Inside Matters

In this episode, Dr. James McIlroy interviews Dr. Ran Blekhman, an associate professor at the University of Chicago, about the microbiome and its role as 'our second genome.' Dr. Blekhman shares his research findings on the genetic and environmental factors that shape the microbiome, the heritability of microbial genes, and the relationship between the human genome and microbiome. They also discuss Dr. Blekhman's groundbreaking research that analysed over 168,000 samples to understand global microbiome patterns, the influence of early-life microbiome development, and the potential of microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics. Tune in for a comprehensive dive into one of the most promising areas of genetic and microbial research. 00:00 Introduction to Dr. R Blackman and the Microbiome 01:23 Podcast Growth and Listener Engagement 01:56 Starting the Conversation with Dr. Blackman 02:04 Exploring the Second Genome 02:24 Human Genome vs. Microbiome 03:23 Genetic Interactions with the Microbiome 04:02 Understanding Microbial Genes and Functions 05:40 Heritability and Environmental Factors 06:53 Microbiome Diversity and Heritability 08:57 Research on Microbiome Heritability 17:18 Baboon Model System for Microbiome Studies 18:56 Population Scale Microbiome Research 25:27 Global Patterns and Data Integration 33:36 The Untapped Potential of Microbiome Data 35:08 Hypotheses and Discoveries in Microbiome Research 36:46 Geographical Variations in Microbiome 49:18 Technical Challenges and Methodologies 52:20 AI and Machine Learning in Microbiome Studies 54:59 Future Directions and Clinical Applications 01:00:38 Exploring Early Life Microbiome 01:03:30 Conclusion and Further Reading

In this episode of Inside Matters, I'm joined by Dr Johan van Hylckama Vlieg, Chief Scientific Officer at Freya Biosciences. As a global leader in microbiome research, Freya is pioneering innovative approaches to women’s health through biotherapeutics that are rooted in groundbreaking microbiome science. 00:00 Introduction to Dr. Johan van Hylckama Vlieg and Freya Biosciences 01:39 The Potential of the Microbiome 03:08 Challenges in Translating Microbiome Science to Treatments 05:29 The Rise and Fall of Microbiome Hype 08:58 Immunotherapy and the Microbiome 20:37 Women's Health and the Microbiome 35:01 Tools for Measuring Vaginal Dysbiosis 35:31 Intervention Studies and Donor Programs 36:23 Engraftment and Immune Response 37:39 Strain-Level Analysis and Engraftome 39:08 Vaginal Microbial Transplantation 44:13 Single Strain vs. Consortia 47:15 Freya's Development and Future Vision 50:04 Lessons from Kaleido 01:00:47 The Gates Foundation and Global Health 01:03:45 Predictions for the Microbiome Field A Hidden World with Huge Potential Dr van Hylckama Vlieg has spent more than 20 years exploring the vast and complex world of the microbiome — the trillions of microbes that live in and on our bodies. These tiny organisms play a huge role in our health. Over time, science has moved from simply identifying these microbes to understanding how they influence our immune system, metabolism and overall wellbeing. Yet despite this progress, turning those discoveries into real treatments remains a challenge. Dr van Hylckama Vlieg explained that while the science is compelling, the industry needs solid clinical data to bring investors and pharmaceutical companies on board. He sees microbiome-based immunotherapy as a particularly exciting area where transformative breakthroughs could lie ahead. Why Women’s Health Matters Freya Biosciences has chosen to focus on the female reproductive tract — a part of the body where the microbiome is less complex than in the gut but just as important. Dr van Hylckama Vlieg spoke about the key role of lactobacilli in maintaining vaginal health. When these helpful bacteria are dominant, they protect against infections and support fertility. When the balance is lost, a state known as dysbiosis, the risks rise significantly. He also highlighted a wider issue — the historical lack of funding and focus on women’s health. This is something Freya and others in the field are determined to change, and their research is already moving things in the right direction. A Bold New Treatment: Vaginal Microbiota Transplantation One of Freya’s most innovative developments is vaginal microbiota transplantation or VMT. Inspired by the success of faecal microbiota transplants for gut health, this approach involves transferring a healthy vaginal microbiome into someone with dysbiosis. Early results are promising. Many women show a successful shift to a healthier microbial state. Looking ahead, the goal is to leverage the successes of these natural transfers and develop targeted microbial treatments that can be scaled up. This could lead to safe and widely available therapies that restore balance and improve reproductive health. Challenges and the Road Ahead Reflecting on his previous experience at Kaleido, another microbiome venture, Dr van Hylckama Vlieg spoke about the need for strong links between science, clinical design and commercial strategy. Though Kaleido faced setbacks, the underlying science remains solid and is being explored by others in the field. His outlook remains positive. With more trials underway and deeper understanding of how microbiomes influence disease, there is hope that these therapies will move from the lab into everyday medicine. Particularly in areas like immunotherapy, the potential to address root causes rather than just symptoms could be a game-changer. Final Thoughts Dr van Hylckama Vlieg’s insights offer a compelling look into a rapidly evolving area of science. As researchers and companies like Freya push forward, the possibilities for transforming healthcare through the microbiome are growing fast. From improving fertility to preventing infections, these tiny organisms may hold the key to better outcomes for millions — especially in areas of health that have long been underserved.

