Math! Science! History!

Before Isaac Newton's ideas reshaped Europe, his work struggled to gain traction in Italy. This episode revisits the remarkable life of Laura Bassi, the first woman in history to hold an academic chair, and the physicist who championed Newtonian physics against fierce intellectual and social resistance. In 1776, Laura Bassi achieved a historic milestone, becoming the first woman in the world to hold a chair of experimental physics and the highest-paid lecturer at the University of Bologna. Her advocacy accelerated the acceptance of Newtonian physics in Italy and paved the way for future generations of women in science. This episode explores how intellect, persistence, and scientific curiosity allowed Laura Bassi to reshape physics education and secure her legacy as one of the most important figures in the history of women in STEM. 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h   🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!

A viral multiplication spiral once attributed to Nikola Tesla opens the door to a much older mathematical story, one rooted in ancient Sumerian and Babylonian base-60 mathematics. In this episode, we explore how sexagesimal counting shaped everything from clocks and geometry to modern science, and how ideas are often misnamed after the most famous figure rather than the original innovator. Along the way, we unpack eponymy, the Matthew Effect, and why credit in science and math is rarely distributed fairly. Learn: 🌀 Why Base-60 Still Runs Our World How the Sumerian sexagesimal system underpins timekeeping, angles, geography, and trigonometry, and why it survived for thousands of years. 📐 The Truth Behind "Tesla's" Multiplication Map Where the multiplication spiral actually comes from, how it visually encodes multiples of 12 and 60, and why attributing it to Tesla is mathematically unnecessary. 📚 Eponymy, the Matthew Effect, and Who Gets Credit From Fibonacci to Pythagoras, Rosalind Franklin to Vera Rubin, we examine how scientific ideas are routinely named after the wrong people and what that reveals about power, prestige, and history. Featured Concepts & Figures ·         Sexagesimal (base-60) number systems ·         Sumerian and Babylonian mathematics ·         Tesla's Multiplication Map vs. the Sumerian Sexagesimal Spiral ·         Eponymy and Stigler's Law ·         The Matthew Effect and the Matilda Effect ·         Pythagorean triples and Plimpton-322 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!  

In this repost episode of Math! Science! History!, Gabrielle Birchak speaks with Professor Gillen D'Arcy Wood, author of The Wake of the HMS Challenger: How a Legendary Victorian Voyage Tells the Story of Our Ocean's Decline. Together, they uncover how a nineteenth-century Royal Navy warship transformed into a floating laboratory and gave humanity its first global snapshot of the oceans. From discovering thousands of new species to inspiring NASA's Challenger shuttle, the expedition shaped modern oceanography and continues to inform today's conservation science. Wood's biocentric storytelling reminds us that to save our planet, we must first fall in love with it again, to be, as he says, re-enchanted by the living ocean that sustains us all. Three Things Listeners Will Learn How the HMS Challenger (1872–1876) became the first global oceanographic expedition, collecting temperature, depth, and biological data still used today. Why Gillen D'Arcy Wood's "biocentric" approach reframes history through the perspective of marine life rather than human explorers. What the voyage teaches us about modern ocean crises: from overfishing and warming seas to microplastics—and how species like the green turtle show that recovery is possible. Resources and Further Reading The Wake of the HMS Challenger by Gillen D'Arcy Wood - HarperCollins Publishers Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h   Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Smooth Piano by Universefield Musinova - Travelling And Discovering (Marimba World Percussion) Documentary-Nikita Kondrashev Audio Editor: Podcast mixed by David Aviles Until next time, carpe diem!

