In Focus by The Hindu

Iran is once again witnessing protests on its streets, triggered by a severe economic squeeze as inflation surges and the rial continues to lose value. What began as protests over livelihoods—most visibly among merchants in Tehran’s Grand Bazaar—has begun to intersect with deeper questions about governance, legitimacy, and the state’s ability to manage crises. This unrest is unfolding amid renewed U.S. sanctions, growing regional isolation, the continued dominance of the Revolutionary Guard, and the uncertainty of an impending leadership transition—factors that together place unusual strain on the Iranian system. How deep is Iran’s economic crisis, and what makes this moment different from earlier protest cycles? How is the state balancing conciliatory signals with violent crackdowns? And what do these protests tell us about Iran’s political stability and the paths that lie ahead? Guest: Stanly Johny, International Affairs Editor, The Hindu Host: Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

For years, India has struggled to improve its record on deceased organ donation, even as thousands of patients wait for transplants. This is despite data showing strong willingness among people to donate their organs after death.In this episode, we examine two paradoxes in India’s organ donation system. Why do cadaver organ donations remain low despite high posthumous willingness? And why do women make up a larger share of donors, while men dominate among organ recipients? We also explore where the system breaks down — from hospital protocols and transplant coordination to family consent at the time of death. We also look at the sharp gender imbalances in donation and receipt. Guest: Dr. Amalorpavanathan, retired vascular surgeon who played a pioneering role in building Tamil Nadu’s cadaver organ donation programme Host: Devyanshi Bihani Edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Supreme Court on January 5, 2025, declined to grant bail to activists Umar Khalid and Sharjeel Imam in the 2020 Delhi riots conspiracy case, notwithstanding their incarceration for nearly six years without the commencement of trial. The court held that the constitutional guarantee of personal liberty is not “absolute”, and remains subject to the stringent bail regime prescribed under special statutes such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). A Bench comprising Justices Aravind Kumar and N.V. Anjaria, however, granted conditional bail to five other co-accused, observing that the allegations against them indicated conduct of a subsidiary or facilitative nature, thereby warranting differential treatment. What are the implications of the ruling? Does the ruling depart from settled bail jurisprudence? Does treating allegations of road blockades as “terrorist acts” risk emboldening governments to weaponise the law to criminalise dissent? Guest: Vrinda Grover, Supreme Court advocate Host: Aaratrika Bhaumik Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On January 3rd, 2026, the United States launched a large-scale strike on Venezuela and arrested President Nicolás Maduro. Relations between the U.S. and Venezuela strained since the Cold War era, and worsened after Hugo Chávez came to power in 1999, and deteriorated further with U.S. sanctions imposed from 2006 onward. The arrest of Maduro marks a dramatic escalation of ties. Maduro has long been in Washington’s crosshairs. In 2020, the U.S. indicted him on multiple charges during Donald Trump’s first term. Now, Maduro has been charged with this wife, son and three others. So why did Washington act now? Tune in! Guest: Srinivasan Ramani, Senior Associate Editor, The Hindu. Host: Nivedita V Recorded by Shivaraj S Produced and edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