The Gut-Health Revolution | Dr Chris Damman on Nutrition, Microbiome & the Future of Wellness Dr Chris Damman brings decades of experience from the biotech world and leading global foundations to share his vision for the future of health and nutrition. In this episode, we dive deep into the transformative power of gut health and the emerging science shaping how we eat and live. Gut Health: Ancient Wisdom Meets Modern Science Dr Damman explains why gut health is central to well-being, describing it as a “full-circle” return to ancient wisdom where food is medicine. Backed by science, he shows how whole foods can prevent disease and support healthier lifestyles, without being restrictive or unrealistic. Next-Generation Nutrition: The 4 Fs We explore the idea of “next-generation nutrition” — simple, practical ways to improve your diet with fibre, polyphenols, healthy fats, and fermented foods (the “4 Fs”). These ingredients, found in traditional diets around the world, play a key role in promoting longevity and gut health. GLP-1 Agonists: A Promising Yet Cautious Path Dr Damman discusses the potential of GLP-1 agonists — groundbreaking drugs that help manage appetite, weight, and blood sugar. While powerful, he emphasises the importance of pairing them with real dietary change to avoid over-reliance. Weed, Seed, and Feed: A Gut Health Strategy Using the analogy of gardening, Dr Damman breaks down how to support your microbiome: weed out the harmful bacteria, seed the good ones, and feed them with the right foods. This holistic model offers a sustainable approach to digestive health. Fermented Foods & Probiotics We also cover the role of fermented foods as natural sources of probiotics and why they may be more effective than many commercial supplements. These foods are vital for balancing the gut and reducing inflammation. The Future: Nutrition Tech & Smarter Choices Dr Damman is now focused on innovation, developing a smartphone app that helps people make smarter food choices by understanding nutritional quality at a glance. His work blends science and technology to make healthy eating both accessible and personalised. Conclusion Dr Damman’s insights are a refreshing mix of practical advice and scientific depth. From diet to digital tools, he shows how we can all take charge of our gut health and live longer, healthier lives. Look out for his upcoming book and app, designed to change the way we think about food.   Chapters: 00:00 – Introduction to Dr Chris Damman 01:36 – What is Next-Generation Nutrition? 05:01 – How the Microbiome Journey Began 10:20 – Malnutrition and the Four Fs 17:59 – The Truth About Ultra-Processed Foods 23:22 – GLP-1 Agonists: Are They a Game Changer? 28:45 – The Future of Nutrition and Health 35:49 – Smarter Choices with Nutrient Profiling Tech 40:38 – How to Balance 'Red' Foods in Your Diet 42:11 – Healthier Baking: Tips That Work 43:25 – Personalised Diets for Your Microbiome 46:12 – Understanding FODMAPs and Gut Symptoms 51:51 – Microbiome Therapeutics and Supplements 01:01:38 – What’s Next for FMT (Faecal Microbiota Transplantation)? 01:05:00 – Gut Health Technology on the Horizon 01:10:55 – Final Thoughts and Takeaways

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy is joined by Professor Yan Yiannakou to discuss the developments in IBS treatment. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is often brushed off as little more than an inconvenience. But in a recent conversation between Dr James McIlroy and Professor Yan Yiannakou, a consultant gastroenterologist with decades of experience, it’s clear that IBS is far more serious than many realise. Their discussion sheds light on the true impact of IBS and the exciting developments in its treatment. IBS: A Closer Look Affecting around 10–15% of the population, IBS can be life-altering for some. Beyond the discomfort, it can seriously disrupt work, relationships, self-confidence, and mental health. Historically, because there was little visible evidence of physical disease, IBS was wrongly considered a psychological condition. Thankfully, this outdated view is changing. New research highlights real physiological changes in the gut, such as immune activation and heightened sensitivity, helping to validate patients’ experiences. Recognising the Symptoms Professor Yiannakou explains that IBS typically involves abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, bloating, and excess wind. Previously labelled a “syndrome” because its causes weren’t well understood, IBS is now recognised as a real disease linked to changes in the gut microbiome and immune system. Symptoms can vary from mild discomfort to severe, debilitating pain that significantly affects daily life. Breaking Down Misconceptions A key part of the conversation tackles the myth that IBS is “all in the mind.” While stress can worsen symptoms, it is not the root cause. Dismissing IBS as purely psychological can deepen patients’ distress and delay proper care. Professor Yiannakou stresses the importance of treating IBS as the genuine, physical condition it is. What Causes IBS? Although the exact causes are still being explored, IBS often develops after a major gut infection, which can disrupt the gut’s immune system. Treatments are now moving beyond simply managing symptoms like constipation or diarrhoea, with more focus on addressing underlying causes, particularly gut microbiome imbalances. Hope for the Future Research into the microbiome’s role in IBS is opening up new treatment options. Early trials of microbiome-based therapies show promising results, but more work is needed to bring these breakthroughs into everyday clinical practice. Final Thoughts Professor Yiannakou’s insights highlight the urgent need for better recognition and treatment of IBS. Dispelling outdated myths and focusing on the true physiological causes of the condition offers real hope for those living with IBS. As research continues, the future looks brighter for more effective, lasting treatments. The conversation touches on everything from genetic influences on obesity and the challenges of sustained weight loss, to the exciting potential of GLP-1 drugs and next-generation probiotics. There’s also a fascinating look at how the microbiome might act as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in future medicine. Finally, Max shares highlights from his book The Power of Hormones, which brings together history, science, and practical advice for anyone curious about how hormones and the microbiome shape our lives. This episode offers an insightful look at where cutting-edge science meets real-world potential—and why the microbiome could be the key to a healthier future. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction to Professor Yan Yau and IBS 01:02 Understanding the Impact of IBS 02:19 Symptoms and Diagnosis of IBS 04:41 Physiological Causes of IBS 06:29 Severity and Psychological Impact of IBS 09:31 Potential Causes and Triggers of IBS 14:22 Current Treatments and Challenges 16:30 Future of IBS Treatments and Research 40:39 Clinical Trials and Patient Involvement 42:32 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr. James McIlroy sits down with Cory Greenberg, a professional cyclist and founder of Ride4IBD. Cory shares his inspiring journey from his initial diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) while training as a professional cyclist, to overcoming the challenges posed by the disease. The conversation covers his approach to gut health in the context of athletic performance, insights into training and lifestyle adjustments, and his efforts to raise awareness through Ride for IBD. Listeners will gain valuable insights into how Cory manages his condition, optimises his performance, and aims to inspire others facing similar challenges. Through his story, Cory emphasises the importance of creating a sustainable lifestyle and offers practical advice for those living with IBD or looking to improve their gut health. 00:00 Introduction to Cory Greenberg and Ride for IBD 01:09 Cory's Early Passion for Cycling 03:39 Development Programs and Training 11:15 Diagnosis and Struggles with IBD 15:46 Managing IBD and Returning to Cycling 20:04 Diet and Nutrition for Gut Health 37:00 Practical Tips for Gut Health 41:16 Debunking Social Media Health Myths 41:44 Personal Struggles with IBD 43:16 Understanding Inflammatory Bowel Disease 44:54 Cycling as a Platform for IBD Awareness 45:39 The Genesis of Ride for IBD 47:13 Building a Global IBD Awareness Movement 50:10 Innovative Approaches to IBD Management 55:20 The Future of IBD Advocacy and Support 59:42 Practical Health and Fitness Tips 01:13:32 Connecting with Ride for IBD

