The Prep List

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun reflects on the key lessons learned in the hospitality industry over the past year, emphasising the importance of clarity, the necessity of systems, strategic cutting for profitability, and evolving recruitment trends. He encourages operators to focus on building a strong foundation for 2026 by learning from past experiences and making thoughtful decisions.TakeawaysClarity beats speed in decision-making.Operators who paused for clarity outperformed others.Systems are essential for operational success.Cutting wisely can lead to better profitability.Smaller menus with a strong identity are more effective.Recruitment trends show a shift towards stability and growth opportunities.People seek belonging in their workplace.Investing in onboarding leads to better team retention.Pruning complexity can foster growth.Reflecting on what to leave behind can reset team dynamics.How to connect with Open Pantry Co.Email us at Open Pantry Co: connect@openpantryco.comSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun emphasises the importance of preparing for the upcoming year in the hospitality industry. He discusses the need for operational tidying and financial reviews before the busy January period, highlighting key areas such as rostering, supplier reviews, menu costings, and staff management. The conversation encourages operators to take proactive steps now to ensure a smoother transition into the new year, ultimately leading to greater success and reduced stress.Key takeawaysStart your year with a clear mindset and strategy.Focus on small operational resets to avoid stress later.Review rostering templates to prepare for staff changes.Conduct regular supplier reviews to save costs.Analyse menu costings to identify underperforming items.Clean up tech systems to ensure accurate data.Establish clear team structures and roles before January.Engage your team in identifying operational friction points.Momentum is key; start the process now.Seek professional help for strategy cleanups and recruitment.Links to brands we talked about in this show:Termina: WebsiteHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Email us: connect@openpantryco.comSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun discusses the critical role of wellness in the hospitality industry, emphasising its impact on employee retention, service quality, and overall operational success. He presents a compelling case for why wellness should be viewed as a strategic priority rather than a luxury, highlighting measurable ROI through reduced turnover and improved team dynamics. Practical tools and strategies are shared to foster a culture of care and connection among staff, ultimately leading to a more sustainable and productive work environment.TakeawaysWellness is a measurable lever for improving culture.A basic wellness program can significantly reduce turnover.The cost of replacing staff is substantial in the hospitality industry.Simple wellness practices can enhance team connection.Asking the right questions can uncover practical solutions.Wellness initiatives can lead to better customer interactions.Operational strategies should prioritise employee well-being.Small changes can have a big impact on team morale.Positioning wellness in job ads attracts better candidates.Leadership should focus on creating a supportive environment.How to connect with Open Pantry Co.Email Open Pantry Co: connect@openpantryco.comSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode of The Prep List, Shaun discusses the critical transition into summer operations for hospitality venues. He emphasises the importance of early planning, effective team communication, and operational efficiency to ensure a successful summer season. Shaun shares insights on rethinking summer operations, simplifying menus, and fostering a supportive team environment. He highlights a success story from Harvest Hospitality, showcasing how intentional leadership and planning can lead to improved service and profitability. The episode concludes with a reminder of the significance of preparation and team involvement in navigating the busy summer months.Key TakeawaysSummer is a crucial time for hospitality venues.Rethink operations early to avoid chaos later.Simplifying menus can enhance service efficiency.Effective communication is key to team success.Regular team huddles can build confidence and calm.Intentional leadership leads to better outcomes.Planning for simplicity can prevent overwhelm.Team input is valuable for operational improvements.Summer can be a training opportunity if planned well.Engagement with the team fosters motivation and consistency.How to connect with Open Pantry Co.Reach out to us via email: connect@openpantryco.comListen to 'The Ingredients' Podcast here: LinkSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