Set in the year 2220, this holiday puzzle episode blends science fiction, real scientific legacies, and mathematical reasoning into an immersive problem-solving adventure. The United Nations Time-Travel Division recruits four brilliant scientists, each descended from historically significant scientific families, and sends them back to 2019 with a radical mission: erase the year 2020 from the timeline. What follows is a multi-step logic and distance puzzle involving self-driving hover cars, state capitals, precise velocity calculations, and a final anagram that reveals what humanity might have gained if an entire year of global disruption never happened. This episode invites listeners to actively engage with math, geography, and history, using real tools like Google Maps to solve a futuristic mystery. What You'll Learn in This Episode 1. How Scientific Lineage Shapes Discovery Across Centuries - Meet four fictional descendants of real Nobel-winning scientists, including the Curie family, the Mosers, Isabella and Jerome Karle, and Jane and Alexander Marcet. This episode highlights how scientific knowledge, curiosity, and impact can echo across generations, shaping both history and imagined futures. 2. How Distance, Speed, and Direction Combine in Real-World Math - Using detailed velocity changes, directional turns, and travel times, listeners calculate the total linear distance each hover car travels to reach Niagara Falls. The puzzle reinforces applied math concepts, including unit conversion, cumulative distance, and approximation, all grounded in real geographic constraints. 3. How Geography and Logic Reveal Hidden Patterns - By tracing each scientist's route from an unknown state capital to Niagara Falls, listeners identify likely originating cities. The first letters of each capital form an anagram, encouraging pattern recognition and synthesis, and leading to a final conceptual answer tied to life without a pandemic. How the Puzzle Works Each scientist begins in a different U.S. state capital in 2019. Their hover cars follow a non-optimal, directional path at varying speeds and durations. The cars never travel over oceans, and all distances are measured in kilometers. Listeners are encouraged to use Google Maps' Measure Distance tool to approximate routes. Once the four starting capitals are identified, their initials form an anagram. Solving the anagram reveals a concept symbolizing a world without the disruptions of 2020. Questions the Episode Asks You to Solve How many kilometers did each scientist travel to reach Niagara Falls? Which U.S. state capital did each scientist originate from? What word or phrase emerges from the anagram of those capitals? This episode rewards careful listening, note-taking, and methodical reasoning, making it ideal for puzzle lovers, educators, and anyone who enjoys thoughtful holiday challenges. 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h 🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem! All music is public domain. Little Prince by Lloyd Rogers. We Wish You a Merry Christmas by the U.S. Naval Academy. Ambient 03 by Sscheidl at Pixabay. A Journey Beyond by Christian Bodhi.

This episode marks the very first Math! Science! History! holiday puzzle, a tradition built around logic, problem-solving, and a little historical mischief. Rather than a standard narrative episode, this one invites listeners to actively participate, following clues, working through puzzles, and engaging with science and history in a hands-on way. Designed as a holiday "party for the brain," the episode blends reasoning, curiosity, and playful challenge. You can listen straight through or pause along the way to work out the puzzles yourself. There's no rush, no trick answers, and no prior episodes required. How to listen: ·         Grab a notebook or open a notes app. ·         Pause when you need time to think. ·         Enjoy the process more than the finish line. This archive re-release is part of our seasonal tradition of resurfacing listener-favorite puzzles for new audiences and longtime listeners alike. 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!

As the year draws to a close, people across cultures have long turned to riddles, puzzles, and quiet forms of reflection. From lantern riddles in China to communal riddles in Africa and contemplative winter traditions in Europe, these practices were never just games. They were tools for slowing down, thinking together, and preparing for change. In this season-ending Flashcard episode, we explore why riddles emerge during moments of transition, how puzzles shape empathy and shared intelligence, and why one enduring answer continues to matter across centuries and cultures. Discover! Why the Year's End Invites Riddles - Discover why anthropologists and historians consistently find riddles clustered around seasonal transitions, especially the turning of the year, and how puzzles help the brain tolerate uncertainty and seek closure. How Cultures Solved Problems Together - Explore how riddles functioned across societies not as competitions, but as collaborative practices that taught listening, metaphor, patience, and shared understanding. The Oldest Answer We Keep Relearning - Learn why the most enduring riddle traditions point toward empathy, altruism, and love, not as abstract ideals, but as practical tools for resolving conflict, finding forgiveness, and living without fear. 📚 Resources & Further Reading ·         Ruth Finnegan, Oral Literature in Africa ·         Bruce Mannheim, The Language of the Inka since the European Invasion ·         Annikki Kaivola-Bregenhøj, Riddles: Their Cultural Context and Disappearing Reasons ·         Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure ·         Carolyne Larrington (trans.), The Poetic Edda ·         Wolfram Eberhard, A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols (Full citations and additional sources are available on the Math! Science! History! website.) 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h 🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com Do you want the ad-free podcast?! Visit us at Supercast at www.MathScienceHistory.Supercast.com - pick a tier, and immerse yourself without the ads! ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!

