The Carbon Removal Show | Negative Emissions, Net Zero, Climate Positive

What happens when an individual company bakes industry scale up into their business philosophy? In this episode, Jakob Andersen shares the “gigaton thinking” mindset that drives his company, MASH Makes, in their approach to business and biochar. MASH Makes started as a project at the Technological University of Denmark focusing on technology that could convert various waste streams (mainly residue biomass) into different energy products. In short, MASH Makes use automated machines that are able to produce bio oil, hydrogen and electricity from agricultural waste, with the main byproduct of this process being biochar – a soil amendment that actively absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere. Big thanks to MASH Makes for supporting this episode. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to thecarbonremovalshow.com. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

With scaling up in mind, this episode dives into an innovative concept that could help the industry take big steps forward. Tom and Emily are joined by Jonny Gilson from Carbonaires and Professor Niall Mac Dowell from Imperial College London to discuss Carbonaires’ ideas for the future of the voluntary carbon market.  Big thanks to Carbonaires for supporting this episode. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to thecarbonremovalshow.com. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

2023 was a big year for carbon removal! With only 27 years until 2050, Tom and Emily look back on the last 12 months to reflect on the current stage of the industry’s growth commercially, socially and politically. With big thanks to the organisers, speakers and participants of Carbon Unbound Europe 2023 for welcoming us to the event and for all the inspiration. Huge thanks to all our guests in this episode: Sebastian Manhart, Senior Policy Advisor at Carbonfuture Oliver Katz, Founder and CEO of Unbound Summits Michelle Li, Founder and Executive Director of Women and Climate Gabrielle Walker, Co-Founder of CUR8 and Founder of Rethinking Removals Bilha Ndirangu, CEO at Great Carbon Valley Ted Christie-Miller, Director of Carbon Removal at BeZero Carbon And our very own Producer Ben, making his on-mic debut for The Carbon Removal Show! We also shout out a lot of other hard working CDR companies and organisations in this episode: CDR.fyiCarbon Removals at COPMission ZeroHeirloomClimeworksRewind: biomass sinkingBrilliant Planet: macroalgaeEquatic: ocean direct carbon removalDeutscher Verband für negative EmissionenCO2RE Future Leaders Network: join the SlackWomen and Climate: join the Slack To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to thecarbonremovalshow.com. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show. Resources and further reading Climeworks and Great Carbon Valley chart path to large-scale direct air capture and storage deployment in Kenya: https://climeworks.com/news/climeworks-and-great-carbon-valley-chart-path-to-large-scale-dac  Mission Zero turns on UK’s first direct air capture plant to enable jet fuel made from air: https://www.missionzero.tech/news/uk-first-direct-air-capture-plant  Suck carbon from the air? US facility launches novel climate solution: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/nov/19/carbon-dioxide-direct-air-capture  On the durability of biochar carbon storage: https://biochar.systems/durability-statement/ Assessing biochar's permanence: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516223002276?via%3Dihub  Frontier Makes Largest Carbon Removal Purchase From Lithos Carbon: https://carbonherald.com/frontier-makes-largest-carbon-removal-purchase-from-lithos-carbon/ Carbonfuture, Exomad Green, and Microsoft Sign One of the Largest Biochar Carbon Removal Deals To-Date: https://www.carbonfuture.com/project-showcase/carbonfuture-announces-innovative-offtake-collaboration-with-exomad-green-and-microsoft-for-large-scale-biochar-carbon-removal  COP28 — Mixed Results on Removals, Markets and Carbon Capture: https://evetamme.com/2023/12/14/cop28-on-carbon-removal-ccs-and-markets/  Why Carbon Removals Are Center Stage At COP28: https://www.forbes.com/sites/phildeluna/2023/12/07/why-carbon-removals-are-center-stage-at-cop28/?sh=26a7e1e82c68  Climeworks Direct Air Capture Summit 2023 Highlights: https://www.google.com/url?q=https://climeworkscom.cdn.prismic.io/climeworkscom/9493f4d4-676f-47cc-a1f8-8959bc84abee_DAC%2BSummit%2Bhighlights%2B2023%2B%25282%2529.pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1704643167135658&usg=AOvVaw1O0rP7eNt04mSMiYQB3UKo Paying for Quality: State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets 2023: https://3298623.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/3298623/SOVCM%202023/2023-EcoMarketplace_SOVCM-Nov28_FINALrev-1.pdf The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal Report: https://www.stateofcdr.org/ Fossil-fuel industry embrace raises alarm bells over direct air capture: https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/fossil-fuel-industry-embrace-raises-alarm-bells-over-direct-air-capture-2023-10-10/ Biden picks two DAC hubs for federal funding: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cen-10127-buscon1