Summary:In this episode of The Prep List, host Shaun deVries explores a crucial yet often overlooked concept in the hospitality industry: the power of the pause. As the busiest time of the year approaches, Sean discusses how strategic breaks and smarter planning can strengthen venues, improve team morale, and enhance customer experiences. Tune in to discover why trading fewer days and focusing on quality over quantity might be the key to thriving in a competitive market. Don't miss this insightful discussion on making mindful decisions that protect your long-term success.Takeaways:Strategic breaks can strengthen venues and improve team morale.Trading fewer days can lead to higher-quality service and increased customer satisfaction.Smart venues are focusing on quality over quantity during peak seasons.Planning smarter breaks can help avoid burnout and maintain momentum.Communicating closure dates early builds trust and reduces uncertainty.A mindset shift from "staying open" to "trading well" can benefit the business.Condensing trading hours and offering special menus can enhance customer experience.Reviewing trading strategies can help you plan more effectively for busy seasons.Choosing to pause strategically can lead to a refreshed team and loyal customers.Making mindful decisions protects long-term success over short-term gains.Brands mentioned in this podcast:deputy.comtanda.coemploymenthero.comHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Open Pantry Co. Email Address: connect@openpantryco.comSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun shares insights on scaling a business smartly, focusing on maintaining the magic of the original venue while expanding. He discusses the importance of systems, tech, and trust, and offers practical advice for operators looking to expand without losing their brand identity.TakeawaysScaling smart means protecting your concept before multiplying it.Running a second site doubles the complexity, not the business.Expansion brings freedom only if foundations are solid.Check your tech stack before expanding to ensure systems communicate.The best groups scale by protecting what made them great.Systemise service rituals, brand details, and standards before expanding.Non-negotiables must stay the same no matter how big you get.Scaling smart is about keeping your identity intact as you grow.Start with systems first, not site selection, when expanding.Find out more about Sip Ventures $150K Partners Program: Link HereLinks to brands we talked about in this show:Restoke: LinkLoaded: LinkCTB AND CO: LinkTanda: LinkDeputy: LinkEmployment Hero: LinkXero: LinkHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Open Pantry Co. email: connect@openpantryco.comSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun discusses the critical importance of team development in the hospitality industry. He emphasises that effective training and staff retention are interconnected, and highlights the need for integrated learning systems to facilitate ongoing employee development. Shaun also encourages operators to view training as a revenue protection strategy rather than an expense, and shares practical tools and questions to foster a culture of continuous improvement within teams.TakeawaysMost operators only start training when issues arise.Staff retention and development are the same thing.Fast food brands excel at training due to necessity.Independent venues can adopt successful training practices.Every role should have a clear onboarding path.Training can be small, trackable milestones.Integrated learning systems are the future of training.Tech should enhance training, not replace it.Training is a revenue protection strategy.Focus on building capability among your team.Find out more about Sip Ventures $150K Partners Program: Link HereLinks to brands we talked about in this show:Employment Hero: LinkRestoke: LinkOperandio: LinkHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Email us at Open Pantry Co: shaun@openpantryco.comSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun discusses the importance of financial awareness in the hospitality industry, emphasising the need for regular cash flow forecasting and the use of financial management tools. He highlights the habits successful operators build around finance and encourages teams to develop a deeper understanding of their financial metrics.TakeawaysThe smartest operators forecast every month, sometimes weekly.Most venues go broke due to cash flow issues, not unprofitability.Tracking weekly revenue targets is crucial for financial health.Building financial habits can help maintain cash positivity.Regular financial reviews with the team are essential.Understanding key financial metrics fosters team accountability.Forecasting helps in planning for potential dips in revenue.Micro habits in finance can lead to significant improvements.Financial awareness should be a team-wide effort.Find out more about Sip Ventures $150K Partners Program: Link HereLinks to brands we talked about in this show:Restoke: LinkLoaded: LinkCTB AND CO: LinkTanda: LinkDeputy: LinkEmployment Hero: LinkXero: LinkHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Open Pantry Co. Email: LinkSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun discusses the importance of crisis readiness in the hospitality industry. He emphasises that many venues neglect crisis planning until it's too late, leading to chaos during unexpected disruptions. Shaun shares practical tools, such as checklists and templates, to help operators prepare for various crises, from staff shortages to tech failures. He emphasises the importance of having a calm and practised response to maintain customer trust and a positive reputation. The episode concludes with a call to action for operators to engage their teams in crisis planning exercises.Key TakeawaysCrisis readiness is essential for hospitality venues.Operators are increasingly implementing basic crisis plans.Simple, usable plans are more effective than complicated manuals.Customers judge the response to crises, not the crises themselves.Building resilience in culture helps maintain a reputation.Checklists and templates can streamline crisis management.Practising crisis scenarios can reveal knowledge gaps.Calm responses during crises can prevent chaos.Crisis planning should be a regular part of operations.It's not a matter of if something goes wrong, but when.Links to brands we talked about in this show:Open Pantry Co email: Shaun@openpantryco.comHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryThis week, we’re tackling the big kahuna: finding the right people for your team. Spoiler alert: if you don't have the right crew onboard, even the best brand can sink faster than a lead balloon! We’re chatting about how recruitment in hospitality has done a complete 180 in the last couple of years. Forget relying solely on seekers and word-of-mouth; it’s time to cast your net wide and explore platforms like LinkedIn and even your own job boards! Plus, I’m serving up some super handy interview questions to help you sift through candidates like a pro, so you can snag the gems and not just the same ol’ fish! Tune in, take notes, and let’s make your hiring game as strong as a double espresso!Takeaways: Talent acquisition is super crucial because the right team makes all the difference! Recruitment trends in hospitality have shifted, so don’t just fish in the same pond! Build structured interview questions that actually test skills instead of casual chit-chat. Make your job ads reflect your brand voice to attract the right fit for your culture! Check in with your team: Are we just filling gaps, or attracting the best candidates? Use multiple platforms for recruiting and adapt your strategies to find the best talent! Links to brands we talked about in this show:seek.com.audeputy.comtanda.coemploymenthero.comlinkedin.comharvesthospitality.com.auHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Email us for the free download in this episode: Shaun@openpantryco.comSubscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode of The Prep List, Shaun discusses the importance of location intelligence in the hospitality industry. He emphasises the shift from relying solely on gut feelings to using data-driven decisions for site selection and evaluation. Shaun shares tools and strategies for conducting location audits, highlights real-world examples of operators who have successfully leveraged location data, and encourages listeners to maximize their current locations' potential.TakeawaysLocation intelligence is crucial for site selection.Operators are now using data before signing leases.Combining gut instinct with data leads to better decisions.Regular location audits can save significant costs.Tools like Google Analytics and ABS census data are valuable.A location scorecard can help evaluate potential sites.Real-world examples show the impact of location decisions.Maximising location potential involves understanding local demographics.A structured approach to location evaluation is essential.Links to brands we talked about in this show:GeoTech: LinkLocationIQ: LinkLink to our free location spreadsheet: LinkHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode, Shaun discusses the importance of venue design and fit-out, emphasising how strategic decisions can save operators money and enhance customer experience.He highlights the trend of evolving existing spaces without major renovations, the significance of layout optimisation, and the need for continuous improvement in hospitality venues. Shaun provides actionable insights and questions for operators to consider in their planning and design processes.TakeawaysDesign pivots can evolve venues without full renovations.Flexibility and flow are key in venue design.Visualisation tools can help in planning changes.Engage your team for feedback on layout changes.Design decisions impact daily margins.Small adjustments can lead to significant improvements.Rethink layouts to reduce friction for staff and guests.Consider the customer journey in design decisions.Strategic changes can enhance ROI without high costs.Don't wait until you're desperate to rethink your space.Links to brands we talked about in this show:Big Plans Melbourne: LinkHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