At least eight people have died, hundreds were hospitalised and thousands more were affected after consuming contaminated water in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, in a tragedy that has rocked the nation and also severely dented the image of Indore as a clean city. The case has now gone to court, and while the government claims the situation is under control, local residents allege that the death toll is much higher, and the water is still not safe. Tragically, the residents say they had been raising the issue of the unsafe water much before the deaths occurred, but no action was taken. At present, the cause is believed to be contamination through sewage leaking into the water pipeline supplying a residential area. But why does the issue of contaminated water arise again and again in India? What is wrong with our water supply and delivery systems? And why is it that we are still unable to provide clean drinking water to millions of Indians? Guest: Pradip KalbarAssociate Professor Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Host: Zubeda Hamid Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Parliament has passed the Sabka Bima Sabki Raksha (Amendment of Insurance Laws) Bill, 2025. It is being touted as a game changer, especially with the move to allow 100% FDI in insurance companies.  The government also says that the act strengthens the Insurance Regulatory Authority of India (IRDAI), and the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC).  How would 100% FDI improve the claims experience for the ordinary citizen, the buyers of insurance? For long, they have been grappling with problems such as unfairly rejected claims, mis-selling of insurance, and hidden exclusions. Does the Bill hold out hope on these counts?  Guest: Shilpa Arora, Co-Founder and Chief Operating Officer of Insurance Samadhan, a platform that helps policy-holders resolve insurance issues. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On December 31, more than a lakh gig and platform workers held a strike. In a memorandum to Union Labour Mansukh Mandaviya, their unions demanded that the that the 10 to 20-minute service delivery system should be immediately withdrawn to prioritise worker safety. The Union government sees the four Labour Codes, which was implemented recently, as an answer to the problems of gig workers, especially for bringing them into the ambit of social security. The strike also threw light on the need to create more job opportunities in sectors such as manufacturing and agriculture. Is the 10-minute delivery model necessary? Here we discuss the question. Guest: Kamal Karanth is cofounder of XPheno, a specialist staffing company; Prashant Kamal is National General Secretary, Yuva Hallabol Host: Jigeesh AM Edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