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy explores the remarkable evolution of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), from its unlikely beginnings to its promising future—and shares exciting new data from his company, EnteroBiotix. We begin with the pioneering efforts of Mr Ben Eisman in 1958, whose early use of FMT saved lives in cases of severe diarrhoea. From there, Dr McIlroy takes us through decades of progress, culminating in today's pharmaceutical-grade approaches that are changing the face of gut health treatment. The conversation spotlights the dramatic effectiveness of FMT in tackling recurrent Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) infections and dives into the expanding potential of microbiome therapies for a range of conditions. James also shares exclusive insights from EnteroBiotix’s recent phase 2 trial, which delivered encouraging results for a next-generation, FMT-based therapy targeting Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Designed to be scalable, consistent, and patient-friendly, this new approach marks a significant step forward in microbiome medicine. This episode is a deep dive into one of the most fascinating areas of modern healthcare—and a look at where we're headed next. Timestamps: 00:00 – The pioneering work of Mr Ben Eisman 01:55 – Understanding C. difficile and FMT 03:03 – Modern breakthroughs in FMT 05:06 – Challenges and innovations 07:25 – EnteroBiotix’s next-generation solution 11:12 – Clinical trials and promising data 14:04 – What the future holds for FMT 17:05 – Final thoughts

In a fascinating conversation with Professor Max Nieuwdorp of the Amsterdam Medical Centre, Dr James McIlroy explores groundbreaking ideas and research surrounding the microbiome, hormones, and their profound impact on metabolic diseases. This insightful dialogue uncovers the remarkable potential of faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) and emerging pharmaceutical strategies in tackling obesity, diabetes, and even cancer. Timestamps: 00:00 Introduction to Professor Max and the Podcast 02:04 Max's Journey into Microbiome Research 05:06 The Power of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) 08:11 Microbiome's Role in Obesity and Metabolic Health 10:42 Challenges and Future Directions in Microbiome Research 14:47 Defining Obesity and Its Genetic Factors 18:39 FMT and Its Impact on Various Diseases 23:48 Optimal Diet for a Healthy Microbiome 31:07 The Power of Combining Probiotics 31:36 The GLP-1 Story: A Deep Dive 32:30 Mechanisms and Effects of GLP-1 Drugs 37:26 The Role of Microbiome in Weight Management 39:18 Selecting the Best Donor for FMT 42:27 Impact of Diet on Microbiome and Health 50:17 Future of Microbiome Research and Therapies 56:13 The Power of Hormones: Book Insights   The Journey into Microbiome Research Professor Nieuwdorp's interest in the microbiome began serendipitously during his postdoctoral studies at UCSD. There, he encountered revolutionary ideas, particularly through the work of Jeffrey Gordon, which highlighted the significance of the microbiome long before it became widely acknowledged. An unforgettable early success with FMT on a patient with Clostridium difficile infection set the foundation for his enduring commitment to this field. Over the years, Nieuwdorp has been involved in pivotal studies, evolving his understanding of how microbiome therapies could be used in metabolic diseases and beyond. Understanding FMT and Its Role FMT has shown remarkable efficacy, especially in treating infections like Clostridium difficile. The discussion highlights an astounding 90% cure rate demonstrated in early trials, a feat Nieuwdorp describes as "seminal". Nonetheless, expanding this success to metabolic conditions such as obesity and autoimmune diseases remains a promising, yet ongoing, challenge. The Nexus Between Microbiome and Obesity While the connection between the microbiome and obesity remains a complex issue, Nieuwdorp emphasises how the microbiome's role in weight control is likely more significant over the long term—akin to directing an oil tanker—than as a quick fix. The conversation delves into why the body finds it easier to gain weight than to lose it, considering genetic predispositions and evolutionary pressures. This adaptability of the microbiome, combined with dietary habits, may significantly influence how our bodies metabolise and store energy. Revolutionary Treatments on the Horizon Emerging pharmacological treatments such as GLP-1 agonists are causing waves in medicine. These drugs, alongside the potential of next-generation probiotics, promise to reshape how obesity and associated conditions are treated. Intriguingly, research continues to suggest the microbiome might itself produce GLP-1, hinting at a future where therapies target these microbial mechanisms directly. The Path Forward: Microbiome as a Predictive Tool Professor Nieuwdorp envisions a future where microbiome profiling becomes a standard diagnostic and preventative tool. It has the potential to predict disease susceptibility, allowing for earlier and more personalised interventions. In parallel, the continued development of FMT and its derivatives may revolutionise treatments for a range of conditions, from cancer to metabolic disorders. The Educational Perspective: "The Power of Hormones" In addition to his pioneering research, Nieuwdorp shares insights in his book, The Power of Hormones, presenting a layperson’s guide to understanding hormones across a lifespan. This book interweaves historical narratives with scientific discussion to elucidate how hormones and the microbiome intersect in influencing daily life. This extensive dialogue with Professor Nieuwdorp is a testament to the potential of microbiome science and the exciting horizon that awaits both researchers and patients. As innovations continue, integrating microbiome knowledge with traditional medical interventions could profoundly change how we understand and treat human health.