Jigsaw puzzles may seem like quiet, domestic pastimes, but their history tells a much bigger story. In this episode of Math! Science! History!, Gabrielle Birchak traces the surprising evolution of the jigsaw puzzle, from its origins as an Enlightenment-era teaching tool to its role as a psychological stabilizer during the Great Depression, and finally to its modern use in cognitive science and brain health. Along the way, we explore how puzzles reflect changes in technology, culture, economics, and how humans think and learn. This episode uncovers how something as simple as fitting pieces together connects directly to spatial reasoning, problem-solving, collaboration, and the joy of making sense of the world. What You'll Learn in This Episode 🧩 Cutting the World Apart How an 18th-century British mapmaker unintentionally created the first jigsaw puzzles by slicing maps into wooden pieces, turning geography into a hands-on learning experience. 🧠 When the Pieces Click Why puzzles are so deeply satisfying, from the psychology of self-efficacy and flow to the way cooperative puzzling strengthens social bonds without competition. 🏠 From Parlors to Brain Health How jigsaw puzzles moved from elite Victorian parlors to Depression-era kitchens, post-war family tables, and modern research labs studying aging, spatial reasoning, and cognitive resilience. 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers All The Things by Abydos Music from Pixabay Steampunk Victorian Orchestra by Luis Humanoide from Pixabay Retro Pop by Alana Jordan from Pixabay Until next time, carpe diem!

If you enjoyed today's Flashcard Friday deep dive, make sure to subscribe, leave a review, and share the episode with a fellow puzzle lover. And don't forget, this last Tuesday was the big Holiday Time-Travel Puzzle Episode, so keep grab your notebook and check it out for prizes and a gift card! You can listen to it here: https://mathsciencehistory.libsyn.com/its-the-math-science-history-holiday-puzzle-2025  Episode Overview Solving puzzles feels good, but why? In this Flashcard Friday episode, Gabrielle explores the neuroscience behind puzzles, how your brain lights up during problem-solving, and how you can train yourself to love puzzles even more. From dopamine pathways to the power of short, consistent practice, this episode uncovers the brain's secret recipe for curiosity, insight, and reward. Three Things You'll Learn: "Mind Games, Literally" What Parts of Your Brain Activate When You Solve Puzzles - Learn how the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobes, hippocampus, default mode network, and reward circuitry work together every time you crack a clue. Why Puzzle Solving Triggers a Dopamine Boost - Discover how dopamine fuels motivation, anticipation, and the satisfaction of every "Aha!" moment. How to Train Your Brain to Love Puzzles - Explore evidence-based strategies to build puzzle habits, increase cognitive resilience, and reinforce your natural problem-solving instincts. Resources Aarts, Esther, et al. "Dopamine and the Cognitive Motivation to Exert Mental Effort." Journal of Neuroscience, 2012. Beeman, Mark, and John Kounios. "The Cognitive Neuroscience of Insight." Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2004. Dehaene, Stanislas, et al. "Sources of Mathematical Thinking." Science, 1999. Yin, Henry H., and Bernard Balleine. "Habit Formation and the Basal Ganglia." Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2006. 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com Do you want the ad-free podcast?! Visit us at Supercast at www.MathScienceHistory.Supercast.com - pick a tier, and immerse yourself without the ads! ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!    

It's finally here. The annual math science history holiday puzzle. It's a long one but it is a fun one. When you solve it be sure to send all of your work, handwritten, and your answers too hello at math sciencehistory.com by midnight on December 16th. Be in the top three to get it in first and correct and you will have a chance to win some prizes. All of those in the top three can choose to be interviewed on the podcast to tell us all about their love for math, science and history! First place wins a $25 Amazon gift card and a choice of a Math! Science! History! baseball cap or our latest "Powered by Curiosity" t-shirt Second place wins a "Powered by Curiosity" t-shit Third place wins our newest computer sticker "Because Time Machines Don't Exist Yet!" You can find the transcripts at mathsciencehistory.com – just click on the link The Transcriptorium There, you will find the equations and explanations for each of the puzzles! 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h   🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Sci fi transition – Rescopic Sound – from Pixabay Futuristic atmo Hangar by Samuel F. Johanns from Pixabay Air transition Sound Effect by storegraphic from Pixabay The Stella Princess Can Dance Waltz Prince Edward the Twin by The-Vampires-Monster Soundtrack from Pixabay Whoosh Sound Effect by floraphonic from Pixabay Power Up Sparkle by floraphonic from Pixabay Ground Impact SFX by universefield from Pixabay  Punch a rock SFX by LordSonny from Pixabay Bubble FX by Jurij from Pixabay Landing Spacecraft by Fronbondi_Skegs from Pixabay   Until next time, carpe diem!    