India does not have a codified law that recognises or regulates personality rights, particularly concerning artificial intelligence (AI). In 2025 alone, several Indian celebrities have moved court to protect their personality rights including Salman Khan, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Jr. NTR among others. The cases are over the personalities' right to control the commercial as well as the reputational use of aspects of their identity. This comes as India, one of the most socially engaged digital populations in the world, continued to be increasingly exposed to deceptive content. Shah Rukh Khan tops the recent McAfee list as the most exploited celebrity in deepfake scams, followed by Alia Bhatt and Elon Musk. Their names and likenesses, Indians report, were most frequently seen used in AI-driven deepfakes to promote fake endorsements, phishing links, or malicious downloads. In this episode, we explore the aspect of evolving personality rights, and the need for a comprehensive, legal  framework in an era where AI can recreate anyone, anywhere, saying anything. Guest: Madhavi Ravikumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Communication, University of Hyderabad. Host: Vibha B Madhava Edited by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Thiruparankundram Murugan Temple is one of the six abodes of Tamil god Murugan. Set in Madurai, the ancient capital of Pandyas, it has found reference in Sangam literature and subsequent literary works. The temple is now in news over the lighting of the Karthigai deepam at the hills. While one section claim that the Deepam is traditionally lit at the Uchhi Pillayar temple, the right wing forces want the Deepam to be lit at the Deepathon which is 50 metres away from the Sikandar Dargah. This is said to have huge ramifications politically and legally for Tamil Nadu. Guest: S. Vanchi Nathan, a senior advocate from the Madurai bench of the Madras High Court Host: Bhagavathi Sampath K J Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The recent disruption India’s aviation sector due to IndiGo's crew shortage has thrown up questions about the concentration of powers in the hands of a few in the market across sectors. India’s domestic aviation market is heavily concentrated. IndiGo and Air India together control close to 90 per cent of passenger traffic. Passengers were left without a backup when IndiGo faced a massive staff shortage, after the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) implemented new rest and duty norms for the crew.  This is not unique to aviation. Across India’s economy, several sectors have quietly settled into duopolies. In telecom, Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio dominate the market. Vodafone Idea and state-run BSNL struggle to stay competitive. In the digital economy, Amazon and Flipkart domiante the e-commerce sector, while, Uber and Ola lead ride-hailing. Zomato and Swiggy dominate food delivery sector. PhonePe and Google Pay command digital payments. Similar concentration exists in cement, steel, automobiles and other core industries. 2025 Nobel economic laurates Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt studied how companies invest in R&D to get patents to gain an advantage in the market. Their theory helps understanding how societies needs to support R&D to support economic growth. Power concentration is happens with innovation and the ability to raise investments. But concentration becomes a concern when it reduces consumer choice, weakens labour protections, or creates companies considered too big to fail. The IndiGo disruption has reignited that debate. As markets grow more concentrated, the key question remains — at what point should regulation step in to protect competition, workers and consumers? Guest: Rahul Singh, Associate Professor of Law, National Law School of India University Host: Nivedita V Edited and produced by Jude Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Bengaluru Open is the most prestigious event on the tennis calendar in India. It is an ATP 125 Challenger. Although Challengers are tier 2 in the ATP rung, this is the only ATP 125 level event in India. The other three Challengers – in Chennai, Pune, and New Delhi – are below the ATP 125 level.  This year, for a change, Bengaluru Open will see two Indian stars with a great chance of going all the way – Sumit Nagal, and Dakshinseshwar Suresh. It would be a major career boost for either of them if they manage to do so. What does the draw mean for the Indian stars, and what’s the bigger picture with regard to Indian tennis in 2026?  Guest: N Sudarshan from The Hindu’s sports bureau Host: G. Sampath Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Aravallis are the green lungs of northern India. They are a defensive wall that protects the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains from desertification – from an eastward expansion of the Thar desert.  But over the years, commercial exploitation has put this fragile ecosystem under immense strain. On November 20th, the Supreme Court ruled that only Aravalli hills above 100 metres tall would enjoy environmental protection. This created a major public outcry, with people pointing out that in Rajasthan’s Aravallis alone, barely 1,048 hills out of 12,081, would qualify. In other words, most of the Aravallis would be exempted from any environmental protection.  On December 28, the Supreme Court stayed its own order. It has also mooted the constitution of a new panel of experts to study the issue more closely, especially the prospects for what it calls “sustainable mining”.  Is sustainable mining of the Aravallis possible? And how can we ensure that they receive at least the bare minimum of environmental protection?  Guest: Kanchi Kohli, well known expert in environment and forest policy Host: G. Sampath Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Roti, kapda aur makaan (roti, clothes, and housing) has been a political promise for generations. Now, with housing becoming increasingly expensive, makaan has been taken out of the equation in urban India. In Patna, for instance, buying a 2 BHK (bedroom, hall, kitchen) costs over ₹1 crore. This is the case in other rapidly urbanising cities as well. In metropolises, it is twice the amount, making owning a house out of reach for most Indians. According to the World Bank, per capita income is ₹2,42,487.70 (2024). This does not reflect income inequality among individuals and across States, which is extremely wide in India. Has housing become prohibitively expensive in Indian cities? Guests: Ashok B. Lall and Tikender Singh Panwar Host: Serish Nanisetti.  Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Zohran Mamdani, an avowed socialist, will be sworn in as New York City’s new mayor on January 1. His rise has revived old debates about the future of the U.S. Democratic Party. For most of the last century, the Democratic Party offered a clear promise. If you worked hard, if you were new to the country, if the economy knocked you down, this was your political home. But today, that bond feels weaker. Registrations for the Democratic Party are slipping. Younger voters are drifting away. Many longtime supporters say that the party sounds less like a movement and more like a kind of a corporate meeting room, technical, a little distant. Their political rivals, the Republicans, champion smaller government and conservative values, and in recent years have been reshaped by Donald Trump’s brand MAGA politics. Into this moment came New York City’s surprise, Zohran Mamdani, promising affordability and everyday dignity to a metropolis exhausted by rent and inequality. His ascent to public office comes at a time when the Democrats are nationally seeking momentum. So what’s happening with the Democratic Party, and where is its future actually being written? Guest: Hadas Thier, a journalist, activist, and author of A People's Guide to Capitalism.  Hosts: Anupama Chandrasekaran and G Sampath  Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian    Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