Exploring the Human Microbiome with Dr. Joël Doré: The Future of Gut Health Science In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr James McIlroy engages in an enlightening conversation with Dr. Joël Doré, Research Director at the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (NRAE). With over 40 years of experience in microbiome research, Dr. Doré shares his extensive knowledge on probiotics, gut health protocols, at-home microbiome testing, and the gut-brain axis. The discussion delves into the intricacies of the human microbiome symbiosis, the evolutionary development of gut microbiota, and its impact on health conditions such as obesity and chronic diseases. Dr. Doré also sheds light on innovative treatments like faecal microbiota transfer and the significance of microbial diversity for a healthy gut. Tune in to discover how the future of medicine and nutrition hinges on understanding and leveraging the microbial human. Takeaways The human body consists of roughly 50 trillion bacteria and 50 trillion human cells. Gut microbiota aids in digestion and protects against harmful bacteria. Microbiota educates the immune system, keeping it ready to react. The microbiome develops from birth, influenced by diet and birth method. C-section births can delay microbiota diversification and increase the risk of chronic conditions. Diversity in the microbiome is crucial for health and chronic disease prevention. At-home microbiome testing lacks standardization and medical utility. Low microbiome richness is linked to higher chronic disease risks. Microbiome diversity can predict responses to obesity treatments. Acrimantium may play a role in health, but microbial ecosystem diversity is crucial. Fecal microbiota transfer can significantly aid cancer treatment. Probiotics may not establish long-term but can still be effective during gut transit. The 100,000 Microbiome Project aims to explore gut health across all ages. Gut permeability issues can lead to neuroinflammation and mental health challenges. Future medicine will focus on the microbial aspects of human health. Chronic conditions are increasingly linked to microbiome health. Dietary choices profoundly impact gut microbiota diversity. Research is ongoing to better understand the gut-brain connection. Preventive nutrition should consider microbial health as a key factor. Timestamps 00:00 Introduction to Dr. Joël Doré and Microbiome Research 00:32 Exploring Probiotics and Gut Health Protocols 00:49 At-Home Microbiome Testing: Strengths and Limitations 01:38 Understanding the Human Microbiome Symbiosis 02:48 The Role of Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease 08:18 Microbiome Development from Birth 11:08 Impact of Birth Methods and Early Life on Microbiome 12:00 Antibiotics and Microbiome Diversity 17:48 Challenges in Defining a Healthy Microbiome 24:38 At-Home Microbiome Testing: Current State and Future Directions 32:51 Microbiome and Obesity: Insights from Research 34:21 Microbiome and Immunotherapy: Potential and Challenges 39:02 Prognostic Model and Microbiota Transfer 40:21 Mad Pharma: Pioneering Fecal Microbiota Transfer 41:50 Autologous and Allogenic Microbiota Transfer 43:53 Challenges and Innovations in Microbiota Transfer 51:25 Probiotics: Do They Work? 01:01:50 The Best Diet for the Microbiome 01:03:00 The 100,000 Microbiome Project 01:08:13 The Gut-Brain Connection 01:12:58 Vision for the Future of Microbiome Research 01:14:35 Conclusion and Final Thoughts

In this episode, James discusses the progress and future of EnteroBiotix, a company focused on gut health and microbiome therapeutics. He reflects on the transformative year of 2024, highlighting significant milestones in clinical trials, particularly in liver disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). James emphasises the importance of clinical data in drug development and the company's commitment to improving patient care through innovative therapies. He also shares insights on the connection between gut health and overall well-being, and the company's plans for future growth and regulatory engagement.   Takeaways: EnteroBiotix aims to improve gut health and microbiome therapeutics. 2024 was a transformative year with significant milestones. Clinical trials are crucial for proving drug efficacy. The connection between gut health and liver disease is significant. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is often misunderstood as a syndrome. EnteroBiotix is focused on full-spectrum microbiome therapy. Data from clinical trials is essential for stakeholder engagement. The company is committed to patient care and innovative solutions. Regulatory engagement is key for future drug development. The team at Interbiotics is dedicated and capable, of achieving remarkable results. Timestamps: 00:00 Welcome and Introduction 00:19 Overview of EnteroBiotix 01:13 Reflecting on 2024 Achievements 02:00 Clinical Trials and Milestones 04:16 Liver Cirrhosis Trial Insights 08:07 IBS Clinical Trial Success 11:52 Future Prospects and Goals 14:45 Conclusion and Gut Health Tips

In a conversation with Dr. James Kinross, a senior lecturer and consultant surgeon at Imperial College London, various aspects of the human microbiome are explored. He is also the author of "Dark Matter: The New Science of the Microbiome". Dr. Kinross discusses what constitutes a healthy microbiome and the challenges in analyzing it. The conversation also covers new research linking microbiomes to the effectiveness of cancer drugs, the concept of an 'internal climate crisis' within our guts, and the importance of the early life microbiome. Furthermore, Dr. Kinross shares practical advice on diet, probiotics, and the impact of social interactions on gut health. The dialogue concludes with insights into microbiome testing and its crucial role in both clinical settings and personal health management. Key Takeaways: Microbiome Complexity: The microbiome is like a newly discovered organ, vital for health but complex to define and influence. Understanding it is crucial for advancing medical science. Diet and Diversity: A diverse diet rich in plant fibres supports a flourishing microbiome, which can protect against chronic diseases. Targeted Therapies: Probiotics and microbial therapies hold promise but require more precise application and understanding to be truly effective. Prevention Focus: The most significant potential of microbiome science lies in disease prevention, particularly through early-life interventions. Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Dr. James Kinross and His Work 00:27 Exploring the Microbiome: Definitions and Challenges 00:46 Microbiome and Cancer Research 00:54 Analogies and Concepts in Microbiome Science 01:56 The Dog Microbiome: Insights and Comparisons 07:17 Microbiome Bubble: Hype or Reality? 12:09 The Importance of Microbial Conservationism 20:52 Antibiotics and Microbiome Scarring 28:00 Co-Evolution of Microbes and Humans 37:33 Practical Advice for Improving Your Microbiome 41:07 Understanding Biodiversity and Microbiome Health 41:48 Defining a Healthy Microbiome 42:28 Challenges in Microbiome Diagnostics 46:03 The Role of Diet and Antibiotics 51:51 The Controversy of Probiotics 58:08 Microbiome Testing in Clinical Practice 01:06:31 Microbiome's Impact on Drug Efficacy 01:11:14 Future of Microbiome Therapeutics 01:15:04 Practical Advice and Final Thoughts