Season 3 continues and the team remains focused on scaling up. The question today: has it been done before? The task ahead is huge and can sometimes feel insurmountable. In order to deliver what scientists say is needed, the carbon removal industry must go from the young seedling emerging market we know today to a great complex ecosystem - and time is against us. Has this level of growth ever been seen before? In today’s episode, Tom and Emily go hunting for reassuring precedents and inspirational analogies. Every global industry that we now take for granted was once a young seedling too. How do those industries compare to CDR? What can we learn from their development? And will looking at their histories help us feel more prepared for the future? In this episode, we listen back to brief clips from Sophie Purdom, co-founder of CTVC, and Dr Steve Smith, executive director of CO2RE. We first heard from them in season 1 episode 1 and season 2 episode 2 respectively. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to thecarbonremovalshow.com. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show. Resources and further reading Analogies and ecoraps for more carbon removal - https://medium.com/nori-carbon-removal/analogies-and-ecoraps-for-more-carbon-removal-3f4e8d92d1b4 Explaining the Exponential Growth of Renewable Energy - https://www.wri.org/insights/growth-renewable-energy-sector-explained  Developments in wind power - https://post.parliament.uk/research-briefings/post-pn-0602/  The Hole: How Ronnie and Maggie Saved the World - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2JzOlRff08&t=1s Back from the brink: how the world rapidly sealed a deal to save the ozone layer - https://rapidtransition.org/stories/back-from-the-brink-how-the-world-rapidly-sealed-a-deal-to-save-the-ozone-layer/  Learning from Success: Lessons in Science and Diplomacy from the Montreal Protocol - https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2020/learning-success-lessons-in-science-and-diplomacy-montreal-protocol  Should carbon removal be treated as waste management? Lessons from the cultural history of waste - https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsfs.2020.0010#d1e755  Is the UK’s waste infrastructure ready for a circular economy - https://rrfw.org.uk/2018/01/08/is-the-uks-waste-infrastructure-ready-for-a-circular-economy/  Shifting the Direct Air Capture Paradigm - https://www.bcg.com/publications/2023/solving-direct-air-carbon-capture-challenge How have COVID-19 vaccines been developed so fast - https://www.immunology.org/public-information/vaccine-resources/covid-19/covid-19-vaccine-infographics/speed-of-development  A Guide to Global COVID-19 Vaccine Efforts - https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/guide-global-covid-19-vaccine-efforts How COVID‐19 vaccine supply chains emerged in the midst of a pandemic - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8447169/ How did we develop a COVID-19 vaccine so quickly? - https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-did-we-develop-a-covid-19-vaccine-so-quickly  Smart phones: https://blog.textedly.com/smartphone-history-when-were-smartphones-invented https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/07/11/overview-of-smartphone-adoption/ https://www.pcmag.com/archive/smartphone-adoption-rate-fastest-in-tech-history-301990 https://www.govtech.com/products/how-smartphones-revolutionized-society-in-less-than-a-decade.html https://www.oberlo.com/statistics/how-many-people-have-smartphones https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world Streaming continues to overtake TV - https://digitalcontentnext.org/blog/2023/05/16/streaming-continues-to-overtake-tv/ The rise of social media - https://ourworldindata.org/rise-of-social-media

We are back! Did you miss us? Kicking off Season 3, Tom and Emily are exploring what it will take to grow the carbon removal industry to the scale we need. They speak to various actors in the carbon removal space, from project developers and policy experts to marketplaces and buyers. Their curiosity for the scaling problem took the team on a trip to Basel, Switzerland for a CDR conference hosted by Carbonfuture: Carbon Removal Basel. The team uses this episode to highlight some key themes around trust and scaling up that will be explored throughout the season. A huge thanks to our guests Jan Minx, Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, MCC and co-author of The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal report Hannes Junginger, CEO and co-founder at Carbonfuture Ben Brandt, CPO and co-founder at Ledgy Adam Sipthorpe, Senior Portfolio Manager - CDRs at South Pole Paolo Piffaretti, CEO and co-founder at Carbonx Sebastian Manhart, Senior Policy Advisor at Carbonfuture Our guests for this episode were recorded in April 2023. Their input reflects the individuals' and organisations’ views at that time. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to thecarbonremovalshow.com. Thanks to Carbonfuture for hosting us at their inaugural Carbon Removal Basel even And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show. Resources State of CDR: https://www.stateofcdr.org/resources Carbonfuture’s recap of Carbon Removal Basel: https://www.carbonfuture.com/magazine/recap-of-carbon-removal-basel-2023  Carbon Removal Basel retirement credits: https://platform.carbonfuture.earth/balancer/portfolios/view/main/50fa5b10-e4de-412c-8d75-0d1df060a63b

