, no.1 (2007): 33-45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4500298  Mariana Brandman, "Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (1886-1939)," National Women's History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/gertrude-ma-rainey Jas Obrecht, ""See See Rider Blues"--Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (1924)," Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/Ma%20Rainey.pdf  Edward McClelland, "The Complicated Record Exec Left Out of Ma Rainey's Black Bottom," Chicago Mag (20 January 2021). https://www.chicagomag.com/arts-culture/ma-rainey-j-mayo-williams/   Layli Phillips and Marla R. Stewart, ""I Am Just So Glad You Are Alive": New Perspectives on Non-Traditional, Non-Conforming, and Transgressive Expressions of Gender, Sexuality, and Race Among African Americans," Journal of African American Studies 12, no.4 (2008): 378-400. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41819183  Rebecca Bush, "Woman, Southern, Bisexual," The Public Historian 41, no.2 (2019): 94-115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26862126  Steve Goodson, "Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (1886-1939) "Hear Me Talkin' to You"," in Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times eds. Ann Short Chirhart and Kathleen Ann Clark (University of Georgia Press).  https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt175734n.12  Jonathan Ned Katz, "Ma Rainey's "Prove It On Me Blues," 1928: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey's Amazing Resistance Anthem," OutHistory. https://www.outhistory.org/oldwiki/index.php?title=Ma_Rainey%27s_%22Prove_It_On_Me_Blues,%22_1928   Carla Williams, "Blues Music," 2015, http://www.glbtqarchive.com/arts/blues_A.pdf  Complete Timeline of Slang Terms for Vagina: https://timelinesofslang.com/vaginact.html "Pussy," Green's Dictionary of Slang: https://greensdictofslang.com/entry/bl252wa Online Etymology Dictionary: https://www.etymonline.com/word/pussy "Pussy and Pusillanimous" Penn Language Log: https://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=24012#:~:text=There's%20a%20plausible%20and%20well,development%20of%20pussy%20%3D%20female%20genitals https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2p85xj

This week we travel back to 1960s Mississippi with Mississippi Burning! Join us as we learn about the epic tale of the integration of Ole Miss, murderous Klansmen, civil rights activist training, and more! Sources: "James Meredith at Ole Miss" https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/ole-miss-integration  Debbie Elliott, "Integrating Ole Miss: A Transformative, Deadly Riot," NPR Morning Edition (1 Oct 2012). https://www.npr.org/2012/10/01/161573289/integrating-ole-miss-a-transformative-deadly-riot  CW Eagles, "The Fight for Men's Minds: The Aftermath of the Ole Miss Riot of 1962," The Journal of Mississippi History (2009). http://www.jasonklodt.com/s/eagles-fightmensminds.pdf  Charles W. Eagles, The Price of Defiance: James Meredith and the Integration of Ole Miss, (University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 319-71. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9780807895597_eagles.22  "Lawrence A. Rainey, R.I.P.," The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 38 (2003): 125. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3134229  Renee C. Romano, Racial Reckoning: Prosecuting America's Civil Rights Murders (Harvard University Press, 2014), 26, 46. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qdswt.4  Howard Ball, Murder in Mississippi: United States v. Price and the Struggle for Civil Rights (University Press of Kansas, 2004), 7-8, 23, 94-99, 122, 135-40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1mmfsn9  Kent Spriggs (ed.), Voices of Civil Rights Lawyers: Reflections from the Deep South, 1964-1980 (University Press of Florida, 2017), 177, 180-83, 198, 223, 280-1.  https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/mississippi-burning  "Investigation of the 1964 Murders of Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, and Andrew Goodman," File No. DJ 144-41-686 https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/micheal-schwerner-james-chaney-andrew-goodman  "Mississippi Burning (MIBURN) Case Part 1 of 9" FBI Records: The Vault, p73-6. https://vault.fbi.gov/Mississippi%20Burning%20%28MIBURN%29%20Case/Mississippi%20Burning%20%28MIBURN%29%20Case%20Part%201%20of%209/view  Irv Letofsky, "Another Case of Murder in Mississippi: TV movie on the killing of three civil rights workers in 1964 tries to fill in what 'Mississippi Burning' left out," Los Angeles Times (4 Feb 1990): H8.  Jesse Kornbluth, "The Struggle Continues," New York Times (23 July 1989): SM16.  "Mississippi cleric resigns over hiring of ex-sheriff," Chicago Tribune (24 April 1989): 3.  Phyllis Messinger, "Slow Change Marks Town 20 Years After Civil Rights Killings," Hartford Courant (31 July 1984): A7. Paul Hendrickson. "20 Years Ago, in the Heat of the Night: On the Anniversary of the Murders, Mississippi Guards its Memories Mississippi's Longest Summer the Summer of '64." The Washington Post, Jul 10, 1984. "Ex-Sheriff Hits TV for Job Loss." Chicago Defender (Big Weekend Edition), Mar 01, 1975.  "Ex-Sheriff Rainey: He's Haunted by the Past." Boston Globe, Sep 22, 1974.  Craig Smith, "Western Pennsylvanians Recall Their Route to the March on Washington," TribLive, https://archive.triblive.com/local/local-news/western-pennsylvanians-recall-their-route-to-the-march-on-washington/ Jennifer Taylor, "The 1965 Freedom Patrols and the Origins of Seattle's Police Accountability Movement," Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, available at https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/freedom_patrols.htm Interviews with Sam H. Bowers Jr. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, available at https://da.mdah.ms.gov/bowers/ "Samuel Bowers, 82, Klan Leader Convicted in Fatal Bombing, Dies," New York Times, November 6 2006: https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/06/us/06bowers.html "Klan Leader Sentenced to Life," Southern Poverty Law Center, available at https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/klan-leader-sentenced-life US Department of Justice Report, Referral to the Attorney General of the State of Mississippi: https://www.justice.gov/crt/case-document/file/1041791/download Roger Ebert, "Mississippi Burning," 9 December 1988. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mississippi-burning-1988  Seongyong Cho, "Looking Back at Alan Parker's Mississippi Burning," 9 Sept 2020. https://www.rogerebert.com/far-flung-correspondents/looking-back-at-alan-parkers-mississippi-burning  Robert Brent Toplin, "Mississippi Burning Scorches Historians," Perspectives (1 April 1989). https://www.historians.org/research-and-publications/perspectives-on-history/april-1989/mississippi-burning-scorches-historians  Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Burning