In this episode of Inside Matters, Dr. James McIlroy is joined by Professor Anthony Hobson, founder and CEO of the Functional Gut Clinic. They discuss gut health diagnostics and treatments, focusing on the evolution of gut health understanding and therapies. Key topics include microbiome diagnostic testing, the importance of understanding gut functions, the impact of lifestyle on gut health, and the efficacy of various treatments for conditions like IBS and SIBO. The conversation also covers the development of non-invasive testing methods, the role of the second brain in gut health, and future directions for the Functional Gut Clinic and the field of digestive health.   Takeaways Gut health is the interface between the body and the outside world. Understanding gut functionality is crucial for effective treatment. Education on gut health is lacking in traditional medical training. IBS is often misdiagnosed as a lifelong condition when it can be treated. The brain and gut communicate closely, affecting sensitivity and pain. Breathing techniques and hypnotherapy can significantly aid gut health. Placebo effects are powerful in treating gut-related issues. Functional Gut Clinic has evolved to offer a range of services. Tummy MOT aims to educate consumers on effective gut health products. Diet and lifestyle are fundamental to maintaining good gut health. The leaky gut is not as common as is often believed. There are actionable treatments for leaky gut, including glutamine. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial for gut health. The proximal colon plays a crucial role in digestion and gut health. Understanding gut function is key to effective treatment. FMT has shown promising results in certain patient populations. The microbiome's diversity is essential for gut health. IBS may not be a lifelong condition and can be treated effectively. Dietary changes should focus on moderation rather than restriction. A comprehensive approach to gut health is necessary for long-term wellness.     00:00 Introduction to Professor Anthony Hobson and the Functional Gut Clinic 00:54 The Importance of Gut Health and Functional Testing 01:23 Building the Functional Gut Clinic and TummyMOT Initiative 02:03 Listener Engagement and Podcast Support 02:40 Defining Gut Health and Its Importance 04:05 Challenges in Gut Health Diagnosis and Treatment 09:32 The Brain-Gut Connection and Sensitisation Studies 13:06 The Role of Breathing Techniques and Hypnotherapy 17:57 Debunking Myths and Raising Standards in Gut Health 27:23 Fundamentals of Maintaining Good Gut Health 35:34 Understanding the Migrating Motor Complex 36:36 Spacing Out Meals for Gut Health 37:27 The Role of Coffee in Digestion 37:58 Exploring Leaky Gut Syndrome 44:18 Alcohol and Gut Health 48:41 The Fascinating Proximal Colon 01:04:29 Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) 01:13:24 Future of Digestive Health and Functional Gut Clinic

In this conversation, Dr James McIlroy and Emma Storey-Gordon discuss common myths and misconceptions surrounding health, fitness, and nutrition. They explore the law of diminishing returns in exercise, the latest science in nutrition including fasting and protein consumption, and the importance of meal timing and insulin sensitivity. Emma shares practical advice on setting nutrition targets, the gradual increase of fibre intake for gut health, and the role of supplements. They also touch on the individualized approach needed for training during menopause and the importance of community in building a successful health and fitness business. Takeaways Just do something, just move. The law of diminishing returns applies to exercise. Meal timing can impact insulin sensitivity. Setting realistic nutrition targets is crucial. Gradually increase fibre intake to avoid discomfort. Personalized nutrition is often marketed but not always practical. Exercise has profound effects on mental health. Community and environment play a key role in business success. You need to treat individuals as unique cases in health. Start slow but keep it engaging to avoid boredom. Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Health Myths and Misconceptions 03:01 The Law of Diminishing Returns in Exercise 05:56 Nutrition Science: Fasting and Protein Consumption 09:08 The Importance of Meal Timing and Insulin Sensitivity 11:58 Practical Nutrition: Setting Targets for Protein and Veggies 14:52 Gut Health: Building Up Fiber Intake Gradually 17:52 The Role of Supplements and Personalized Nutrition 20:59 The Impact of Exercise on Mental and Physical Health 23:44 Menopause: Individualized Approaches to Training 27:01 Building a Business in Health and Fitness 29:53 The Importance of Community and Environment in Business 32:47 Final Thoughts on Health, Nutrition, and Business  

In the latest episode of Biome Bites, Dr James McIlroy returns after a hiatus to share valuable insights into gut health.   Learn about the significant role of polyphenol-rich foods such as dark chocolate, green tea, and berries, and how incorporating them can benefit your gut microbiome. The episode also delves into the importance of meal spacing for digestive health and introduces the diaphragmatic breathing technique, which can reduce stress and improve gut function. Tune in to discover practical tips to enhance your gut health and overall well-being.   00:00 Welcome Back to Inside Matters 00:18 Introduction to Gut Health 00:33 Tip 1: Incorporate Polyphenol Rich Foods 02:09 Key polyphenol-rich Foods 04:51 Tip 2: Space Out Your Meals 07:35 Tip 3: Engage in Belly Breathing 10:01 Conclusion and Recap   Welcome Back to Inside Matters: Boost Your Gut Health with These Three Essential Tips Hello to all our Inside Matters listeners! After a brief hiatus, I'm excited to return and dive into one of our favorite topics: gut health. Today, I'm sharing three essential gut health tips, rooted in personal experience and backed by science, to help you enhance your overall wellness. #### Tip 1: Incorporate Polyphenol-Rich Foods Polyphenols have been a recurring topic on our podcast, and for good reason. As one of the three Ps—prebiotics, probiotics, and polyphenols—they play a critical role in promoting gut health. Polyphenols are powerful antioxidants found in many plant-based foods. They encourage the growth of beneficial gut bacteria while suppressing harmful varieties. **The Science Behind Polyphenols** Animal studies and human observational evidence demonstrate that polyphenols can significantly impact the microbiome. Notably, blue zones—regions of the world with high concentrations of centenarians—feature diets rich in polyphenols. When polyphenols reach the colon, gut bacteria metabolize them into bioactive compounds, fostering a symbiotic relationship that leads to numerous health benefits. **Key Polyphenol-Rich Foods** 1. **Dark Chocolate**: High-cacao, low-sugar dark chocolate is not only delicious but also loaded with flavonoids, a type of polyphenol that supports gut bacteria diversity. 2. **Green Tea**: Rich in catechins, green tea can positively influence gut bacteria and reduce inflammation. It's also associated with a broad array of health benefits. 3. **Berries**: My personal favourites—blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries—are packed with anthocyanins that benefit gut health. These berries are true superfoods, rich in vitamins and minerals. For optimal health, integrate these foods into your daily routine. For instance, enjoy a piece of dark chocolate post-exercise or start your day with a punnet of blueberries and raspberries. 4. **Olive Oil**: Rich in various polyphenols, including oleuropein, olive oil nourishes gut bacteria and protects against oxidative stress. Use it as your primary cooking fat and for salad dressings, ensuring you choose high-quality, extra virgin olive oil from reputable sources. Tip 2: Consider Spacing Out Your Meals Frequent eating and constant snacking can disrupt the migrating motor complex (MMC)—a recurring pattern that occurs in the stomach and small intestine during fasting periods. This "cleansing wave" moves undigested food and bacteria through the digestive tract, preventing the buildup of harmful substances. **Why Spacing Meals Matters** Allowing time between meals helps avoid issues like bloating, gas, and digestive discomfort. The classic advice is to wait three to four hours between meals. Personally, I have a large breakfast or brunch post-exercise, a healthy snack like a high-quality protein bar, and a substantial dinner. This eating pattern supports my nutritional needs and ensures I'm not feeling hungry before bed. Tip 3: Engage in Belly Breathing Diaphragmatic breathing, or belly breathing, is a simple yet powerful technique that stimulates the vagus nerve, connecting the gut to the brain. This type of breathing promotes deep relaxation and has significant benefits for gut health. **How to Practice Belly Breathing** 1. Sit or lie in a comfortable position. 2. Place one hand on your chest and one on your abdomen. 3. Inhale slowly through your nose, allowing your abdomen to rise. 4. Exhale slowly through your mouth, feeling your abdomen fall. Aim to practice this for five to ten minutes daily. Belly breathing can reduce stress—a major trigger for gut issues like IBS—and improve symptoms such as bloating, constipation, and abdominal pain. --- In summary, incorporating polyphenol-rich foods, spacing out your meals, and engaging in diaphragmatic breathing can profoundly benefit your gut health. I hope you've enjoyed this return episode of Inside Matters. Recording this podcast is intellectually stimulating, and the positive feedback from you, our listeners, makes it all worthwhile. Remember, gut health is health. Feel free to reach out with suggestions for future content. Thank you for listening! Stay healthy, James

