Heroes Live Forever Podcast

McLean, VA (October 14, 2025) - Lt. Joseph Petrosino wasn’t just a New York City police officer—he was a trailblazer. Born in Italy, he immigrated to America as a child. He became the first Italian-speaking officer in the department’s history, and he quickly rose through the ranks. He founded the NYPD’s famed Italian Squad, a unit dedicated to investigating the Mano Nera, or Black Hand, a notorious extortion racket that operated primarily in Italian-American communities. Under his leadership, the squad cut Italian mafia crime by nearly 50 percent. On March 12, 1909, while on a secret mission in Palermo, Italy, he was assassinated by the criminals who feared him. His funeral in New York City drew more than 250,000 mourners. His methods—surveillance, undercover work, intelligence gathering—became the blueprint for modern policing. Joseph Petrosino is thought to be the first Italian-American police officer ever to die in the line of duty, and the only NYPD officer to be killed on foreign soil. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage others to subscribe for free and hear about other law enforcement heroes. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (October 7, 2025) - Christy Lynne Hamilton’s life-long dream was to follow in her father’s footsteps and become a Los Angeles police officer. But for many years that dream was put on hold while Christy raised her two children, Kelley and Steven. Finally, with her children grown, 45-year-old Christy Hamilton became a rookie police officer with the Los Angeles Police Department. But on February 22, 1994, just four days after her graduation ceremony from the Police Academy, she was shot and killed responding to a domestic disturbance call. It was a little after one in the morning when Christy and other officers arrived on the scene. Suddenly, a hail of gunfire was raining down on them. Officer Hamilton was hit and, an hour later, she died at a nearby hospital. Her assailant was a habitual drug user who had murdered his father and then waited to ambush the police he knew would arrive. He then died by suicide. Christy’s father, retired Los Angeles Det. Ken Brondell, said later, “She would have worn [her badge] without arrogance. She didn’t want a badge to have authority; she wanted to go out and help people. It’s just too bad it got cut short.” Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage others to subscribe for free and hear about other law enforcement heroes. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (September 30, 2025) - On the afternoon of June 17, 2004, four Birmingham (AL) police officers went to arrest Nathaniel Woods on a misdemeanor domestic violence charge. After confronting Woods inside an apartment, a struggle ensued and Woods broke free. Another man inside the home opened fire with a SKS semi-automatic rifle. The gunfire was relentless and Officers Carlos Owen, Charles Robert Bennett and Harley Chisholm III were killed. The fourth officer, Michael Collins, was saved when one of the bullets aimed at him struck only his holster. Woods and his accomplice, Kerry Spencer, were soon captured and ultimately convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death. Woods was executed in 2020 and Spencer remains on death row. Harley Chisholm, 40, was a U.S. Marine Corps veteran and had served for six years with the department. Carlos Owen was a seasoned veteran with over 26 years on the force. And Charles Bennett had served for eight years. All were deeply respected by their peers and their community. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage others to subscribe for free and hear about other law enforcement heroes. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (September 23, 2025) - By all accounts, Brian T. Gibson, 28, was a top cop, one of the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department’s very finest. On a quiet winter night on February 5, 1997, this husband and father of two was sitting in his marked patrol car at a traffic light when a man walked up and fatally shot him four times at point-blank range. It was a senseless act of violence committed by a drunken man fueled with rage and out for revenge against police. Moments before the shooting, Brian’s killer had been ejected from a nearby nightclub by an off-duty D.C. police officer working security at the club. The man had been drinking heavily and became unruly in the club. After getting thrown out, the man became enraged and wanted to kill a cop—any cop. Officer Gibson was the first cop he saw and became his unsuspecting target. Within minutes, the assassin was arrested by police and he was ultimately convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Brian was survived by his wife, Tracie and two young children. In addition, he left behind a sister, Terrica, and his parents, Shirley and Harrison Gibson. Shirley became a beloved and inspirational figure in the law enforcement community. She served as the national president of the Concerns of Police Survivors and was a pillar of hope and support to thousands of others who lost a loved one in law enforcement service. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage others to subscribe for free and hear about other law enforcement heroes. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (September 16, 2025) - Jeremy Henwood was a United States Marine combat veteran. He survived two tours of duty in Iraq and another in Afghanistan. And when he returned from Afghanistan as a Captain in the Marine Reserves, he resumed his duties as a San Diego police officer. Sadly, it was this other war—the war on crime and terror being waged on the streets of America—that would claim this Marine’s life. On August 6, 2011, as Jeremy sat in his marked cruiser at a traffic light, a felon who was fleeing police pulled up alongside of him. Before Jeremy even had a chance to look over, the career criminal fired a shotgun blast at his head. Jeremy died the following day. His killer was soon tracked down by police and was shot and killed while resisting arrest. Minutes before he was shot, Jeremy was at a McDonald’s when a 13-year-old boy asked him for a dime to help him buy three cookies. Instead, Jeremy treated the boy to lunch and offered a life lesson. He asked the boy what he wanted to do with his life. The boy said he wanted to be an NBA basketball star. Jeremy encouraged him to follow his dream, saying anything was possible—as long as you worked hard at it. This last act of kindness had summed up the way Jeremy lived his life. Listen to the podcast to learn more. Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (September 9, 2025) - As we prepare to commemorate the 24th anniversary of 9/11, the deadliest day in law enforcement history, CBB founder and president shared some of his memories from that fateful day and the year that followed. He described a visit to “Ground Zero”—the site of the attacks in New York City—one week after 9/11. One of his most poignant moments came on the ride out of Ground Zero in a police cruiser. The crowd began applauding and cheering loudly. Some held signs saying, “We love our police and firefighters.” He recalled a ceremony at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial the following April where Port Authority Police Chief Joseph Morris stood and watched as his predecessor’s name, Fred Morrone, was engraved onto the Memorial, one of 37 Port Authority officers to die that day. And he remembered the Memorial Candlelight Vigil in May when the names of all 72 fallen heroes of 9/11 were read aloud. There were two special guests on the dais that night—Port Authority Police Officers John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno—who were the last survivors to be pulled from the rubble hours after the towers collapsed. Craig later wrote about their miraculous rescue, saying, “Their story is all about courage and a will to survive and recover from one of the greatest acts of evil and destruction our nation will ever know. That is the memory I have chosen to remember the most about 9/11.” Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, Va (August 25, 2025) - Many have come to know it simply as the “Howard Johnson Tragedy.” Motivated by racial hatred and anti-police sentiment, a lone gunman by the name of Mark Essex, launched a violent rampage targeting law enforcement and civilians. When his week-long rampage was over, 10 people were dead, including five New Orleans police officers. Thirteen other first responders and civilians were wounded. It all started on New Year’s Eve 1972 when Essex shot and killed two New Orleans officers—Police Cadet Alfred Harrell and Sgt. Edwin Hosli Sr.—in separate incidents. A week later, the killer barricaded himself in the Howard Johnson Hotel in downtown New Orleans. During a 36-hour siege, he killed three more New Orleans officers: Patrolman Paul Persigo, Patrolman Philip Coleman Sr. and Deputy Superintendent Louis Sirgo. Cornered, with nowhere to escape, Essex made a futile run from his hiding place and was gunned down by the police sharpshooters who had surrounded the hotel. His body was riddled with some 200 bullet wounds. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (August 19, 2025) - The history books have immortalized the event as the “Santa Claus Bank Robbery.” It occurred on December 23, 1927, in the central Texas town of Cisco. The robbery is one of the most infamous crimes in Texas history, having resulted in the largest manhunt ever seen in the state. After being freed from prison for an earlier bank robbery, Marshall Ratliff hatched a plan to rob his hometown bank in Cisco. He gathered a crew of other ex-cons to assist in the crime. Ratliff knew that he would be recognized by his hometown residents, so he planned the heist for late December so he could disguise himself with a Santa Claus costume and blend in with the holiday crowd. During the robbery, a woman in the bank managed to escape and tell the local police chief. Officers surrounded the bank and a 10-minute shootout took place. When it was over, Cisco Police Chief George “Bit” Bedford and Officer George Carmichael were mortally wounded. After an intense manhunt, one of the robbers was dead from his gunshot wounds and the three others were captured. Ratliff, the ringleader, was lynched by an angry mob nearly two years later after killing another lawman, Eastland County (TX) Deputy Thomas Jones, during an escape attempt. Listen to the podcast to learn more. Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (August 12, 2025) - On February 20, 1989, Virginia State Trooper Jerry Hines was working the late shift when he spotted a motorist driving erratically. Suspecting that the driver was intoxicated, the 28-year police veteran pulled the vehicle over. He contacted the local police dispatcher to run a registration check on the car and to request backup. But when another trooper arrived on the scene six minutes later, he found Trooper Hines lying dead in front of his patrol vehicle. Police determined the suspect vehicle belonged to a man named Ripley Marston. When police arrived at Marston’s house, they found the 68-year-old man dead from a gunshot wound. The real killer, it turned out, was a man named Dennis Wayne Eaton. He had murdered Marston and stolen his car a short while before Eaton was stopped by Trooper Hines. Police were able to track down Eaton and a high speed pursuit ensued. During the chase Eaton lost control of his vehicle and crashed. His girlfriend was with him in the car. But before police could get either of them out of the car, Eaton shot and killed his girlfriend and then shot himself in a failed suicide attempt. Less than a year later, Eaton was sentenced to death and was executed in 1998. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (July 29, 2025) - As a night marshal in Pulaski County, Missouri, Dotson A. Sutton protected and befriended thousands of soldiers and their families stationed at Fort Leonard Wood during World War II. He would frequently have his photograph taken with the soldiers and most would come looking for him before being shipped overseas just to say goodbye to the man they affectionately called “Pop.” His horse, Midnight; his pear-handled revolver; and his friendly banter helped to make “Pop” an unforgettable and beloved figure around town. All of this helped to explain why his death on June 25, 1952, hit the residents of Pulaski County so hard. “Pop” died 25 days after being struck by a car while on foot patrol. It was the end of a historic law enforcement career. Dotson “Pop” Sutton had served as a peace officer for 51 years in Missouri, and was 80 years old when he died, making him the oldest active law enforcement officer ever to be killed in the line of duty. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (July 22, 2025) - On the night of August 28, 1985, with 14 years of distinguished police service under his belt, New Jersey State Police Det. Albert J. Mallen Sr. was working on one of the biggest narcotics cases in state history. A drug raid was planned. The target was a modest home in a New Jersey suburb, which was suspected of being one of the laboratories in a multimillion-dollar methamphetamine operation controlled by organized crime in the Philadelphia-Atlantic City area. During the raid, Det. Mallen was hit in the face with a shotgun blast at close range. He died at the scene. He was 36-years-old when he died. He was the first plainclothes New Jersey State Police officer ever to be killed in the line of duty. In addition to his wife, Peggy, he was survived by three children: Albert Jr., Jennifer, and Michael. The community near Atlantic City, where he lived, was devastated by his death. An estimated 3,000 mourners showed up at the funeral. And a few months after his death, the first Cape/Atlantic Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Service and Breakfast was held to commemorate Det. Mallen’s death and other fallen law enforcement heroes from the area. It has become a cherished annual tradition that has continued for the last 40 years. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (July 15, 2025) - On May 4, 1886, a pro-labor crowd had gathered in Chicago’s Haymarket Square to rally in support of an eight-hour workday. Near the end of the rally, around 10:30 pm, a large number of police arrived and ordered the rally to disperse. That’s when an anarchist tossed a bomb into the path of the advancing police. It exploded, killing Patrolman Mathias Degan, and severely wounding many of the other police officers. Within a few days, six other Chicago patrolmen died from their injuries: John Barrett, Timothy Flavin, Nels Hansen, George Miller, Thomas Redden and Michael Sheehan. Two years later, Patrolman Timothy Sullivan died from the wounds he suffered in the incident. All totaled, eight police officers were killed as a result of the Haymarket bombing, and some 70 others in the crowd were injured in the bombing. At the time, it was the deadliest day ever for law enforcement, and still ranks as the third most officer fatalities in a single incident in U.S. history. Eight men were convicted of the crime and four were executed by hanging. It was not until 1926, 40 years later, that Henry Ford implemented a 5-day, 40-hour workweek at Ford Motor Company, setting a precedent for American industry. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (July 7, 2025) - More law enforcement officers are assaulted and injured responding to domestic disturbance calls than any other circumstance. And many of those calls have resulted in deadly encounters for the officers involved. Oxnard, California Police Officer John Adair was shot and killed on October 7, 1980, while trying to protect a woman from her enraged husband. Officer Adair’s wife was with her husband that night as a civilian ride-along. She witnessed the deadly encounter from the seat in her husband’s squad car. Winfield, Kansas Police Officer John Fulton tried to protect a woman who was fighting with her estranged husband. But suddenly, it was two against one as the wife grabbed the officer’s gun and gave it to her husband, who then shot and killed Officer Fulton. The year was 1892. And on May 9, 1993, Riverside County, California Deputy Kent Hintergardt was responding to a call from a woman who believed her female neighbor had been killed by a male friend. When the suspect exited the building, Deputy Hintergardt began questioning him. Suddenly the man pulled out a gun and fired a single shot at point-blank range, killing the 33-year-old officer. Kent was called one of the best deputies in the department’s history. Kent’s surviving spouse, Linda, became the national president of C.O.P.S. (Concerns of Police Survivors), an organization supporting the families of fallen officers. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

On March 26, 1916, Federal Correctional Officer Andrew Turner was stabbed to death by an inmate at the Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary in Kansas. His killer, Robert Stroud, was sentenced to hang. However, President Woodrow Wilson commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. Stroud went on to live nearly another 50 years in the Federal prison system and developed a fascination with birds. Shortly before his death in 1963, Stroud was immortalized in film as the “Birdman of Alcatraz.”Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (June 24, 2025) - On October 3, 1994, an elderly man named James Monsante, who had been grieving over the death of his wife earlier that year, was on the verge of suicide. His son contacted police and told them about the stash of guns his father kept in the home. After Monsante refused to be taken to the hospital for an evaluation, the New Hampshire State Police SWAT team, led by Sgt. James Noyes, was called in to negotiate a peaceful end to the standoff. Sgt. Noyes spent most of the night talking to Monsante through an open window and negotations seemed to be going well. But as dawn approached, Monsante became despondent again and appeared on the verge of shooting himself or others. Police decided to take action. As Sgt. Noyes dropped a percussion grenade through the window to give other officers time to move in, Monsante fired several blasts from an assault rifle, killing the 17-year police veteran. He then fired two more blasts, killing his dog, Bandit, and then himself. The police were just doing their job. They wanted to save a man’s life. Only this time, their mission failed. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (June 17, 2025) - Nicola Cotton, a 24-year-old New Orleans police officer was responding to the call of a possible rape suspect on the loose. She found a man sitting on the curb who fit the description of the possible rapist. As she attempted to arrest and handcuff the man, he violently resisted. After choking and striking Nicola in the head, the man grabbed her .40 caliber Glock service weapon from her holster and fired 15 fatal shots. It turned out that Nicola’s killer, Bernel Johnson, had been diagnosed as mentally ill and dangerous just three weeks before the murder. He had been forcibly committed to the state’s mental health care system. But, for unknown reasons, he was soon released. And adding to the tragic circumstances of Nicola’s murder was the fact that Johnson turned out not to be the rape suspect sought by police. New Orleans Assistant Police Superintendent Marlon Defillo remembered Nicola fondly. He said, “Her legacy is that she brought a spirit to the Police Department—with a smile. This giving person smiled every single day. I would joke with her and say, ‘Nicola, do you ever frown?’ And she’d said, ‘No, Chief.’” And she had a big heart. Nicola was known to carry a stash of $1 bills to pass out to the homeless while on patrol. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (June 10, 2025) - On April 26, 1995, Prince George’s County (MD) Police Corporal John Novabilski was working an off-duty job as a security guard for a local liquor store. He was in uniform and sitting in his marked patrol cruiser around 2:30 a.m. when a man walked up to his car with a MAC-11 assault pistol and opened fire. Corporal Novabilski was shot 11 times and died. The assailant grabbed the officer’s service weapon and ran off. A little over a month later, FBI Special Agent William Christian Jr., and 26 other officers and FBI agents were staking out a parking lot at a middle school in Prince George’s County (MD). They were looking for a man named Ralph McLean who was wanted for two unprovoked attacks on D.C. police officers. Apparently sensing that the police were waiting for him, he silently emerged from the woods and fatally shot Agent Christian multiple times with his MAC-11 assault pistol. McLean died minutes later during a furious gun battle with police and FBI agents. There were two guns lying by his body—the MAC-11 assault pistol and the stolen service weapon that belonged to Corporal John Novabilski. There was no motive in either attack except that McLean hated cops and loved to kill. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (June 3, 2025) - On October 6, 1995, Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Police Officers Scot Lewis and Keith DeVille were flagged down by a motorist who needed help. The two officers were just seven minutes from the end of their shift. It turned out that the man who flagged them down could neither speak, nor hear. While the two officers waited for an interpreter to arrive, another motorist drove up and pretended to know the deaf man. He engaged in some friendly conversation, then got out of his car, walked up to Scot, pulled out a gun and without any provocation whatsoever, shot him in the head at point-blank range. Officer Lewis, 28, would die three days later. The assailant tried to escape after grabbing Scot’s gun, but Officer DeVille fatally shot him as he was attempting to get away. Later it was learned that the cop killer had been on a three-day drug binge and simply decided to go out and kill a cop. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (May 20, 2025) - In 2009, 15 law enforcement officers were shot to death in just five separate multiple-death incidents. One of those tragedies occurred just after 8 am on Sunday, November 29, when a lone gunman walked into a Pierce County, Washington coffee shop and opened fire on four officers from the Lakewood, Washington Police Department. The fallen heroes—Officers Greg Richards, Tina Griswold, Ronald Owens and Sgt. Mark Renninger--were going over plans for their upcoming shift. None of the other civilians in the coffee shop were targeted or injured. All evidence in the case points to the fact that these four outstanding law enforcement professionals were murdered in cold blood simply because they were cops. After a massive manhunt, the assailant was later shot and killed while trying to pull a gun on a lone Seattle police officer who had confronted him on a city street in the middle of the night. The cop killer, like so many others, had a long history of criminal violence. He had received a total of 108 years in prison for the multiple felonies he had committed, but those responsible for criminal justice thought he deserved another chance. They were horribly wrong. Listen to the podcast to learn more.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com

McLean, VA (May 13, 2025) - Around 3:30 a.m. on February 26, 1988, a 22-year-old New York City police officer named Edward “Eddie” Byrne was sitting alone in his marked patrol car guarding the witness in a drug case. That’s when a car drove up. Two men got out of the car, while two others acted as lookouts. When one of the men knocked on the passenger-side window of Eddie’s patrol car, his accomplice shot the young officer in the head five times. The four killers were apprehended within a week of the murder. They were convicted of the crime and all four were sentenced to 25 years to life in prison. One of the killers, in a videotaped confession, that was played at the trial, provided graphic details of the crime. He told how the killers had bragged of the murder afterwards and said that the hit was ordered by a jailed drug dealer named Howard “Pappy” Mason, the leader of their gang. Mason wanted to send a symbolic message that the criminals, not the police, were ruling the city. But the plan backfired. Politicians and the citizens of New York City—and the nation—heard a different message. They rightly viewed Eddie’s assassination as an act of total disrespect for the rule of law and for those who enforce those laws. There would be no more intimidation. Instead, the cowardly murder of Eddie Byrne galvanized the city and the nation, and became the turning point in the nation’s war on drugs.Citizens Behind the Badge communicates through Substack! Please share this post and encourage other law enforcement officers and supporters to subscribe for free and receive news and updates. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit behindbadge.substack.com