Summary:Join Shaun as he shares insights on the importance of regular supply chain reviews. Discover how staying proactive can save costs and enhance efficiency in your venue.Key Takeaways:Trend to Watch: "Reviewing Before Regret" - Regular supplier reviews every 6-12 months can prevent overpaying and ensure competitive pricing. Tool to Test: "Track It, Don't Wing It" - Utilise tools like Restoke, Loaded, Cook in the Books, and Quantaco for effective supply chain management. Real-World Move: Go direct with suppliers for better margins and quality control, as seen with specialty coffee and matcha sourcing. Smart Question: "What's one product we use every day that no one's questioned the price of lately?" - Encourages a margin mindset and curiosity.If you found this episode helpful, share it with someone in hospitality. Don't forget to subscribe and leave a rating or review. For more resources, visit our Linktree page linked in the show notes.#SupplyChain #Hospitality #CostManagementLinks to brands we talked about in this show:Restoke: LinkLoaded: LinkCTB AND CO: LinkQuantaco: LinkHow to connect with Open Pantry Co.Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode of the Prep List, Shaun discusses key trends and tools for the hospitality industry, focusing on rising energy costs, the importance of data management, and long-term planning strategies. The need for operators to clean up their data to make informed decisions, and shared a case study of a supermarket's successful move to a larger facility. The episode concludes with advice on preparing for the summer season and scheduling discussions with team members.TakeawaysEnergy bills are rising; review your plans.Tools like Termina can help manage energy costs.Cleaning up data is crucial for accurate reporting.Old data can mislead your business decisions.Long-term planning is essential for growth.Spring is a good time for operational changes.Discuss summer schedules early with your team.Menu tweaks should be tested before peak seasons.Shedding old habits can improve efficiency.Sharing insights can benefit the hospitality community.Brands Shaun spoke about in the podcast:LaManna SupermarketTermina How to connect with Open Pantry Co.Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Linktree: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