In this Biome Bite, Dr James McIlroy 3 myths and misconceptions about the gut microbiome. Timecodes: 00:00:00 Intro 00:00:56 Weight of the microbiome 00:04:39 We’re more microbial than human 00:07:00 Microbiota is inherited from our mothers  What we're talking about today on this Biome Bite is microbiome myths and misconceptions. We're going to cover 3. There's this lovely article written by Professor Alan Walker, who's been on the podcast, highly recommend you watch and listen to that episode, and Professor Leslie Hoyles and it's in Nature Microbiology, so really nice high-impact scientific journal, and they go through a lot of the things which you hear within this space, be it in social media, be it in when you're speaking to someone who's just generally taking an interest in the microbiome, even in scientific papers, this still comes up, even though it's been refuted and proven to be untrue. Arming Our Listeners With Facts About the Microbiome So we're going to arm you as the listeners to Inside Matters with this knowledge so that you can truly start to become an expert and you've got your finger on the pulse of the field. And if you hear it, you go, I heard on inside matters. That's not true.  So the first one is the human microbiota weighs one to two kg. You hear this a lot, several kilograms, almost like a weight plate at the gym. Wow, that's a lot.  Now although it's mentioned many times in literature, although you hear people talking about it, people say it weighs as much as a grapefruit.  And what the professors do in their papers, they explain that. The majority of the microorganisms reside within the colon,  i. e. the large intestine. And if you've listened to the previous Biome Bites episode, we walk through the digestive tract, the gut, what the gut is, what the digestive system is, how it all links together and how the microbiota fits into all of that.  And in that episode, if you've not listened to it, what we say is that the vast majority of the microbiota, i.e. the microorganisms, particularly bacteria that reside within the body live in the large intestine.  And what's interesting is when you take a stool sample, or we can just use the other word, a poo the microorganisms typically account for roughly 50% of the weight of the faecal solid mass.  This has been published, but also we've done a lot of stool collection and stool analysis in EnteroBiotix. In fact, we may collect more stool regularly and analyze stool in a more in-depth manner than anyone else in the world at the moment.  So we know a fair bit about it. How Heavy is the Microbiome? The size, shape, mass, and composition of stool can vary within an individual and also differ among various people. According to the paper, an average human stool typically weighs less than 200 grams when wet. However, in our experience, we have observed significant variations, which makes it a likely accurate statement. And when you're running a donor program like EnteroBiotix, you actually want to target people who donate larger amounts, but also who have a good ratio of microorganisms versus solids. And that's driven by fibre and fibre content.  Now, they say a really interesting paper in patients or people, unfortunately, who have had a sudden death. The human microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in maintaining our health. The weight of these microorganisms has been the subject of many studies, and recent findings suggest that the total weight is likely to be less than previously thought. In sudden death cases, post-mortem assessments of the total colonic contents have shown a range between 83 to 421 grams. This data challenges earlier estimates that placed the weight of the human microbiota in the range of one to two kilograms. Researchers concluded that barring unusual instances of severe constipation, where an individual's colon is compacted with a large amount of faecal matter, the total weight of the gut microbiota is more likely to be under 500 grams. This new understanding shifts the narrative about the microbiota's mass and provides a more accurate picture of human physiology. It also emphasizes the importance of considering bodily variations and conditions when making generalizations about biological metrics. These findings have significant implications for medical science and nutrition. A more precise understanding of the microbiota's weight can impact how we approach digestive health, the development of probiotics, and the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. It underscores the importance of continual research and reassessment in the scientific field to ensure our knowledge remains as accurate and useful as possible. The human microbiota, particularly the gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in maintaining our health. The weight of these microorganisms has been the subject of many studies, and recent findings suggest that the total weight is likely to be less than previously thought. In sudden death cases, post-mortem assessments of the total colonic contents have shown a range between 83 to 421 grams. This data challenges earlier estimates that placed the weight of the human microbiota in the range of one to two kilograms. Researchers concluded that barring unusual instances of severe constipation, where an individual's colon is compacted with a large amount of faecal matter, the total weight of the gut microbiota is more likely to be under 500 grams. This new understanding shifts the narrative about the microbiota's mass and provides a more accurate picture of human physiology. It also emphasizes the importance of considering bodily variations and conditions when making generalizations about biological metrics. These findings have significant implications for medical science and nutrition. A more precise understanding of the microbiota's weight can impact how we approach digestive health, the development of probiotics, and the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. It underscores the importance of continual research and reassessment in the scientific field to ensure our knowledge remains as accurate and useful as possible. And that's based on the average weight of human stool. And the study shows that the average wasn't backed up by lots of wet research and scientific logs and books, it's just the back of an envelope.  And since then there's been a lot more detailed analysis. and the true figure is probably more like one-to-one. Now that's still really impressive. That is a lot of microorganisms.  And the interesting thing is, just to bring it back to the last point about the number of microorganisms in a stool sample,  whether you're more microbial than human or more human than microbial based on the number of microbial cells on the inside of you versus human cells depends on perhaps when you've been to the toilet.  Because if 50% of your stool which is a sum product of the colonic contents is a microorganism then if you've just been to the loo you may be more human than microbial and vice versa. So a bit of trivia there for you.  The other point to note which is highlighted in the paper is that it probably varies as well depending on where in the world you are. So if you're in a hyper-clean environment, you have less than someone who's living in an environment where there's no soap and no antibiotics like somebody in the jungle somewhere. So pretty interesting stuff.  Now, the last one then,  is that the microbiota is inherited from the mother at birth.  And you hear this one a lot and it usually ties into how someone's been born. So people say things like if you've been born by C-section, you're more likely to have autism or you're more likely to have metabolic syndrome. You're more likely to be obese, all of which are potentially true based on population-based studies, i.e. they take large cohorts of people who have something, in some cases autism, metabolic syndrome, or obesity, and they ask the question, how were you born? And if more people cluster towards a particular birth method than when you take a healthy control group,  then it's possible that this particular factor contributes to the development of the disease or the syndrome or whatever we're talking about here.  The more this is replicated in different parts, the larger the sample size, and the more robust it is. And there have been very large population studies where we've looked at the association between how you've been born and the development of obesity, autism, and certain things like that. And there are indeed correlations, for sure. But it doesn't necessarily mean causation,  it's still interesting though. Bringing it back to this particular point in terms of the microbiota being inherited from the mother.  The other point to this is that if you're being born through the normal route, then the first microorganisms that you come into contact with, the normal being through the vagina are the microorganisms of your mother and the vaginal tract in a natural way.  The alternative approach is if you're born through a C-section, then the first microorganisms you come into contact with.  are the microorganisms from the skin and microorganisms from the surgical room. Some of these are multi-drug resistant and they're not ones you would typically expect to find within the intestinal tract.  How Unique is Your Microbiome? That said, it's not the case that they stay there forever, guaranteed. And the most important years of life are the early years of life, particularly when you've weaned off breast milk or however you've been fed at the time to more solid foods.  And there's a dramatic increase in the diversity of the microbiota over the first couple of years. And I could point you in the direction of a nice book called Dark Matter by someone called Dr James Kinross, whom I hope to have on the podcast, where he talks about just how important those formative years are that said, every adult ends up with a very unique microbiota co

In this episode of Biome Bites, we go back to basics to cover the overall importance of gut health while addressing some common misconceptions and myths. 00:00:00 Intro 00:00:44 Importance of gut microbiome 00:02:22 Misinformation addressed 00:04:21 Gut health is more than the stomach 00:08:12 Different bacteria in the gut 00:10:31 Functions of the gut 00:13:08 Microbial metabolism 00:14:04 Traditional wisdom  

The following is a conversation with Dr. Momo Vuyisich, co-founder and chief scientific officer at Viome. Viome is a life sciences company that analyses the activities in your oral microbiome, gut microbiome, and blood using RNA, essentially measuring gene expression. This gives the company the ability to be able to assess what the microbiome in these various areas of the body is doing and gives insights into potentially how that links to diseases, which gives you personalised recommendations for how to improve your microbiomes through your environment. So basically your diet. Their vision is that in the future, through the analysis of all of this data, they're able to make predictive bets on who is at higher risk of developing particular diseases and issues due to the composition and function of the microbiome. Momo is an amazing communicator. You'll learn about. the microbiome and its importance in gut health. You'll hear about his own story in terms of how he managed to cure chronic disease through his own diet. You'll hear about his vision for Viome, how the pharma industry works in his opinion, and how things are going to improve over the coming decades. Fascinating discussion, I enjoyed it. I wanted to thank Momo for coming on as such a busy person. Now, with the introduction done, I wanted to say thank you to all of our listeners for supporting the podcast. Some of you are listening to every single episode and sending feedback about the episode, what you liked, what you didn't like, and what you learned. We've been going now for a year and a half. And we're loving every single moment and the feedback from listeners makes it all worthwhile. So if you're enjoying it and you haven't yet liked and subscribed, please hover your finger over that button and give us a five-star review. 00:00:00 Intro 00:05:27 Momo’s vision 00:08:08 Is science improving human health? 00:15:58 Applying science to big health problems 00:18:11 Human genome 00:27:46 Vaccines with probiotics? 00:36:27 Is the microbiome undervalued? 00:45:59 Next gen RNA sequencing 00:52:37 Building Viome 00:58:34 Preventing all disease through diet 01:00:41 Sialic acids 01:11:16 Food industry 01:14:24 Importance of sleep

The following is a conversation with Professor Jack Gilbert, a professor at the University of California, San Diego, along with his many other very interesting titles and job roles. This includes the co-founder of the Earth Microbiome Project, the American Gut Project, and also featured in the very popular recent Netflix documentary, Hack Your Health. He is a master of the microbiome. We covered all aspects of the microbiome, the ocean, the soil, how it could impact climate change, and gut health, responses to drugs. Takeaways The microbiome has a significant impact on various aspects of our health, including gut health, responses to drugs, and even climate change. A diverse and healthy diet, with a focus on consuming a variety of plants, is crucial for promoting a beneficial microbiome. Understanding the dynamic nature of the microbiome and its mechanisms is essential for developing effective therapies. Changing behaviours and promoting adherence to therapies and dietary recommendations can be challenging, but finding solutions that align with our culture can help overcome these barriers. Probiotics and the microbiome have the potential to improve human health and address environmental challenges. Quantifying the microbiome is crucial for understanding its role in health and disease. Urgent action is needed to address climate change, and microbiology can play a role in improving soil health and mitigating its effects. The gut-brain axis is an important area of research, and microbiome-based therapies show promise for mental health. 00:00 Introduction to Professor Jack Gilbert and his work 02:20 The impact of the microbiome on climate change 04:16 The role of diet in promoting a beneficial microbiome 07:03 Precision ecology: Understanding the dynamic nature of the microbiome 09:23 Challenges and solutions in promoting behaviour change for microbiome health 17:52 The importance of time in studying the microbiome 30:08 Parallels and commonalities between different microbiomes 39:19 The future of microbiome research and therapies 44:59 Probiotic Building Materials 48:33 Revolutionizing Microbiome Sample Collection 56:55 Microbiome-Based Therapies for IVF Success 01:09:29 Addressing Climate Change through Microbiology 01:19:21 Urgent Action and Application of Microbial Therapies 01:23:01 The Gut-Brain Axis and Mental Health

Learn more about this episode's guest and the topics discussed - https://insidematters.health/ In this conversation, Dr James McIlroy and Mads Friis discuss the fundamentals of health and wellness. They cover topics such as mindset, sleep, diet, alcohol, and the importance of social relationships. Mads emphasizes the importance of eating real food, including fruits, vegetables, and berries. He also highlights the significance of getting enough protein and staying hydrated. While alcohol can be enjoyed in moderation, it is not recommended for optimal sleep quality. The conversation emphasizes the need to focus on the fundamentals of health before diving into more advanced biohacking techniques. In this conversation, Mads discusses the importance of sleep and the limitations of sleep trackers. He emphasizes the need for balance in biohacking and the importance of focusing on the fundamentals of health. He also criticizes the food industry and the misinformation surrounding nutrition. Mads shares his insights on movement, light exposure, and the benefits of cold water immersion, sauna, and breathwork. He concludes by discussing his book on habits and his future plans in the biohacking space. Takeaways Focus on the fundamentals of health, including mindset, sleep, diet, exercise, social relationships, and hydration. Eat real food that your grand grandma would recognise as food. Ensure you are getting enough protein to support your body's needs. Moderate alcohol consumption and be mindful of its impact on sleep quality. Prioritize social connections and relationships for overall well-being. Start with the basics before diving into advanced biohacking techniques. Sleep trackers may not provide accurate information about sleep stages, and focusing too much on sleep data can lead to unnecessary stress. Biohacking should be approached with balance and not become an obsession. It's important to focus on the fundamentals of health, such as movement, light exposure, and proper nutrition. The food industry plays a significant role in the current health crisis, and there is a need for more education and awareness about healthy eating. Cold water immersion, sauna, and breathwork can have various health benefits, but it's important to find the right balance and not overdo it. Mads has written a book on habits and plans to explore other topics in the future, such as sleep, biohacking, and longevity   Timecodes: Introduction to Mads Friis and his journey 02:29 The State of Health and Wellness 04:28 The Fundamentals of Health: Mindset, Sleep, Diet, Movement, Social Relationships 07:50 Mads Friis' Journey and Entrepreneurship 09:47 The Importance of Getting the Fundamentals Right 14:16 Cutting-Edge Biohacking and Individual Differences 20:05 The Role of Diet: Eating Real Food and Protein Intake 25:24 The Controversy of Alcohol and the Importance of Hydration 32:05 The Impact of Alcohol on Sleep Quality 36:29 Mindset and Enjoyment of Healthy Choices 39:45 The Limitations of Sleep Trackers 42:04 The Importance of Balance in Biohacking 44:15 The Fundamentals of Health 46:26 Exploring Cold Water Immersion, Sauna, and Breathwork 48:01 The Role of Supplements and the Food Industry 53:42 The Benefits of Movement and Light Exposure 55:53 Finding the Right Balance in Biohacking 58:19 The Influence of the Food Industry 01:08:38 Exploring Hyperbaric Oxygen Chambers and Other Biohacks 01:15:42 Mads's Book on Habits and Future Plans You must not rely on the information in this video as an alternative to medical advice from your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you have any specific questions about any medical matter you should consult your doctor or other professional healthcare provider. If you think you may be suffering from any medical condition you should seek immediate medical attention. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment because of the information in this video.

The following is a conversation with Dr. Jenna Macciochi, an immunologist, twice-published author, TEDx speaker, public speaker, and all-around immune system expert.  It was an absolute pleasure and honour to have her in the studio today to talk about all things immune system. gut health, the microbiome, and even things like how do we improve the health of society more generally. Jenna truly is an expert. She's amazing at communicating and breaking down complicated concepts so that they're easy to understand for the listener. I learned an absolute ton over the course of this conversation and I'm sure you will too. If you have an interest in the immune system, why you catch a cold, what you can do to maybe prevent you from getting a cold, how to keep your immune system in top shape, how it changes as you age, and just more generally how to live a longer, healthier, happier life, you're going to get something out of today's conversation.   Timecodes:   00:00:00 Intro 00:01:55 Interest in the immune system 00:05:04 Science of staying well 00:09:08 Avoiding burn out 00:16:45 Immune system components 00:20:41 “I never get sick” 00:24:50 Not catching a cold 00:35:15 What’s important for immune system 00:43:36 Immune system age 00:49:05 Taking supplements 00:51:03 How important is sleep? 01:00:18 Strong immune system in children 01:03:09 Stress and the immune system 01:05:01 Social media misconceptions 01:14:21 Importance of making food 01:18:07 Link between microbiome and immune health 01:22:28 Helping children eat healthily

The following is a conversation with Dr Saman Maleki, associate professor at Western University with a special focus on oncology, immuno oncology, microbiology, and everything to do with the immune system and the microbiome. Dr Maleki is a pioneer and a world leader in the field of sensitising tumours to immunotherapy through modulating the microbiome. During this conversation, we talked about the state of the art associated with the microbiome and cancer. So if you're interested in how cancer impacts the microbiome and how the microbiome impacts cancer you should listen to this episode. We delved into what the latest evidence is for the use of FMT in making a particular type of cancer therapy called immunotherapy better for treating particular cancers. We talked about the journey from doing the first trials to the area where they are now, which is raising funds to do much larger trials that should definitively prove that changing the microbiome can massively improve response rates to cancer therapies. Even as someone who's got their finger on the pulse of this field, I left the conversation enthusiastic and excited about the potential in the future for developing efficient microbiome treatments to tackle cancer. 00:00:00 Introduction 00:01:38 First interest in the microbiome 00:05:46 FMT for C-Diff patients 00:09:11 Using the immune system to treat cancer 00:19:03 Microbiome research for oncology 00:23:46 Journey from first study 00:27:30 Stimulating immune system with FMT 00:39:09 Chemotherapy, pancreatic cancer and the microbiome 00:48:29 Novel cell therapy and chemotherapy 00:49:02 Future of immunotherapy 00:52:32 Immune therapy response in cancer treatment 00:55:41 Antibiotics and cancer treatment