In this Flashcards Friday episode, we take the science of light bulbs out of the hardware aisle and into everyday life. Most people assume a bulb is just a bulb, but the truth is that the type you choose affects your energy bill, eye comfort, the way your rooms feel, and even the safety of your fixtures. From LEDs to incandescent filaments, from color temperature to socket fit, this episode breaks down the science behind the glow. You'll walk away with practical knowledge you can use immediately, all through the lens of curiosity and real-world physics. If you enjoy episodes that help you understand the science hidden in everyday objects, please leave a review, subscribe on your favorite platform, and share this episode with someone who's still trying to figure out why their lamp keeps flickering. Three Enlightening Takeaways The science behind the most common types of light bulbs - You'll explore how incandescent, halogen, CFL, and LED bulbs actually produce light, why some run hot while others stay cool, and what those differences mean for your home and energy use. Why color temperature matters more than most people realize - You'll learn how warm, neutral, and cool tones affect visibility, mood, and comfort, and how to choose the right color temperature for different rooms in your home. How to choose a bulb that safely fits your fixture - You'll understand why the right socket base, wattage rating, and fixture requirements matter, and how picking the correct bulb prevents overheating, flickering, or damaged lamps. Episode Resources Understanding LED vs. Incandescent Bulbs (Energy.gov) https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/lighting-choices-save-you-money Guide to Bulb Bases and Fixture Compatibility https://www.gelighting.com/inform/guide-light-bulb-sizes-types-shapes-and-codes Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  Do you want the ad-free podcast?! Visit us at Supercast at www.MathScienceHistory.Supercast.com - pick a tier, and immerse yourself without the ads! ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal - https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/PR7F7ST49GDNA Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!  

Step into a silent museum after closing hours, where moonlight washes over long corridors and the hum of unseen forces seems to guide your every step. In this immersive narrative puzzle episode, four historical artifacts awaken in the darkness to share their stories. Each object reveals a piece of a much larger scientific legacy, one that begins with ancient reverence for a thunderous waterfall and continues through centuries of experimentation, rivalry, and extraordinary imagination. By following the clues, listeners uncover the lineage of ideas that shaped the power system we depend on every day. The final answer emerges only after connecting the voices of the artifacts, the rhythm of innovation, and the history of electricity itself. Three Enlightening Moments:  The scientific breakthroughs that paved the way for modern power systems - Listeners discover how early experiments in magnetism, induction, and natural energy set the foundation for the electricity that powers our lives today. The cultural and industrial significance of a legendary waterfall - The episode explores the Indigenous reverence for this natural wonder, its role in early milling and industry, and its eventual transformation into a symbol of scientific ambition. The story behind a historic rivalry that shaped the future of electricity - Listeners learn how competing visions for electrical power sparked debate, innovation, and ultimately the system we use today. Resources:  History of the Legendary Waterfall https://www.nps.gov/nifa/index.htm Haudenosaunee Confederacy & Indigenous Histories https://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com General Overview of Early Electrical Inventions https://www.britannica.com/science/electricity The Baggage Podcast is a collection of compelling, unique, and sometimes traumatic stories from people of all walks of life. These stories typically only get heard by the storyteller's friends, family, or coworkers. This podcast is a platform for everyday individuals to share their experiences with a larger audience as well as how they cope with the emotional and mental baggage that sometimes follows those events. www.thebaggagepodcast.com   🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h 🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music and SFX are public domain and have no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd RodgersHowling wind Effect by Darina Evstafeva from Pixabay Heartbeat by Dragon Studio from Pixabay Waterfall by John Tramp from Pixabay  Until next time, carpe diem!  