This podcast episode focuses on the critical evaluation of point of sale (POS) systems within hospitality venues, emphasising the necessity of determining whether these systems are genuinely beneficial or inadvertently detrimental to business operations. I elucidate the evolution of POS systems, which have transformed from mere cash registers into multifaceted integrated platforms encompassing inventory management, customer loyalty, rostering, and marketing functionalitiesTakeaways: The point of sale (POS) system in your venue must be optimised to ensure it is effectively contributing to your business operations and not hindering them. Conducting a thorough audit of your POS system can unveil underutilised features that may enhance service efficiency and sales performance significantly. It is imperative to solicit feedback from both front-of-house and back-of-house staff regarding the functionality and usability of the POS system. Regularly reviewing the reports generated by your POS system is essential to making informed business decisions that can positively impact your overall performance. Simplifying the use of your POS system and focusing on essential features can yield better results than continuously seeking new technologies. Training your staff on the effective use of the POS system can prevent operational inefficiencies and improve customer service during peak times. Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

The principal focus of today's discourse revolves around the paramount significance of establishing brand clarity as a foundational element in the successful operation and expansion of hospitality venues.  Takeaways: Establishing brand clarity serves as the foundational element for sustainable growth in hospitality. In the context of venue expansion, knowing your brand's tone and service style is crucial. The documentation of your brand's key principles aids in maintaining consistency across multiple locations. A well-defined brand identity ensures that guests experience uniformity regardless of the venue they visit. Investing in brand clarity may initially slow down the process, but it yields faster decision-making later. Consulting a branding agency can significantly enhance your venue's identity and operational coherence. Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

This discussion centres on the burgeoning trend of AI-powered phone answering systems, a technological advancement that is permeating the hospitality industry with remarkable rapidity.Takeaways: The emergence of AI-powered phone answering systems is significantly transforming the hospitality industry. Utilising AI tools allows venues to manage customer inquiries without staff interruption during busy service hours. Adopting an online-first booking strategy can enhance guest experience and streamline operations efficiently. Automating responses to repetitive guest inquiries can improve service quality while reducing staff stress levels. AI systems can operate 24/7, capturing late-night and early-morning booking requests without requiring human presence. It is essential to evaluate the suitability of any technology for your specific venue to maximise its benefits. Subscribe to the 🥪Sandwich Press Newsletter: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Website: LinkOpen Pantry Co. Instagram: LinkOpen Pantry Co. YouTube: LinkOpen Pantry Co. LinkedIn: LinkLinks referenced in this episode:nowbookit.comsevenrooms.comopentable.comMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

This podcast episode highlights the paramount importance of recruitment within the hospitality sector, emphasising not merely the act of filling vacancies but rather the strategic endeavour to cultivate cohesive teams that contribute to sustained organisational success. Takeaways: The podcast highlights the importance of employer branding in attracting top talent to the hospitality industry. It is essential to create job advertisements that are welcoming, clear, and aspirational to attract suitable talent. Onboarding should not be viewed as a mere chore; rather, it serves as a vital recruitment tool that can enhance retention. The discussion highlights the importance of consistent team check-ins during the onboarding process to ensure new hires feel supported and integrated. Links referenced in this episode:employmentherotandadeputyharvest hospitalityMentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

The primary focus of this podcast episode is the emerging trend in the hospitality industry towards smaller menus that yield greater profit margins. This shift is largely motivated by cost pressures, staffing shortages, and an intensified emphasis on quality. By strategically reducing menu offerings, establishments can enhance operational efficiency, diminish waste, and ensure a more consistent dining experience. We also discuss the implementation of automated recipe costing tools, which are essential for maintaining accurate financial oversight in conjunction with streamlined menus. Furthermore, we highlight an exemplary operator, Don's in Melbourne, which successfully exemplifies this model, demonstrating that a confidently curated menu can significantly elevate both service quality and profitability.Takeaways: The current trend in hospitality emphasises smaller menus, which leads to increased margins and reduced waste. Utilising automated recipe costing tools is essential for maintaining financial accuracy in food service operations. The operator example of Don's in Melbourne showcases the effectiveness of a focused menu strategy. Engaging your team with questions about menu item profitability can foster insightful discussions and improve margins. A concise menu allows staff to excel and enhances the overall guest experience significantly. Identifying which three menu items contribute the majority of profit is crucial for business sustainability. Mentioned in this episode:Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/Now Book ItGo to https://www.nowbookit.com/

SummaryIn this episode of the Prep List, Shaun discusses the current trends in the hospitality industry, emphasising the shift towards smaller teams and the importance of simplification. He highlights how technology can enhance efficiency without overwhelming staff, using a case study of a cafe that successfully implemented a new ordering system. Shaun also spotlights To Be Frank Bakery, a client known for their signature product, the cinnamon morning bun, and encourages venues to identify their unique offerings. Finally, he poses a reflective question for teams to consider what inefficiencies they are tolerating and how to address challenges.