The world’s coastal areas are some of the most at risk places on earth when it comes to climate change, but could they potentially be some of the most valuable places for creating solutions too? It’s time for part two in our mini-series on Oceans and... it's the Season two finale! As we established in last week’s episode, oceans are now becoming a much bigger part of the climate conversation and are a huge site of interest for carbon removal innovation. In this episode Tom and Emily will be taking a deeper look at some of the most exciting coastal-based solutions that are popping up.  They’ll be putting another biomass-based solution into focus – mangroves; they’ll be discussing The Blue Carbon Challenge, a program launched by Friends of Ocean Action to find viable solutions in blue carbon; and they’ll be looking at an interesting ocean-based take on rock weathering - an entirely different context to what we’ve looked at in previous episodes! A note from our fact-checking corner: midway through this episode we discuss the relative rates of carbon sequestration of mangrove forests vs. the tropical forests you may be more familiar with. For the sake of clarity, we wanted to say here that mangroves store more carbon per year than the forests we mention on a per hectare basis. Forests still come out on top in absolute terms – not to take anything away from the magnificent role of mangroves A huge thanks to our guests:   Ronald Tardiff, Pillar Lead at Friends of Ocean Action Kelly Erhart, President & Co-Founder at Vesta To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

The time has finally come to talk about ocean-based carbon removal! In this episode (the first in our two-part mini-series on Oceans) Tom and Emily will be exploring the role that oceans can play in carbon removal. They'll be focusing on the way kelp is being used as a biomass-based approach to carbon removal speaking to two companies who are using kelp as a carbon removal solution, in very different ways. Many thanks to our guests in this week's episode: Marty Odlin, Founder at Running TideCaroline Hooft-Slootweg, Co-Founder at Kelp Blue To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

It's not only big names like Microsoft who are addressing their impact on the climate crisis, there are lots of smaller organisations appearing on carbon removal buyer lists too! This week's episode puts a spotlight on Aledade, a US healthcare services organisation with an interesting philosophy and strategy behind their carbon removal purchases. We speak to Will Palmisano, Head of Aledade's climate committee, to learn more about their carbon removal mission, how they’re going about it and what their work can teach us about how companies of all sizes can get involved in carbon removal in a meaningful way. Thanks to Aledade for sponsoring the episode and for sharing their story. Please note that since the recording of this episode the stats quoted from CDR.fyi have been significantly superseded. Visit CDR.fyi for the most up to date statistics. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

Now we've been through the process of buying our first carbon credits, we wondered how a larger, infinitely more complex operation might do the same. We spoke to Elizabeth Willmott from Microsoft to get to the bottom of what it means to be a big time buyer of carbon credits. We dive into the company's climate strategy, how to remove the emissions of one of the world's most significant companies, and what to do about historical emissions. You can read more about Microsoft's Carbon Removal Program mentioned in the episode here: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/corporate-responsibility/sustainability/carbon-removal-program To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

All the excitement of recording the previous two episodes in Iceland left us with one puzzling question. How would we practice what we preach and offset the carbon we emitted by flying there? We set our researcher Henry on the case, and got in touch with the show's sponsors, Patch, in order to work out the best way forward. Thanks to our guests: Henry Irvine, Researcher on The Carbon Removal ShowAriel Hayward, Sustainability Lead at Patch Note: This is not a sponsored episode. While Patch sponsor the podcast, their inclusion on this episode is purely informative. Find us on LinkedIn and Twitter @RestoredCC. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

Following our trip to the climate conference at Iceland Innovation Week, we wanted to explore. Today we're trying to get to the bottom of whether Iceland is a geological and political anomaly or a real glimpse into a potential brighter future for all of us. Many thanks to our guests in this episode: Sandra Ósk Snæbjörnsdóttir, Head of CO2 mineral storage at CarbFixKiddi Haflidason, General Manager at VAXA Technologies LtdFannar Jónsson, Quality Manager at Blue Lagoon IcelandOmar Sigurbjornsson, Director Sales and Marketing at Carbon Recycling International To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

Tickets? Booked. Microphone? Packed. Passport..? This week we're off to Reykjavik to take part in Iceland Innovation Week's climate conference Ok, bye. The event's name refers to the first Icelandic glacier lost to climate change, Ok-jökull and it was a chance for us to check in with some of the businesses and policymakers turning this isolated North Atlantic island into a world leader in carbon removal projects. Thanks to this week's guests: Edda Konráðsdóttir, Co-Founder at Iceland Innovation WeekMelkorka Sigríður Magnúsdóttir, Co-founder and director of Iceland Innovation WeekJarþrúður Ásmundsdóttir, Head of Innovation & Technology at Business IcelandDirk Nuber, Managing Director at ClimeworksMarty Odlin, CEO at Running TideSeth Bannon, Founding Partner at Fifty YearsSalka Sigurðardóttir, Negotiator for Cop26 PresidencyTinna Hallgrímsdóttir, Chairperson at Icelandic Youth Environmentalist Association To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

It's our final episode from the UK Greenhouse Gas Removal Event in London and our very own Tom Previte was asked to host another panel. This one was called "Getting it right for people and the planet" and was the conference's public facing panel, giving non-experts and newcomers a chance to learn about and ask questions on greenhouse gas removal in the UK - a perfect fit for the podcast right? Thanks to the panel guests: Dr Nem Vaughan, Associate Professor in Climate Change at the University of East AngliaDr Rob Bellamy, Lecturer in Climate and Society at University of Manchester and Lead on Responsible Innovation at CO2RE HubDr Amiera Sawas, Director of Programmes and Research at Climate Outreach Thanks again to CO2RE for inviting us to take part in such an exciting event. You can find out more about the greenhouse gas removal hub at co2re.org. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

Today we’re at the UK Greenhouse Gas Removal Event, a gathering of researchers, policy makers and businesses, to discuss the state of carbon removal in the UK today. CO2RE, the greenhouse gas removal hub led by Oxford University and the hosts of the event, were kind enough to ask us to host a pair of panels across the two day conference. We caught up with friends old and new to bring you the latest expert insight on the current state of carbon removal in the country we call home. Thanks to this episode's guests: Philippa Westbury, Stakeholder Manager at CO2REGeorge Hope, Communications Manager at CO2RESteve Smith, Director of CO2REEmily Cox, Research Associate at Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of OxfordNavraj Singh Ghaleigh, Senior Lecturer in Climate Law at University of EdinburghEmma Keller, Head of Sustainability at Nestle UK&IrelandSanna O'Connor-Morberg, Former Carbon Dioxide Removal Lead at Energy Transitions CommissionLaith Whitwham, Senior Policy Officer, Industrial Decarbonisation at Aldersgate GroupRuth Herbert, CEO Carbon Capture and Storage AssociationJudith Thornton, Aberystwyth UniversityLiz Bowles, OFC Director and Associate Director of Farming and Land Use at The Soil Association Thanks to CO2RE for inviting us along. You can find them at co2re.org. You can find the full Green Shoots panel, excerpts of which are included in this episode, here. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

We're back! And we've been busy... Today, Tom visits the Science Museum in London to take a look at Our Future Planet, the museum's carbon removal exhibition. As carbon communicators ourselves, we were keen to find out what the Science Museum were doing to educate their guests on our favourite topic of discussion. Tom was taken through the exhibition by its curator, Rupert Cole. Rupert took us through the items on display, the way guests experience the exhibition, and the language they use to communicate carbon removal. The exhibition is not without controversy. Our Future Planet is sponosored by Shell and Extinction Rebellion have accused the Science Museum of assisting in the oil giant's attempts to greenwash their reputation. The Science Museum has defended the sponsorship, saying that energy companies have a significant role to play in finding solutions to the climate crisis, and that the Science Museum retains editorial control over the exhibition. You can read the full statements of both Extinction Rebellion and the Science Museum here. and the Science Museum's sustainability policy here. Our thanks to Rupert and the Science Museum for showing us round. Our Future Planet runs until September 11th. To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading and all our sources, head to restored.cc. Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