Your nose is more powerful than you think. In this episode of Math! Science! History!, we explore the hidden biology behind your sense of smell, how it connects directly to memory and emotion, and why scent has shaped human evolution for more than 500 million years. From safety and attraction to learning and emotional balance, your olfactory system is a biological superpower hiding in plain sight. THREE INSIGHTS THAT PASS THE SNIFF TEST Why Smell Is the Fastest Path to Emotion - Smell bypasses the thalamus and goes straight to the limbic system, which explains instant emotional memories triggered by scent. How Humans Detect Over a Trillion Odors - With about 400 types of receptors combining in complex patterns, your nose functions like a biological symphony conductor. How Scent Improves Memory, Focus & Emotional Well-Being - From cognitive scent-pairing to olfactory training, smell can sharpen memory, improve concentration, and reinforce emotional grounding 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com Do you want the ad-free podcast?! Visit us at Supercast at www.MathScienceHistory.Supercast.com - pick a tier, and immerse yourself without the ads! LINKS TO RESOURCES Scientific References (from episode): • Axel & Buck (1995): https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1095-154 • Buck (2000): https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80698-4 • Bushdid et al. (2014): https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1249168 • Herz & Engen (1996): https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210754 • Hummel et al. (2009): https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.20101 • Larson et al. (2007): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.03.064 • Moss et al. (2003): https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450390161903 • Stevenson (2010): https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjp083 • Wysocki & Beauchamp (1984): https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.81.15.4899 Further Reading: • The Scent of Desire — Rachel Herz • What the Nose Knows — Avery Gilbert • Harvard Gazette — "Why Smell Triggers Powerful Memories" • American Academy of Otolaryngology — https://www.entnet.org   🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!  

In this episode of Math! Science! History!, I explore the extraordinary life and legacy of Carl Friedrich Gauss, often called the Prince of Mathematics. From a childhood marked by brilliance to contributions that underpin GPS, machine learning, astronomy, electromagnetism, and modern geometry, Gauss reshaped the scientific world with humility and unwavering precision. You'll learn where the myths end, where the history begins, and why Gauss's work remains foundational in virtually every field touched by numbers today. A Trio of Gaussian Insights The Myth and the Mind Behind the Child Prodigy - Why the famous "1 to 100" story is partly folklore. But it still reveals Gauss's unbelievable early intuition. How Gauss Found a Lost Planet - A clear explanation of his orbit-reconstruction breakthrough that forever changed astronomy. The Mathematical Tools That Power Today's Technology - From least squares to the Gaussian curve, learn how his ideas fuel GPS, machine learning, physics, and more. 📚 Resources & References ·         Bell, Eric Temple. Men of Mathematics. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1937. ·         Dunnington, G. Waldo. Gauss: Titan of Science. New York: Mathematical Association of America, 2004. ·         Gauss, Carl Friedrich. Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Trans. Arthur A. Clarke. Yale University Press, 1966. ·         Kline, Morris. Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times. Oxford University Press, 1972. ·         Kurtz, David C. "Gauss' Determination of the Orbit of Ceres." Archive for History of Exact Sciences 30, no. 3 (1984): 231–244. ·         Schär, Bernhard. "Carl Friedrich Gauss and the First Electromagnetic Telegraph." Isis 102, no. 3 (2011): 501–524. ·         Schneider, Carl. "Carl Friedrich Gauss." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 5. New York: Scribner's, 1972. ·         Teets, Donald, and Karen Whitehead. "The Discovery of Ceres: How Gauss Became Famous." Mathematics Magazine 72, no. 2 (1999): 83–93. VISIT US!! mathsciencehistory.com The Baggage Podcast is a collection of compelling, unique, and sometimes traumatic stories from people of all walks of life. These stories typically only get heard by the storyteller's friends, family, or coworkers. This podcast is a platform for everyday individuals to share their experiences with a larger audience as well as how they cope with the emotional and mental baggage that sometimes follows those events. www.thebaggagepodcast.com  📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Music: All music is public domain 0.0 or 1.0 and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers, Mirecourt Trio composed by Lloyd Rodgers CC1.0 From Page to Practice by Bryan Teoh from Pixabay Smooth Piano by Universefield  from Pixabay Serene Sonnet by Oleksii Holubiev from Pixabay Until next time, carpe diem!  

If you enjoy learning how chemistry, math, and history shape everyday life, follow Math! Science! History! and share this episode with someone still blaming the turkey! Why does tryptophan always get accused of making everyone sleepy after Thanksgiving? Today's Flashcards Friday takes a closer look at the real science behind this famous amino acid , including how it works in the body, why carbohydrates change everything, and how tryptophan connects to your mood and even your sense of gratitude. Whether your plate had turkey or tofu, this tiny molecule has a much bigger story to tell. Three Things You'll Learn in This Episode: The Tryptophan Edition How tryptophan actually enters the brain and why the carb-insulin ratio determines whether it succeeds. Why vegetarian foods often contain more tryptophan than turkey, and how plant-based meals create the same post-meal calm. How serotonin and tryptophan connect to emotional resilience and gratitude, especially after warm, shared meals. 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com Do you want the ad-free podcast?! Visit us at Supercast at www.MathScienceHistory.Supercast.com - pick a tier, and immerse yourself without the ads! ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!

I'm diving deep into the chemistry of flavor, the history of spices, and the math behind crafting the perfect pumpkin spice latte. So go grab your cup of pumpkin spice whatever, get cozy, and let's explore! To read the podcast's transcripts, visit me at www.MathScienceHistory.com. You can buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon at https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h Until next time, carpe diem! The Baggage Podcast is a collection of compelling, unique, and sometimes traumatic stories from people of all walks of life. These stories typically only get heard by the storyteller's friends, family, or coworkers. This podcast is a platform for everyday individuals to share their experiences with a larger audience as well as how they cope with the emotional and mental baggage that sometimes follows those events. www.thebaggagepodcast.com  Show music by Lloyd Rodgers has no Copyright and no rights reserved.   Other music by Georgetown Cafe, George Popoi, Free Music Archive, CC 4.0 https://popoi.bandcamp.com/track/georgetown-cafe Solace Acoustic, Mark Wilson, Free Music Archive, CC 4.0 https://freemusicarchive.org/music/mark-wilson-x/ 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!    

In this Flashcard Friday follow-up to Tuesday's interview with theoretical physicist Dr. Ronald L. Mallett, Gabrielle explores Einstein's famous claim that imagination is more important than knowledge. From Marie Curie's invisible rays to Johannes Kepler's celestial harmonies, this episode traces how imagination transforms human emotion, grief, wonder, curiosity, into world-changing discovery. Listeners will hear how Dr. Mallett's childhood heartbreak became the seed for his groundbreaking work on time travel, and how imagination continues to link science and humanity. Three Takeaways How imagination transforms emotion into discovery—Dr. Mallett's story shows how grief became a lifelong scientific pursuit. Why creativity drives scientific progress—Curie, Kepler, Hypatia, and Einstein used imagination as their most vital research tool. How "What if?" questions ignite innovation—Every major discovery begins as an imaginative hypothesis. Resources Dr. Ronald L. Mallett, Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality (Basic Books, 2006) H. G. Wells, The Time Machine (1895) Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (1916) 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h   🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!

In this fascinating conversation, I interview theoretical physicist Dr. Ronald Mallett to explore one of humanity's most extraordinary scientific pursuits: time travel. From the influence of Einstein's general theory of relativity to quantum mechanics and parallel universes, Dr. Mallett shares the story of how his personal loss inspired a lifetime of discovery. Listeners will hear how his work connects the geometry of spacetime, wormholes, and cosmic strings to the real mathematics of time loops, and how time travel to the past is theoretically possible. The discussion also takes an emotional and philosophical turn, as Dr. Mallett reflects on his book Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality and the hopes of seeing his father's memory brought to life on the big screen. Three Things You'll Learn: Einstein's Relativity and the Mechanics of Time Loops: How frame dragging, rotation, and gravity could allow time to twist back on itself. Quantum Mechanics and the Multiverse Solution: Why physicists like Hugh Everett and David Deutsch believe time travel could avoid paradoxes through parallel universes. Real-World Implications of Time Travel: From predicting natural disasters to advancing communication and transportation, Dr. Mallett explains how this science could one day reshape our future. Resources and Further Reading: Dr. Ronald Mallett's Book: Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality University of Connecticut Physics Profile: Ronald L. Mallett, Ph.D. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy): SEP – General Relativity If you enjoyed this episode, please share it with your fellow science enthusiasts and leave a review wherever you listen. - Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h   🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Treasure – no drums by BreakzStudios Pixabay Documentary Soundscapes by Music by Valentina López – Pixabay Classic Documentary Piano by Mikhail Smusev from Pixabay Modular Ambient 03 by SScheidel from Pixabay A choir of fairies and Elves from Pixabay For Documentary by Alisia Beatz from Pixabay Nature Documentary by James Carter from Pixabay     Until next time, carpe diem!