2025 tested India and the world on multiple fronts. Politics dominated the discourse, global trade shocks rattled economies, climate stress pushed cities to the brink, and public health and trust came under strain. From BJP’s continued dominance and a faltering Opposition, to Trump-era tariff pressures, the war in Gaza that claimed many lives, and sport offering brief relief, the year unfolded in stark fragments.In this In Focus year-ender, host Anupama Chandrasekaran brings together The Hindu’s journalists to reflect on the defining moments of 2025 and look ahead to the key questions of 2026 across politics, geopolitics, business, environment, health and sport. Guests:Nistula Hebbar, Political Editor; Suhasini Haider, Diplomatic Affairs Editor; TCA Sharad Raghavan, Business and Economics Editor; Jacob Koshy, Science Editor; Ramya Kannan, Health Editor; N Sudarshan, Sports Journalist, The Hindu Host:Anupama Chandrasekaran Edited and produced by Jude Francis Weston Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The essence of nuclear governance is safety. That’s not only because any accident can destroy thousands of lives – it’s also because the harm unfolds over time, affecting generations. It can destroy entire regions, as nuclear radiation can make them uninhabitable for a long time. It is thus a matter of common sense that safety has to be a higher priority than any other consideration -- including energy security.  Now, the Parliament passed the Sustainable Harnessing and Advancement of Nuclear Energy for Transforming India (SHANTI) Bill. It was passed with minimal debate. This Bill repeals previous legislation that governed civil nuclear activity: the Atomic Energy Act 1962, and the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (CLND) Act 2010. The new Bill, for the first time in India, throws open nuclear power generation to private players. It also exempts nuclear suppliers from any liability.  Taken together, what do the provisions of the SHANTI Bill mean for the safety of Indian citizens? What happens in case of a radiation leak? And does India really need nuclear power at a time when other renewables are getting cheaper?  Guest: Suvrat Raju, a physicist associated with the Coalition for Nuclear Disarmament and Peace, who has written on nuclear issues for many years. Host: G. Sampath Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

This year marks ten years since the Paris Agreement, the climate pact that redefined global climate action. In 2015, nearly 200 countries signed on to a framework based on nationally determined commitments, balancing ambition with political and economic realities.The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It has two big goals - one - to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” and -two - pursue efforts “to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.”A decade later, the track record is mixed. While emissions are rising globally, attention there is a marked push to accelerate clean energy adoption, and increase climate finance. There is growing debate over whether developed countries are doing their fair share, even as developing and least developed nations are the most exposed to climate impacts they did little to cause.As global geopolitics and economic pressures intensify, has the accord delivered on its promises? Guest: Dr. Monika Gupta, Associate Professor, SP Jain Institute of Management & Research Host: Nivedita V Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

In early December 2025, the Rupee slipped past the ₹90 per dollar mark. While this drop is labelled as 'psychologically significant,' the underlying economic factors hasn't changed much. Yet a specific set of recent events has added fresh momentum, decisively tipping the scales against the currency. The Rupee’s rise or fall depends on two main factors: what’s happening in the market, and how the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) responds. Guest: economist Zico Dasgupta Host: Nitika Francis Edited and produced by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Every year around Christmas, reports of attacks on Christian worshippers surface from different parts of India. This year, there were numerous reports of various groups disrupting celebrations across several States, including Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and even Kerala. Several church bodies have written to the Central government, warning of the “alarming rise” in such incidents during the Christmas season.In this episode, we examine why religious festivals often become a flashpoint for tension. Is it the heightened visibility of celebrations, long-standing misconceptions around conversion, or the role of social media in amplifying fear and hostility? Host: Reuben Joe Joseph Guest: Professor Apoorvanand, Delhi University Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The age-old question of whether works created with explicit ideological intent can achieve artistic greatness has long divided critics, artists, and audiences. From Leni Riefenstahl’s films glorifying Nazism to the bold, constructivist posters of the Soviet era, history offers uncomfortable affirmations of propaganda transcending its purpose to become enduring art. Recently, this debate has been reignited by Aditya Dhar’s Dhurandhar, a sprawling spy thriller. While critics have lambasted it for selectively blending real events with fiction to push ultra-nationalist narratives, defenders of the film have argued that its technical finesse, immersive storytelling, and raw intensity elevate it beyond mere messaging, much as in historical precedents, where aesthetic power outlives ideological baggage. Can propaganda be great art? Guests: Prof Asim Siddiqui teaches English Literature at Aligarh Muslim University, writes opinion pieces on Hindi cinema, and is the author of Muslim Identity in Hindi Cinema: Poetics and Politics of Genre and Representation. Sudhanva Deshpande is an eminent theatre personality, author, and film actor. Host: Anuj Kumar Edited by Sharmada Venkatasubramanian Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices