Let's Learn Everything!

What happens when the largest living animal becomes the largest dead animal?  Just how complex could a dead whale be?  And what are the differences, flaws, and nuances of the jury system, and can we be studying it better?Images we Talk About:The Zombie WormTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:59) Whale Fall Ecology(00:52:52) Jury Duty(01:32:41) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: A bucket of mice, when whales die the people who love them will miss them, a jury of your cohosts will decide if your topic is boring, Tom stretching his arms to measure a 34 meter long whale, marine snow and whale falls, gettin ghastly gassy, a new mussel told us to go check out the whale fall, whales are mortal, deep sea mussel delicacy, how hard could it be to find a whale over 70% of the earth’s surface? let’s just wait for the carcass to come to us… wait actually?? welcome to our automatic zoo of dead things on the beach brought to you by the crown, sinking beached whale carcasses, the 3 stages of whale fall, Denial/Mobile Scavenger Phase can take 2 years, scavengers eat about one (1) Caroline of whale per day, Enrichment Opportunist Phase, Sulfophilic Phase, 7% of a whale is bone lipid, a sulfur bacteria carpet. did we walk into Caroline’s trap? This final phase can last 100 years! It’s not a trap if I’m asking you a question! 690,000 whale falls at any time, never in my wildest dreams would i be so lucky as to know the 12km distance from fall to fall statistic, whaling is deforestation for bacteria, Osedax or the zombie worm or the bone devourer or snot flower, there’s Drama in this whale fall ecosystem, dinosaur fall ecosystems, fossilized bones with fossilized deep sea snails, we got picked to talk about jury duty, UK US differences, a 900 day trial, there’s something wrong with Ella, the US is the only country to have so many civil juries, this topic has become a US UK debate, only the US requires unanimity, juror selection bias, racially diverse juries do a better job, I wish we could be surprised peremptory challenge is biased against women, oops it’s a british colinization topic, you could literally say too many asians, semi-jural systems, is this a philosophy topic about human nature?? our various biases, the confirmation bias against tom’s bad jokes, can we study jury bias? there hasn’t been any research on live jury deliberation.Sources:NatGeo: Dead whales are washing up on the East Coast.NHM: Whale Fall: What Happens When Whales Die?Review of the Impact of Whale Fall on Biodiversity in Deep-Sea Ecosystems (2022)The Discovery of a Natural Whale Fall in the Antarctic Deep Sea (2013)NPR: What Happens After A Whale Dies?Scientific American: Life at the Bottom: The Prolific Afterlife of WhalesFish Food in the Deep Sea: Revisiting the Role of Large Food-Falls (2014)NatGeo: Making a Home on PlesiosaursChemosynthesis-Based Sssociations on Cretaceous Plesiosaurid Carcasses (2008)---Cornell Law: What is Jury Duty?Jury Law UKMagna Carta538: Jury Duty is RareJury Service in the UKJuror Exemptions and Exclusions USADifferences between US and UK Legal SystemsJury Duty in UK vs USAUK Civil Case Info"Justifying ProhibitedPeremptory Challenges (2007)"Jury Under Fire: Jury Selection Can Effectively Identify Biased JurorsNACDL: Bias in Jury SelectionEJI: History of Bias in Jury SelectionComparison of Juries in Democratic Countries (2007)Jury Trial in different countriesWorld Jury Sytems: Exporting the English Jury System (2000)Monash Law: Do we need juries?Cognitive and Human Factors in Legal Layperson Decision Making: Sources of bias in Juror Decision Making (2022)Thomas Lecture on Jury BiasThe Curious Case of the Jury-Shaped Hole (2023)

What are all these rocks hurtling through space? Do we need to worry about them, and what can we learn from them? And what are guitar tabs, why don't people take them seriously, and why does Tom love them so dang much?Videos we Talk About:Osiris Boop GifTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:54) Near Earth Objects(00:56:58) Guitar Tabs(01:47:55) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!e|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| B|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| G|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------| D|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|A|---------------2-|-----------4-6-4-|-----------6-7-0-|-----------6-7---| E|-0---------2-4---|-----------------|-----------------|---------------0-|(tabs via lucamashup)e|----------------B|----------------G|----------------D|-8888-10-10-333-A|-8888-10-10-333-E|-6666-8--8--111-We also learn about:I thought you were just going to just teach us guitar, still on course to learn everything in a few months! everyone’s favorite part: semantics and exceptions, Tom is a perfectly unmovable object, it’s doxxing myself if people know I’m the center of the universe, the great attractor was my nickname in high school, “naturally occurring objects traveling through our solar system which are smaller than planets and aren’t moons”, you must be 1 meter tall to be an asteroid, asteroids are metally comets are icy, a song of rock and metal dust and ice, asteroid/comet -> meteoroid -> meteor -> meteorite, 1.3 million known asteroids and only 3,800 comets in our solar system, within 50 million km it becomes a near earth object, obviously we’re all thinking about the Tunguska asteroid asteroid, 80 million trees felled and it didn’t even hit the Earth, one of the oldest meteors we know is from 2 billion years ago, the vredefort dome, 2 billion year old nuclear weapon testing??? the only time the earth makes Shatter Cones is meteors and nuclear explosions, if the meteor had hit the water it might not have been so catastrophic for dinosaurs, but it was going 20 kilometers per SECOND, a force 10,000 times the world nuclear arsenal, the crater has to be DISCOVERED, what does it mean for 50% of species to go extinct, the asteroid also vaporized the ground and water, impact winter, stopping photosynthesis kicks out the base of the foodchain, the meteor that broke the camel’s back, land animals over 25kg went extinct, there were a few lucky ducks, LLE Meteor Insurance, as long as Aerosmith is alive we’re fine, Asteroid Watch via the Center for Near Earth Object Studies, people listening 100 years from now hope you don’t have any asteroids (sucks to suck), Planetary Defense Coordination Office, Double Asteroid Redirct Mission, I cheered when we smashed into that asteroid, activating asteroids, asteroids are loose remaining legos from the formation of the solar system, OSIRIS-REx sample return, a kid named Bennu, tom loses his mind at the video of Osiris booping Bennu, personifying Rex, OSIRIS APEX, Apophis will be closer than some satellites, POV Apophis shots, Astroid Quakes, “cute is a weird way to describe a spacecraft touching an asteroid”, casual Caroline classical guitar lore drop, Tom learns guitar by accident, “too bad I picked this up so late”, Ella’s youtube ukulele era, don’t stop believing, tabs aren’t shittier sheet music, Van Halen didn’t invent tabs, tabs feel modern but also obvious, just because words are more efficient doesn’t mean diagrams aren’t useful, I’m just trying to play Don’t Stop Believing I have to worry about context? Guqin tablature dates to the 7th century! music has a lot of racism, rockin out those lute tabs, I knew this was secretly a font topic! monospace fonts revitalized tabs, sheet music software is garbage, god did not want me to use LaTeX they wanted me to use my mortal hands, OLGA, reading Beyonce tabs is not the same as listening to Beyonce, Paul McCartney’s the one who plays Blackbird wrong, let the philosophy professor enjoy his guitar! why punish the people who love your work, tabs are in a gray zone still, ultimate-guitar has a monopoly, the gray zone may benefit publishers, thanks swifties, Thomas Chesney’s tab research, it’s not a million miles away but it’s not right, ooh this song’s so commercially viable! Polphia’s tabs, Pinegrove’s tabs released before the songs, Tom’s guitar tabs, being a part of someone’s music journey in a little way, this could have been a guitar tab podcast, a cozy review corner.Sources:The Structure of the Milky WayThe Great AttractorNasa on Orbital DebrisAsteroids vs Comets vs MeteorsNasa on AsteroidsNotable Asteroid ImpactsTunguska EventAtomic Asteroid BlastsVredefort Impact StructureNASA on the Dinosaur Extincting AsteroidNHM: Why did the dinosaurs die out?Near Earth ObjectsDARTAsteroid WatchAsteroid Watch DashboardDART resultsNasa Data on BennuOSIRIS REx Touch DownBennu Sample AnalysisNasa Data on ApophisESA's Possible RAMSES Mission---NPR on Online TabsVan Halen Tab InterviewMick Goodrick's The Advancing GuitaristYang Yuanzheng on Ancient Guqin TablatureSolitary Orchid on the GuqinTantacrul's Critique of Sheet Music SoftwareLaura Gary's Amazing Legal Analysis of TabsPaul McCartney on BlackbirdNYTimes on Guitar Tab Legal TroublesUltimate-Guitars LicensingChesney's Paper Studying Guitar Tab AuthorsPolyphia TabsPinegrove Tabs NPR InterviewTom's Habanero TabsNewspeak Dictionary

With Tom as their DM, Ella, Caroline, and Ellen Weatherford team up for a dicey heist in the big apple. Only one catch: they're rats! Can Rex, Tango, and Muriel ratatouille their way to nab the cheddar, or will they crumble like feta?  Believe it or not this is only the first quarter of the full 2 hour episode that you can only get by becoming a member at MaximumFun.org/join

Can Tom finally take on his science communication white whale: Quantum Physics??  And what is gossip, what did it mean in the past, and could it actually be... good??  Find out on a very special MaxFunDrive episode!See all the MaxFunDrive events, pins, and links here!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:06:29) Quantum Physics(01:00:14) MaxFunDrive!(01:09:08) Gossip(01:44:14) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:One minute of self indulgence, another bit?? when bugs gossip, Moby Dick was warning about the perils of teaching quantum physics, the word quantum is boring,  every grocery list is quantum (except Ella’ infinite and continuous grocery list), Ocean’s 11 is a quantum movie, quantum physics is 100 years old, why doesn’t my toaster blast me with radiation, Lord Rayleigh is literally the why is the sky blue guy, Planck really didn’t want to be right, “an act of desperation”, you’re taught quantum physics in high school chemistry, Heisenberg v Pauli v Schrodinger beef, fully just saying jackass, even smart people hate quantum physics, “nobody feels perfectly comfortable with it”, YOU ALREADY KNOW QUANTUM PHYSICS, Newton has been redeemed! we almost called photons “quantums”, some of quantum physics is bullshit but not all of it is, what has quantum physics ever done for us? we do actually have a quantum phone and quantum machines at the hospital, Quantum Nuclear MRI machines, sometimes it’s nice to remember that, Schrodinger's Cat is the worst first thing to learn, “not a real experiment, does not prove anything, does not match physical reality, and was intentionally designed to be absurd”, it’s like learning about vision through only optical illusions, “but where’s the weird?”, making peace with your whale, as long as you support us we will live forever, no Ella, there’s nothing wrong with you, “debrief”, gossip can be positive! GODSIB MEANT GOD SIBLING, you wouldn’t bang your godbrother, Tom you don’t have kids, in the 12th century you could leave your kids to watch Dune 2 whenever you wanted, a gossip is someone you can tell anything to, gossips were backup for lecherous men, gossip was a neutral term for an essential supportive community, gossiping about witches gossiping “that’s gossip as well babe”, spoiler for most social issues it’s about class and power,  scold’s bridle, “I love idle talk, I’m a witch”, coffee houses are just gossip houses, “oooh yeah, evolution and gossip, this is good stuff”, we wouldn’t be humans if we weren’t sociable and idle talking, gossiping is like primate grooming, animals would LOVE to gossip if they had language, I don’t care what you think as long as it’s about me, work stopping gossip seems neutral but isn’t, I’m not gossiping I’m receiving evaluative information about a colleague, it’s good the science doesn’t show bullying is cool actually, most gossip is neutral gossip, I wouldn’t compliment my boss - only in gossip, you think it’s not gossip cause it’s about Tom Brady?? It is!! it’s all preamble for review corner.Sources:Melville's Book on Quantum PhysicsDan Styer's Amazing Brief History of Quantum PhysicsDan Styer's Textbook "The Strange World of Quantum Mechanics"Futurama Quantum JokeChad Orzel on the Origin of Quantum PhysicsHelge Kragh's History of Planck as "The Reluctant Revolutionary"Heisenberg's Letter to Pauli (s/o to u/restricteddata)Gilbert Lewis' Naming of the PhotonChad Orzel "What Has Quantum Mechanics Ever Done For Us?"Old ComputersNobel Prize Committee on Bloch's WorkDr. Baird's Great Analysis of Schrodinger's Cat---Gossip and Resistance Among the Medieval PeasantryFrom the Whisper Network to #MeToo—Framing Gender, Gossip and Sexual HarassmentEnvy, Poison, and Death: Women on Trial in Classical Athens, Chapter 3.2The Psychological Anatomy of GossipTell Me the Gossip: The Self-Evaluative Function of Receiving Gossip About OthersBBC Worklife: The Surprising Benefits of GossipGossip in Evolutionary PerspectiveHow the “Gossip” Became a WomanGossip and Gender Differences: a Content Analysis ApproachBBC Worklife: Why Gossiping at Work is Good For You

IT'S THE MAXFUNDRIVE!!!  And we're kicking it off with a network-wide trivia competition with other MaxFun hosts!You can see all our upcoming events during the drive and become a member at www.LetsLearnEverything.comThis special network wide event is a celebration of the MaxFunDrive! If you’d like to support podcasts you love for just $5 a month and get bonus gifts in the process, go to maximumfun.org/join.J. Keith van Straaten and Helen Hong from “Go Fact Yourself” are joined by:Teresa McElroy - “Shmanners”Ross Blocher - “Oh No, Ross and Carrie!”Ella Hubber & Tom Lum - “Let’s Learn Everything!”Jordan Morris - “Jordan, Jesse, Go!” and "Free With Ads"If you’d like to hear more hosts competing for trivia supremacy, visit Maximumfun.org for the full version of this show.

What would a man-made ecosystem look like on mars?  Just how complicated could it possibly be?   And are the human and societal issues just as complicated?  Science communicators and authors Zach and Dr. Kelly Weinersmith ask and answer all of these questions and more!Check out: A City on Mars!The Weinersmith's article on Frontier Mythology and SpaceThe Weinersmith's paper in the journal Space Policy on Space CommunesBeaWolfSaturday Morning Breakfast CerealTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:30) Marts Ecology(00:47:28) Space Communes(01:11:59) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The superior Weinersmith, we almost have a Doctorate majority but not quite, having a PHD doesn’t make you smarter it just makes you poor and willing to suffer, back in my day Comic-Con was only 2 pence, we only just learned about high perchlorates on mars soil, all those images of glass habitats on mars would be SO DEAD, “this doesn’t sound appealing to me… to live under the dirt”, just rinse off all your dirt how hard could it be, the engineer brain thinking “if a problem is solvable then the problem is solved”, apologies to the rotating space colony community, space waste is a pain in the ass, cows aren’t efficient but BUGS are, Biosphere 1 is Earth, Lunar palace, there aren’t many experiments and we don’t really know how this all scales, if Sarah goes we’re fine and if I go I destroy the colony by BREATHING TOO MUCH, everything’s more complicated in space, Lungs help your facility PVNRT, humanity needs a plan B but “a backup that loses that much ground on human rights is not a backup i want!”, historiography of space: history of how we think about the history of space, being a wet blanket about frontier mythology - you are speaking to the right people, “there are beautiful dreams, but I feel like the beautiful dreams tend to crack when you look at them with a little more detail”, “cows are just a nonstarter in space”, goat cheese pizza was great for morale, finally we can stop poisoning ourselves with taro, vegans are great on mars, the only life threatening scorpion you can find the US makes it onto Noah’s ark, solar is great but not when there’s dust storms, we have dormant nuclear reactors in space, Simpson reactors, in conclusion: we’re not ready, it’s not as easy as making a terrarium, closed loop ecologies are not normal, who knows what happens 10 years in, “this is the problem with talking to Zach and I”, the superior Weinsersmith has subsumed the other in a violent coup, this isn’t a hypothetical: “there’s answers to these questions”, mars religion, you can’t take your barbies and go home on mars, literally no one wanted to do dish duty, SELL THEIR HOUSES TO WHO BEN FUCKING AQUAMAN, “being able to leave is HUGE for so many reasons”, “so Zach and I are both cowards”, speculating is good to imagine problems to avoid them which is maybe the least funny answer I’ve given, “you can’t jump back to roman law”, “I think the book is much better because of our conflicts”, going on research walks,  we don’t have time for space law, “that’s not a common response Tom”Sources:A City on Mars!The Weinersmith's article on Frontier Mythology and SpaceThe Weinersmith's paper in the journal Space Policy on Space Communes

Losing your head isn't good, but what actually happens, and what can it tell us about animals, ethics, and bad science? And what is a constructed language, when does it fail, and when can it be use to make great... art? As they say, Ni Lernu Ĉion!Content Warning that today's science topic can be a bit grim, so if you want, you can skip ahead to 54:54Things we Talk About:Mike The ChickenSea Slug MovingThe Narmer PaletteTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:36) Don't Lose Your Head!(00:54:55) Constructed Languages(01:36:55) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about:Pretty clear cut or chopped, did we need to write this down? why do you die when you lose your head? let’s start with a deep philosophical question: are we our brains? Tom clearly doesn’t know Mike the chicken, Mike was the original pitch for Charlotte’s Web, mooching some slugs, The Mystery of the Beheading of Elysia Marginata, capital punishment comes from beheadings, the guillotine could behead 20 people per hour, “the most gentle of lethal methods”, …do you guys not have the death penalty? ethics of rat euthanasia, Canavero’s bogus self published head transplants, like the language you’re speaking RIGHT NOW, Auxiliary Engineered and Artistic Languages, Tom falls into Ella’s Esperanto trap, Esperanto was banned and persecuted, the benefit of Esperanto is it has no culture, English is a language of exceptions, 1850 to 1920 people were going WILD constructing languages, none of us had heard of Volapük, “a language without umlauts sounds monotonous, harsh, and boring”, the language wars, a priest and an eye doctor trying to solve the tower of babel, Esperanto has “dipthongs - ugly!”, “rattling an hard bony R”, Artlang POP QUIZ, for Tolkeins the languages came first, english is a tapestry of languages and artlangs can convey that, the use of purposefully meaningless artlangs, soo soo! NOOT NOOT! boyhowdy! nonsense languages have universality, citing the pingu fan wiki, is penguinese more universal than esperanto??? Toki Pona, newspeak, “and that brings us strangely and sharply to the end of the topic”, appreciating real turtles and robot turtles.Sources:BBC: The Chicken That Lived For 18 Months Without a HeadBritannica: How Mike the Chicken Survived Without a HeadScientific America: Fact or Fiction?: A Cockroach Can Live without Its HeadNew York Times: Meet the Sea Slugs That Chop Off Their Heads and Grow New BodiesNewsWeek: Did Anne Boleyn Really Speak After She Was Beheaded? Here's the ScienceAmerican Historical Association: Narmer Palette2023 Paper: "The Most Gentle of Lethal Methods": The Question of Retained Consciousness Following Decapitation1975 Paper: EEG Evaluation of Humaneness of Asphyxia and Decapitation Euthanasia of the Laboratory Rat2013 Paper: Electroencephalographic Evaluation of Decapitation of the Anaesthetized Rat2011 Paper: Decapitation in Rats: Latency to Unconsciousness and the ‘Wave of Death’1991 Paper: Pain Perception in Decapitated Rat BrainNew Scientist: Head transplant carried out on monkey, claims maverick surgeon2019 Paper: First Human Head Transplantation: Surgically Challenging, Ethically Controversial and Historically TemptingThe Guardian: First Full Body Transplant is Two Years Away, Surgeon ClaimsThe Telegraph: First Head Transplant Successfully Carried Out on Monkey, Claims SurgeonVice: Head Transplant Surgeon Claims Human Brain Transplants Are 'Technically Feasible'2017 Paper: Surgical, eEthical, and Psychosocial Considerations in Human Head Transplantation---Constructed languages:Francois RabelaisInternational Auxiliary LanguagesEsperantoEsperanto 2: electric boogalooNative Esperanto SpeakersWhy Learn Esperanto:English language exceptionsCreating new words in EsperantoVolapükTrüth, Beaüty, and VolapükQuenyaQuenya CourseKlingon Language InstituteTGIF in SimlishHow Simlish was CreatedPenguinesePenguinese exampleAnimaleseAnimalese examplePolygon on AnimaleseToki Pona:Sapir–Whorf hypothesisExperimental languagesNewspeakNewspeak Dictionary

How have human beings evolved, and how could we evolve in the future?  And what are some famous first messages, and what can we learn from looking at them?Images we Talk About:TelegramFirst Record ImageSecond Record ImageOther Record ImagesTom's Ingenuity ComicSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:15) Are We Still Evolving?(00:52:00) Famous First Messages(01:38:17) OutroWe also learn about:DANGER BOO BOO, Ella has her own discord?? homo sapiens were 300,000 years ago but humans were 2.5 million, homo sapiens coexisted with 8 other human species, homo habilis was chilling for a million years, the homo hunger games, neanderthals had sewing needles and clothing, they seem so human because they are, maybe it was our chins, it’s hard enough not to anthropomorphize other animals let alone other humans, humans were the same height 40,000 years ago, humans may have lost height from being shit at farming, we have smaller brains but that doesn’t mean we’re less smart, natural selection & mutation & gene flow & gene drift, the iphone gave us smaller jaws, melanin is about synthesizing that sweet sweet vitamin D, we have evolved the adaptation of diversity, physical appearance is mostly just vitamin D and warmth - that’s it, it’s not good genes vs bad genes, microevolution, “instead of a mass of clones, we are already starting to see a glorious riot of variations”, this is all speculation, “we’re very unpredictable”, hello world! I learned it by watching you!! shouting and switching places, Tom live writes fanfic, purpose & imagination & inspiration, no YOU hang up, WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT, hey is your daughter okay? tone poems, Ella bled for her art in *checks notes* We Will Rock You, the dynamic range of the alpine symphony, if found please return littered golden record to Earth, ooh criteria! images on the record are COPYRIGHTED, who knows if they’ll be in the public domain by the time aliens get it, the beauty of the calibration circle, pulsar map, Ella’s not inspired, Caroline inspires Ella a bit, mixing up the golden plaque and golden record, MIR LENIN SSSR, DISREGARD PREVIOUS MESSAGE USA FOREVERSources:Homo HabilisNatural History Museum on The Origin of Our SpeciesOther Human SpeciesThe Guardian on NeanderthalsWhy were homo sapians the winners?How have we changed?When did we become fully human?Factors Driving EvolutionFactors Driving Evolution 2The Role of Geography in Human AdaptationEarly Human Height EstimationGenetic DriftHas Human Evolution Topped?What will humans look like in 1 million yearsSickle Cell Anemia Scientific American No, humans have not stopped evolving ---All Wikipedia's Hello World ProgramsBell's Journals from Library of CongressWired on First Phone CallFirst Telegram from Library of CongressFirst Test Compacy DiscStephen Johnson What is a Tone Poem?Houston Symphony on Strauss's Tone PoemsBoston Sympohony Orchestra on Alpine SymphonyNASA on Voyager RecordNASA on Pioneer PlaqueFirst MIR Message to SpaceRay Tomlinson's First Email

How did eels evolve electricity? And when is "women's work" neither women's nor work?Images we Talk About:SocksMore SocksThimbleBagCrochet ArtTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:26) Evolving Electricity(00:51:13) "Women's Work"(01:38:46) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Happy moisturizer to all who celebrate, Ella’s just here for moral support, when did they put batteries in eels, someone's just statically charging these eels, what did we call electric eels before electricity? why would we think lightning and a fish are the same thing? the necrotizing torpedo and the torpor eel, Aristotle was a shite time traveler, “in all of humanity, if people think they can pout it up their asshole they will”, Allessandro Volta what a convenient name, electric fish gave us the battery not the other way around, the electric organ, when did electricity evolve? electric organ discharge, electrogenesis, it’s not an eel! get in line with the other animals that need their names fixed, 90% of an eel is electric organ, what does it feel like? turning fish to stone, shocks can function like a neurotoxin, the electric doublet can make fish twitch, Ella has a revelation, the physics is the biology, it’s all electric baby, magnetic animals 2 electric boogaloo, the domestic arts, This Woman’s Work, it was never always women’s work, old socks, but what does this have to do with men?? Ella predicts the British stealing a sock, male knitting guilds, knitting fishermen makes perfect sense, knitting was “compatible” with many kinds of life, mechanized knitting made it feminized,   of course it’s always intersectionality, you know what’s appropriate for a woman is to do this thing we don’t need anymore, being demoted as an art form, “male art vs female craft”, Caroline’s just doing this topic to show their crochet is art, weaponizing the male ego to bring back knitting, bequeathing a valuable and symbolic thimble, Tom gets emotional over a salacious thimble, if that’s not art what is, also I can't believe you actually read all these thanks <3 - Tom, spinning bees to defy the British and seize the means of production, “Artists’ Suffrage League”, Faith Wilding and Harmony Hammond, craftivism, it’s not “women’s work” it’s “everyone’s art”.Sources:The Amazing Paper: The Torpedo Effect in MedicineAtlantic on Electric EelsAristotle on Electric EelsGreg Gbur on Electric Eels and PhysicsPiccolino's Great Paper on the History of Volta's ExperimentationNational Zoo Electric Eel FactsNYTimes on Electric Eel ShocksTremendous Eel Behavior Writeup from Kenneth CataniaReuters on Electric Eel EvolutionScience Paper on Electric Eel EvolutionAmber Plante on Electric CellsElectric Bacteria---Melissa Hilliard Potter TalkV&A: The history of hand-knittingThe Crafty Gentleman: The History of KnittingThis Is Gendered: Knitting"2012 Paper: Knitting as Dissent: Female Resistance in America Since theRevolutionary War"Cooper Hewitt: A Revolution In StockingsBrooklyn Museum: Women’s WorkArt Margins: Recrafting Futures: Feminist Practices of Material EngagementV&A Blog: ‘A Stitch in Time: Home Sewing Before 1900’NGV: The Power of ‘Women’s Work’: CraftivismPBS: Stitch by Stitch, A Brief History of Knitting and ActivismUniversity of Bath: #BreakTheBias: Is knitting a feminist issue?Harpy: The Art of Embroidery2014 Paper: Craftivism: The Role of Feminism in Craft ActivismThe Daily Utah Chronical: Lien: Female Rebellion and Why Craft Matters2016 Paper: Quiet Activism and the New Amateur

While we take our January break we're rebroadcasting our appearance on Creature Feature!  Katie pulled out some of the wildest facts for us, so enjoy, thanks for your patience, and see y'all in 2 weeks!

It's our annual Q&A episode where we look back on 2023 and answer your questions to learn about our process, our favorite things, and each other!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Ella gets on the album, Dodie is very frog people music, pigeons fruit flies and sloths, our favorite topics of each others,  black holes and microscopes and extinct animals, there’s one whole picture of Ella and Caroline, I need more than 5 seconds of this lady, Nessie Krampus and the Jersey Devil, Who the Hell is Edgar? the cursed 2nd spot in Eurovision, just do it! build a portfolio and experience and find local stuff in your area, alergic reaction to Tom’s joke, Australian Ella, card games, moved to tears by taskmaster, Skip & Loafer and Frieren, Baldur’s Gate is a 10/10, Caroline can read?? Under the Whispering Door and Life isn’t Binary, struggling through house of leaves, DRCL, Barbie and Evil Dead, i hate the sandpaper slide, field common questions, people do actually want to know about methodology, questions that are best answered by a different question, getting your own field explained to you, our school journeys, different kinds of learning, programming decision anxiety, getting to code for a thing you care about helps you learn, FUN! we’re actually ahead of schedule to learn everything, attacking Tom from different angles, seagul-gate, Ella producing with Jono in the studio, listening to Story Break at Lunch, let’s just say the Eras tour is going to be very interesting this year, putting it into the aether, if you want to change something you’ll do it tomorrow, the mellotron and babatone, distance, fun. 

It's the HaLearnDays!  The time of year when we share gifts of fun facts from us and friends of the show!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: I wish Katie and Alex were real, pooping every 20 minutes, a human creates 320 pounds of poop a year, when I think about dangerous, “when I think of dangerous bird boop”, cube pooped saves on the poly count, poopin and pleasin, Watching the Sky and Thinking a Thought, smuggling instruments to space, sonic boooooms, this is obviously a Caroline gift, The National Christmas Tree Association, liberals want you to burn your christmas trees, the ACTA is very different from the NCTA, bury me with my artificial tree  in a cemetery under an artificial lawn, rudely scrutinizing a gift from Hank, Caroline’s read The Grinch who Re-tabulated a Fact they Got, $25 Barns & Noble Gift Card, Caroline and Ella negotiate money from Tom, identifying unwrapped baked goods in Japan, hot cross buns and melanoma, Ella Laterals us, British Scorpios can’t give blood in the US, we all definitely remember Ella was born in Germany, “destroying” cows, Janet pulled out all the stops with the science, vibrissae, wash bears, Ella ones up her fly sperm fact with Kangaroo Vaginas, whaaat’s the deal with the third vagina, false cloaca, kangaroos can house 3 kids at the same time, Ella’s in her kangaroo vagina era, our first favorite Tom piss on pity, running over Christ Tarrant’s foot, plougs and shootouts, should all our fun facts be forgot and days of old lang syne.Sources:Goose PoopGoose Poop 2 Electric BoogalooHow much do human poop?Why do geese poop so much?Wombat PoopGuiness World Records on First Song in SpacePavel PopovychNasa Wakeup Calls HistorySmithsonian Mag on Schirra & StaffordHarmonica from GeminiCleo's Video on Supersonic FlightSoil Association: Real VS FakeWashington Post: Are Real or Artificial Christmas Trees Better for the Environment?NOAA Sperm Whale InfoUN FAO Data on Human Seafood ConsumptionLower Estimate of Whale PopulationHigher Estimate of Whale PopulationSabrina's RomCom VideoPeople: When Harry Met SallyNew Yorker: The Pastry AI That Learned to Fight CancerVarsity: What do Bread and Cancer Cells Have in Common?FDA Blood Donation BanUTexas on Raccoon BrainsRaccoon Brains Compared to Other AnimalsPGC on Raccoons1963 Paper on DabblingKangaroos have 3 vaginasBob the Fish Video Essay on ITV TelethonBarbara Lisicki "The Day we Pissed on Pity"NDACA on the Block Telethon ProtestDisabled People's Archive on Block Telethon

What are the superheavy elements, and how did we make them?  And what is public domain day, and why is next year's going to be so interesting?Things we Talk About:The Mickey Mouse CurveSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:17) Superheavy Elements(00:37:41) Public Domain Day(01:19:19) OutroWe also learn about: It’s like we’re in school again, ordering the periodic table before discovering the electron, Mendelev didn't even like electrons, the nucleus is an atomic juggling act, atomic high jinks, the Fermi paradox, the Fermi problem, the number of piano tuners in Chicago, smashing elements into new ones, that’s why it’s called nuclear physics, receiving a Nobel and then fleeing Italy then learning your Nobel was wrong, accidentally discovering nuclear fission instead, we all so Barbie we knew this was leading to bombs, uranium neptunium plutonium, nobody cared because they didn’t want to draw attention to this during WORLD WAR 2, how does this keep happening i thought i was smart, the radioactive avengers, metropolis, I only scream about ice cream for anticapitalist purposes, none of this is legal advice, you know the patent stealing guy Edison, trademarks patents and copyright, JK Rowling patented a new kind of transphobia, the US constitution mentions copyright, the Micky Mouse Curve, even Bobel winning economists agree copyright extension is bad, happy hbomberguy video day, YouTube sucks at Fair Use, Mr Boop, Night of the Living Dead on Wikipedia, we’re IP pilled, SO MANY DISNEY MOVIES ARE BASED ON PUBLIC DOMAIN STORIES, it’s not open season on Mickey, “he can be naughty”, canine enthusiasm is unprotectable by copyright, Pride and Prejudice but Mr Darcy is a Vape God, Frank Capra is proud that It’s a Wonderful Life grew in the public domain, “battle lines will have to be drawn”, which two elements would YOU smoosh together?Sources:Superheavy by Kit ChapmanHow to read the periodic table Fermi ParadoxFermi ProblemTimeline of chemical element discoveries ---Jennifer Jenkins' Amazing Post on Public Domain DayJennifer Jenkins Duke Law Article on Public Domain DayUS Patent and Trademark Office on DefinitionsJK Rowling is a TerfMore JK Rowling is a TerfAssociation of Research Libraries on Copyright TimelineNYTimes on Mickey Mouse Entering Public DomainThe Mickey Mouse CurveEconomists Argument Against Copyright ExtensionVariety's Review of Steamboat WillieNebula Founder Dave Wiskus on Fair UseEFF on Public DomainVerge on Enola Holmes CopyrightArgument Presented Against Enola HolmesThe Public Domain ReviewFlorence Welch Gatsby MusicalDick Cody Heese VideoBBC: It's a Wonderful Life's Public Domain JourneyWallace McLean's First Email about Public Domain DayKaryn Temple on Public Dommain

Submit your questions for our end of year Q&A episode at letslearneverything.com/question or in our discord!

Investigative journalist Amy Westervelt from Drilled asks us:  what is carbon capture and is it good or bad or... complicated?  What is the Atlas Network and why are they comically evil dark avengers of the climate world?  And how do you go from recording a podcast in your car to creating an award winning podcast network?🎤 See Tom perform comedy in Brooklyn for Earth Alliance! 🎤Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:14) Carbon Capture(00:39:05) The Atlas Network/Podcasting(01:08:25) OutroWe also learn about: Emailing the local radio station “Would you like an over-aged intern”, Ella’s a climate change fan, natural carbon capture, compressed carbon is a lot more dangerous than it sounds, fracking with captured carbon, “there’s a lot of creative math happening”, direct air capture, carbon capture needs to happen WITH decarbonization, warming waters make crabs produce neurotoxins, unfreezing zombie viruses, a silver lining to the climate catastrophe is the worm broth, moving the goalposts to 2050, historian of past futures, people used to think fridges were weird, are we just giving up on eating slightly less meat, greenwashing, if you’re an oil company everything looks like a pipeline or a combustion engine, direct air capture is actually cool! even if I have 0 silver bullets I can kill a werewolf with 100 brass bullets, Anthony Fisher battery farming turtles origin story, reader’s digest version of Friedrich Hayek, having an evil meeting in a chicken battery farm, now they’re cooking with gas, Margaret Thatcher’s cameo,  “what a horrible avengers this has been”, THEY LITERALLY INVENTED THE OVERTON WINDOW, they’re a real life conspiracy theory, Amy gets in a debate, “I have a very difficult mother so tense conversations, I’m good at them”, narratives in climate not just look at my chart! podcasts can communicate the people hidden in stories, producing a podcast in a car, “I want people to come away really pissed off”Sources:Mississippi Carbon Capture AccidentIPCC Carbon Capture ReportLatest IPCC ReportNature: "Carbon dioxide removal is an ineffective time machine"The New Report on when we’ll Cross the 1.5 Degree ThresholdThawed Zombie Bug VirusesRevived Worm BrothDrilled on The Atlas Network

Are we really all destined to turn into crabs?  Why are there so many animal algorithms, and are they all legit?  And just how many times have we been wrong about the lemming?Things we talk about:All the Crabs Caroline mentionsThe Big List of Animal AlgorithmsBoid VideoSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:03) Carcinization(00:42:00) The Animal Algorithm Mystery(01:25:46) The Many Lemming Lies(01:45:35) OutroWe also learn about: Endless forms most crab-like, the 2020 meme boom of carcinization, what is the extent of the carcinization crisis, watch it buddy you already got eight legs, hamburger style arthropod, BOY CAN I CAROLINE I'M GLAD YOU ASKED, it’s like CNN and Fox agreeing on something, crabs have ten legs my dude, vikavolt, crabs and false crabs and true Christians, its all human labels at the end of the day, crab shapes have evolved at least 5 times, the king, masked, coconut, and hermit crab, Ellen’s thinking like a crab, the leaf eating mangrove crab, the crab shape is good for many niches, guard your tasty bits, decarcinization, we should try decarcinizating our market share, I am THE crab researcher and y’all need to calm down, convergent evolution is like video game controller design, the Brazilian Aardvark, Ellen’s uncovering of this dark underbelly, this algorithm list is just a list of sleeper activation words, what is a metaheuristic swarm optimization algorithm? Craig Reynold’s Boids, the lateral line system, “ants aren’t smart, any colonies are”, multidimensional ants, coatis moving in the jth dimension, this is all super niche you can’t use multidimensional ants for every problem, no articles are talking about this this is Defunctland niche, Groth and the 2 Fairies, lots of these papers are not at all based on real biology, “cats do not form swarms”, the bee marriage algorithm is actually good! research for research’s sake is okay, lower your pitchforks but keep your pitchforks at the ready, things are shitty starting out i mean we named everything crabs, political cartoonists went wild for lemmings, we’ve been making shit up about lemmings for year, lemmings falling from the sky, Ole Worm’s pet coati, Popular Science’s lemmings returning to Lemuria, lemming population booms, lemmings are good swimmers, a truck full of the wrong species of lemmings, ALBERTA IS LAND LOCKED, lemmings are fight or fight, lemmings don’t explode, let’s unlearn everything about lemmingsSources:TheConversation: CarcinizationKnow Your Meme: CarcinizationNPR: Would Aliens Look Like Us?PBS Eons: Carcinization VideoNatural History Museum: Convergent Evolution2017 Paper: The Evolution of Eyes: Major Steps.2019 Paper: A Phylogenomic Framework, Evolutionary Timeline and Genomic Resources for Comparative Studies of Decapod Crustaceans2021 Paper- How to Become a Crab: Phenotypic Constraints on a Recurring Body PlanConservancy.org: The mangrove Tree CrabScientific America: Carcinization1997 Paper: Carcinization in the Anomura - Fact or Fiction?PopSci: Carcinization---The Coati Algorithm PaperList of Animal AlgorithmsCraig Reynold's Boid PaperBoids in FilmAnt Colony OptimizationSouthwest Airlines' Ant AlgorithmThe Amazing Review from Tzanetos & Dounias---Lemmings from the SkyOle WormThe Museum WormianumPopular Science's Lemuria ClaimsSnopes on Disney's Lemming FilmMore on Diseny's Lemming Film

Why do we get goosebumps when we hear nails on a chalkboard?  Obviously aliens didn't make the pyramids, but how were they made and what does that teach us about humanity?  And what's the story behind nessie and why the queer community loves cryptids?Things we talk about:Egyptian painting of using water to pull a statueVideo of modern people pulling a blockThe famous Nessie photographSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:59) Goosebumps(00:48:43) Not Alien Pyramids(01:23:13) Nessie and Cryptids(01:50:50) OutroWe also learn about: The bumpies you get on your skinnies, the gem trade can be pretty shitty!, Tom read 5 books for this, ahhhh! oh wait have I got goosebumps? the many and few names for goosebumps, piloerection, I just got objective chills, animal goosebumps, famous geologist and pigeon lover Charles Darwin, “I took a stuffed snake to the monkey house”, porcupine piloerection, gustatory stimuli, grima, it’s not ew it’s euggghh, Easy Lovery by Phil collins, Screaming Ape; Loop. the Head Wizard tm, biomimicry, nails on a chalkboard, Scraping Sounds and Disgusting Noises, (SOUNDBITE OF FINGERNAILS ON CHALKBOARD), so is that better or worse? I guess the kids are listening to screeching sounds for music, prehistoric chalkboard monster, ruining Ella’s spooky cold open, 118 pyramids! you’re both racist! when did the ancient aliens theory stated, von Daniken’s racist conspiracy, the racism in believing only wwhite people could make architecture, plumbobs! moving 5000 pound limestone blocks, the genius post ramp system, it took 100 years to realize the painting was showing how to move stuff with water, Gregory Marouard’s demonstration of moving a block, the Nile used to run right by the Giza pyramids, the mundane power of having a lot of people, 20,000 people to build the great pyramids, the oldest papyrus ever found: the diary of merer, the pyramid builders weren’t slaves, the bent pyramid, the plesiosaur, cryptids that turned out to be real like the thylacinem, fake cryptids, cryptid comes from cryptozoology in the 80s, Nessie swimming down the nile, you gotta try Irn Bru, Columba the Monk’s encounter with nessie from the 565 AD, Columba was a dual class monk cleric, Marmaduke’s hoaxes, hippo leg umbrella, the Nessie-sary search, eDNA, you pee you poop you die, eels in the loch, cryptids and the queer community, cyptids are the people’s mythology, token straight scientist friend.Sources:The Biology of FearDarwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and AnimalsPorcupine PiloerectionThe Psychological study of Emotional PiloerectionChills in Different Sensory DomainsThe emotion of GrimaScraping Sounds and Disgusting NoisesNPR Chalkboard TranscriptsPsychoacoustics of a Chilling SoundPsychoacoustics of Chalkboad SqueakingAnatomy of the Ear---Medium Article on the "impossibility" of Giza PyramidsThe great pyramid of GizaPseudoarchaeology and the Racism Behind Ancient AliensTools Used in Ancient Egyptian ConstructionAncient RampsUsing the Nile for blocksSliding Friction on Dry and Wet SandThe Diary of Merer Papyri---Cryptozoology Museum: What is Cryptozoology?National Catholic Register: Story of the Loch Ness MonsterUniversity of Aberdeen: The PictsHighland Pictish Trail: Pictish StonesNew York Times: Loch Ness Fiction is Stranger than TruthLoch Ness Sightings WebsiteScience Focus: eDNA and Loch NessThe Guardian: eDNA and giant eelsDaily Mail: Psychology of Loch Ness Monster BelieversNessie is My Girlfriend! Cryptids and Queer PeopleVox "How the Babadook became the LGBTQ icon we didn’t know we needed"Cryptid Queer Icons

For our 2nd anniversary and our 50th episode (which it definitely is, don't check) we cooperatively tackled a topic folks have been asking us to do for ages: The Ig Nobel Prize!Check out our new merch! Hats! Posters! Mugs!Images and Videos we talk about:The Levitating Frog VideoThe Best of Miss Sweetie PooOcean Mixing Anchovy DiagramThe Grabbing Tentacle Robot VideoNecrobotic Spider DiagramNecrobotic Spider VideoThe Juke 8Daisuke Practicing his SpeechJoin our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:08:18) The Ig Nobel Prize(00:45:00) The 2023 Ig Nobel Winners(01:28:36) The Ig Nobel Peace Prize(01:59:09) OutroWe also learn about: Tom does an evil scientist laugh at Atto Seconds, Ella watch hours of Ig ceremonies, honoring achievements that make people laugh then think, the rotating category, six people have turned down the Nobel, comedy? with a question mark? trying to purposefully win an Ig is like recreating The Room, Limburger cheese, Andre Geim loves his Ig as much as his Nobel, “if people don’t have a very good sense of humor, they are usually not very good scientists either”, Roy Glauber the keeper of the broom ALSO WON A NOBEL, “all they wanted to ask about was that damn broom”, the 24/7 Lectures, Mandelbrot goading miss sweetie poo, Ella’s Favorite Ig-ventions, partially unboiling an egg on stage, Chernobyl Bra Face Masks, that laughing and crying human emotion, cadaver nose hairs with surprisingly few nose hair variations, we all stan replication, Tom’s dad was robbed of the Ig, boring teachers, backwards speakers, maybe their neurons work backwards, the taste of rocks, the trick condition, electric taste, sexism in the stanford toilet, statistically significant anchovy boning affecting the water column, the fish kama sutra, how can i turn that dead spider into a robot? necrobotics is surprisingly easy, anti peace prizes, Pauling’s Nobel burn on Teller, Tom gets recognized, Lal Bihari’s schemes to become undead, “Lal bihari died in 1976 but he is feeling much better”, MAMAAAA OOOoooOOOH, sweet caroline, working as a waitress, karaoke means empty orchestra, Shigeichi Negishi’s first machine, Inoue’s Juke 8 origin story, Inoue is up there with Jonas Salk for not patenting Karaoke, Inoue’s Ig Nobel standing ovation, I’m not going to cry, I just started crying what the fuck, don't tell Ella but Toms my favorite, sometimes three ding dongs can make a podcastSources:About the Ig NobelsMarc Abrahams articlesAndrew GeimLimburger CheeseKeeper of the BroomMiss Sweetie PooBest of Miss Sweetie PooWired Article: A Gala for Weird ScienceMark Hosteetler2019 Awards - Very Fun Watch2015 Awards - Even more Fun24/7 LecturesPast winnersMichigan Driving LawThe BlasterBra Gas Mask---Nose HairsCrowd Effects of Looking UpBored Students and TeachersArs Technica on the IgsBrain Patterns of Speaking BackwardsEating FossilsJamais Vu and Semantic SatiationElectric ChopsticksThe Stanford ToiletOcean Mixing from Spawning FishNecrobotic Spider Grippers---Marc Abrahams Nobel Thoughts Interview with Linus PaulingStanley Cohen Nobel Thoughts InterviewNYTimes on Lal BihariLal Bihari's Ig Nobel CeremonyMatt Alt on Shigeichi Negishi's First Karaoke Machine for KotakuDaisuke Inoue's Story told for Topic MagazineTime Magazine on Daisuke InoueDaisuke Inoue's Ig Nobel Ceremony

We all use Wikipedia, but how did it come to be? What's the first number to not have a Wikipedia page, and what does that say about math and humans? And what on Earth is Perpetual Stew?Follow Annie and Depths of Wikipedia on Instagam/Twitter/Tiktok!Images we talk about:Sloane's Gapnostalgia.wikipedia.comSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:07:33) The History of Wikipedia(00:50:16) The First Boring Number (01:12:09) Wikimania and Perpetual Stew(01:50:38) OutroWe also learn about: there’s more Wikipedia languages than google translate, Grendel would have loved Blackpink, how often do we think about the roman empire, the first encyclopedia was very wrong, all men think about is present Rome! Pliny’s child piss ab wrinkle cure, fortune did not favor the bold according to Pliny the younger, the encyclopedia Britannica, getting lazy on the later letter installments, door to door encyclopedia salesmen, Annie’s Mom’s excitement for the new encyclopedia, Encarta the forgotten digital encyclopedia, welcome to the 90s baby, webrings, soft core porn is the carcinization of the web, Jimmy Wale’s “Guy Oriented Search Engine” Bomis.com, the failed boring Nupedia, the wiki prefix from a Hawaiian bus, Cunningham’s Law, Wikipedia’s Bro culture, nostalgia.wikipedia.com, no search or sources on old wikipedia, it’s not easy but people were making this encyclopedia, this human element has always been a part of encyclopedias, Jimmy Wales got his admin privilages revoked by the community, the interesting number paradox, Ramanujan’s Taxi Cab Numbers, the OEIS sequence database, Sloane’s Gap, 20,067 sitting alone at lunch, a surprising recent number update, the notability standard of numbers, the highest negative number to not have a page is only negative 3!!! come to the dark side of the zero, the Wikimania, Annie is Taylor Swift at Wikimania, Ella’s years long Wikipedia War, Annie’s neuroscience journey, Annie’s Perpetual Stew, a stew love.Sources:Andrew Lih's Book "The Wikipedia Revolution"Pliny the Elder's Encyclopedia with Sun Shade Feet PeopleHistory of the Encyclopedia BritannicaThe Encarta EncyclopediaThe "Decline" of WikipediaJimmy Wales Guy Raz Interview---Scientific American The Most Boring NumberRamanujan's Taxi Cab NumbersThe OEISSloane's Gap PaperThe Notability Requirements for Number Pages---WikimaniaNYTimes on Perpetual Stew

What lies below the depths of the sea... and why should we stop being so afraid of it?  Okay we know crystals can't heal you, but could they actually do... something?  And why are time capsules more complicated than you'd think, and why should we love them anyway?Images/Videos we talk about:New Yorker Comic about the Deep SeaThe Phantom Jellyfish (warning for Thalassophobia)The Venus Flow Basket SpongeSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:04) The Abyssopelagic Zone(00:54:21) The Crystal Healing Boom(01:26:19) Time Capsules(01:54:18) OutroWe also learn about:  The Zones of the Ocean, the midnight zone, the hadal zone in the trenches, Tom forgets that water freezes, cold water and thermal vents, pompeii worm’s bacterial jacket, chemosynthesis, the deep see adaptation alarm, pisolite, it’s a myth that more people have been to space than the bottom of the ocean, the challenger deep, deep sea and moon exploration were happening around the same time, we actually DO know more about the sea than the moon, the abyssal plains is half the planet… but people don’t care, thalassophobia, there are no amateur deep sea explorers, the enigmitization of the deep sea, deep sea gigantism, why not visit the deep and eat delicious foot long shrimp, phantom jellyfish, venus flower baskets symbiosis is WILD, 500 sea pigs facing in the same direction, the burglar alarm atolla jellyfish, artificial E Jelly lure, gelatinous little guys, “i thought that bit was gonna be way better than it was”, lateral line, the cusk eel is the deepest fish, whales dive deeper to send messages farther, marine snow, Ella pulls a Caroline, deep sea nodule mining, we can still like things and not believe in them scientifically, crystals DON'T date to ancient Egypt, amethyst hangover cure, to be fair they didn’t even know what crystals were, bad economic or healthcare pressures may push folks to crystals, crystals do actually have vibrational properties just not those kinds! the piezoelectric effect, quartz watches and pickups, paranormal powers placebo or priming, a great psych experiment where no one had to take LSD, we love a repeatable study, the real benefits of crystals from placebo and community, confirmation bias is powerful and good, actually harmful crystals, don’t give babies crystals for teething, gems are just shiny, you can ship of theseus the voyager topic from every time we mention it, foundation deposits weren’t exactly time capsule but were cool, leaving notes in houses, Time Capsules are optimistic and kind of silly, the dissappointed norweigan time capsule kids, deciding what to put in a capsule is really really tricky, what is sublime and what is trivial? taking a picture of a polroid, the interesting complications of time capsules, the time travel fever, “artificial special collections”, Tom’s own time capsule from 6th grade, good teachers are so good. Caroline’s gonna cry again!Sources:The Deep Ocean: Life in the AbyssThe Abyssal ZoneHow Do Animals Survive in the Deep Ocean?ChemosynthesisWe Know More About the MoonWe Know More About the Moon 2Gene FeldmanFear and loathing of the deep ocean: why don't people care about the deep sea?"Venus Flower Basket "Eye in the SeaHow We Found the Giant SquidHuman ImpactSpecies in the CCZ---The Guardian: American Anxiety Drives A Crystal BoomOprah Daily: Healing CrystalsStanford: Understanding People's Obsession with CrystalsTime: Do Crystals WorkLivescience: Crystal HealingOED: AmethystRobert Boyle: An Essay About the Origine & Virtues of Gems1981 Paper: Piezoelectric Effects in Quartz-Rich RocksPiezoelectricity and Its Applications2008 Paper: Prescribing “placebo treatments”: results of national survey of US internists and rheumatologistsThe New England Journal of Medicine: Why Unconventional Medicine?2010 Paper: Mystical Stones in Oncology: Crystal Healing Power or Perfect Nonsense?Stanford Medicine: Patient Mindset Matters in Healing and Deserves More StudyForbes Health: Healing CrystalsNationwide Children's: The Dangers of Amber Teething NecklacesIGS: Gemstone Toxicity Table---William E Jarvis Paper on Time CapsulesEgyptian Foundation DepositsMatt Novak Interview on Time CapsulesBoring Norwegian Time CapsuleAtlantic's "The Paradox of Time Capsules"History of Westinghouse Time CapsuleThe Book Inside the Westinghouse Time CapsuleScience Reporting on the Westinghouse Time CapsuleThe Local Michigain Time Capsule