Now you've discovered what carbon removal is all about, what are you going to do next? In this finale, we have brought together a mix of carbon removal-related inspiration: An interactive game to help us all understand the road to gigaton-scale carbon removalA reflection on how COP26 left the carbon removal space (spoiler - we really do need it and we really do need it now)An array of stories from our guests of how they found their groove in the carbon removal spaceOur top tips for how you can continue your carbon removal journey, whatever stage you're at Thank you for tuning in to season 1 of The Carbon Removal Show - we hope you've enjoyed it as much as we've enjoyed making it! Please like, subscribe, and tell a friend (or several) about the show. Oh, and do get in touch with us on Twitter, and subscribe to our weekly newsletter. We can't wait to join you again soon for season 2! Many thanks to our excellent guests throughout this series. In this episode, we hear again from Aldyen Donnelly (of episode 3 fame), Harriet Rix (episode 2), Diego Saez-Gil (episode 2), Apoorv Sinha (episode 7) and Katherine Romanak (episode 5). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading, sources from the episode, and our free newsletter head to: https://restored.cc/ Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

What we do about climate change may be one of the biggest questions of our generation. Everyone should be able to have their say. This means we need to start having conversations in earnest to understand how we really think and feel about carbon removal. But these conversations about carbon removal may feel uncomfortable, a sad reflection on where we find ourselves and a dangerous distraction from the hard task of decarbonisation. How can we balance these concerns with others' hard-headed optimism to grow an industry we're all on board with? Let's not forget too that research suggests a poor general understanding of carbon removal across the board, alongside a whole host of preconceptions about an industry that's barely off its feet. What can we learn from this? And, of course, no conversation is free from choices around the language we use. Lingo, jargon - call it what you like, this space is full of it! And how we choose to deploy it may have real impacts for how people understand and build expectations of carbon removal (or maybe we should say "rebalancing the carbon cycle"?) Join Emily, Emily, Tom, Tom, Mike and all their mics to take a step back and check in on how we're thinking and feeling about everything we've learnt so far. Many thanks to our excellent guests in this episode: Mike Childs, Head of Science, Policy and Research at Friends of the EarthEmily Cox, Research Associate in environmental policy and social psychology at Cardiff UniversityTom Mansfield, Founder and Director at Pale Blue Perspective ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading, sources from the episode, and our free newsletter head to: https://restored.cc/ Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

"It's not going to take a few dozen, or a few hundred, or a couple thousand people working on this. We're going to need many more people working on this." (Marcius Extavour) These days, we talk about carbon removal at the scale of tonnes - hundreds...even thousands of them. Over the coming decades, we will likely need to be talking at the scale of billions. So how do we get there? And how can a young carbon removal business progress from "one small step" to many giant leaps towards healing humankind's climate conundrum? In this episode, join Emily and Tom as we ponder a new carbon removal business, and search for the support that could get it off the ground. Marcius from XPRIZE lets us in on how we can get our slice of Elon Musk's $100m pie; Patricia from the Carbon Removal Centre opens our eyes to a community raring to go; and Brennan from Patch gives us the key to unlock the potential of carbon marketplaces. Let the air mining rush begin... Many thanks to our excellent guests in this episode: Marcius Extavour, Vice President, Energy & Climate at XPRIZEPatricia Silva, Co-founder and Non-Executive Director at the Carbon Removal Centre & Investment and Deal Management at Green Angel SyndicateBrennan Spellacy, Co-founder and CEO of Patch ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading, sources from the episode, and our free newsletter head to: https://restored.cc/ Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

For carbon removal to thrive under capitalism, we need thriving carbon removal businesses. And thriving carbon removal businesses need an income - but who's paying? Can a service like this, operating for the good of humanity, really work in a world that revolves around money? That's the crux of this week's episode. Carbon marketplaces offer one model: buy and sell carbon on the open market in the form of credits. It sounds straightforward enough, until you realise that no two tonnes of carbon removed from the atmosphere are the same. Plus, doesn't this kind of system just give greenwashing companies a licence to pollute? Utilisation of carbon, rather than storage, is another potential revenue generator. Take your captured carbon, pop it in your product and sell on at a healthy margin. We focus on concrete here (for good reason), though the possibilities really are endless. But beyond the wow factor, does it bring the climate benefits we need? Many thanks to our excellent guests in this episode: Sophie PurdomAndrew ShebbeareRob NivenApoorv Sinha ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading, sources from the episode, and our free newsletter head to: https://restored.cc/ Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.

We're taking a short mid-season break this week but don't worry, we'll be back next week. In this short bonus episode to tide you over, Tom and Emily discuss what we've learned so far and where we'll be going next. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To learn more about The Carbon Removal Show, including further reading, sources from the episode, and our free newsletter head to: https://restored.cc/ Thanks to Patch for sponsoring the podcast. And thanks to Cofruition for consulting on and producing the show.