Subscribe to Math! Science! History! wherever you listen to podcasts, and if you love learning how math and science make everyday life better, leave a review and share this episode with a friend who's always running out of time! In this episode of Math! Science! History!, Gabrielle Birchak explores how mathematics and science can help us master the one resource we can't manufacture, time. From the Shortest Path Problem in geometry to the Pareto Principle in physics and productivity, Gabrielle uncovers how optimization, energy management, and practical habits can transform the way we work, think, and live. This five-minute Flashcard episode blends logic, science, and real-world wisdom for anyone who wants to save time, and maybe feel a little like a time traveler. Three Time Saving Techniques:  How the math of optimization teaches us to find the smartest, most efficient route. How physics and the 80/20 rule show us to manage energy instead of just minutes. How real-world strategies like the Two-Minute Rule, Time Blocking, and Habit Stacking turn theory into daily success. Links & Resources: Atomic Habits by James Clear, https://jamesclear.com/atomic-habits Learn more about the Pareto Principle, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareto_principle 🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!

What if you could bend time like taffy, stretching moments, collapsing centuries, and stepping through the folds of history itself? In this episode of Math! Science! History!, Gabrielle explores the myths, literature, and scientific breakthroughs that brought time travel from ancient dreams to modern equations. From the Mahabharata to H.G. Wells, from Einstein's relativity to Ronald Mallett's laser loop, we uncover how humanity's yearning to rewrite the past or glimpse the future evolved into one of science's most mind-bending pursuits. Join Gabrielle for a journey through paradoxes, wormholes, and the minds who dared to ask: Can we really travel through time? Three Key Points 1.      How ancient myths from India and Japan foreshadowed the physics of time dilation centuries before Einstein. 2.      Why Einstein's relativity transformed time from a constant into a flexible dimension, and what experiments proved it. 3.      How real physicists like Ronald Mallett are working to turn theoretical equations into the first tangible steps toward time travel. Resources & References ·         Einstein, Albert. Relativity: The Special and General Theory. 1916. ·         Kip Thorne. Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy. W.W. Norton, 1994. ·         Ronald L. Mallett. Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality. Basic Books, 2006. ·         Gödel, Kurt. "An Example of a New Type of Cosmological Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations." Reviews of Modern Physics, 1949. ·         Hafele, J. C., & Keating, R. E. "Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Predicted Relativistic Time Gains." Science, 1972. ·         NASA: Time Dilation Explained (FYI: NASA hasn't been able to update this page due to lack of government funding  🔗 Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com 📚 To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h  🌍 Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  🎧 Enjoying the Podcast? ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! PayPal Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show! Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs! Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Remainder of music and sounds from Pixabay – CC0  Until next time, carpe diem!  

Raise your glass, and your curiosity. In this Math! Science! History! Flashcard Friday, Gabrielle Birchak takes you into a haunted pub where chemistry and folklore share the same barstool. You'll uncover how distillation mirrors transformation, why vapor behaves like a ghost, and how the energy that fuels both whiskey and legend never truly disappears. This is science told by firelight, a story of matter, energy, and the invisible bonds that tie us to everything that changes form. Three Ponderable Things How spirits are born: The chemistry of distillation, evaporation, condensation, and the poetic process of capturing a "spirit." Why nothing truly disappears: The physics of latent heat and energy conservation that mirror our fascination with ghost stories. How aroma tells a story: The role of volatile compounds that give whiskey its scent, and make chemistry feel almost supernatural. Resources & References Hornsey, Ian S. A History of Beer and Brewing. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2003. Forbes, R. J. Short History of the Art of Distillation. Brill, 1970. Atkins, P. W., and Julio de Paula. Atkins' Physical Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. Royal Society of Chemistry – The Chemistry of Distilling Spirits American Chemical Society – How Distillation Works If this episode left you thinking differently about what lingers after a toast, follow Math! Science! History! wherever you listen to podcasts, and share it with a friend who loves science, storytelling, or a good glass of whiskey. For transcripts, references, and more stories that mix curiosity with chemistry, visit MathScienceHistory.com. Explore more on our website: mathsciencehistory.com To buy my book Hypatia: The Sum of Her Life on Amazon, visit https://a.co/d/g3OuP9h Let's Connect!Bluesky: https://bsky.app/profile/mathsciencehistory.bsky.social Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/math.science.history Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mathsciencehistory  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/math-science-history/  Threads: https://www.threads.com/@math.science.history  Mastodon: https://mathsciencehistory@mathstodon.xyz YouTube: Math! Science! History! - YouTube Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/mathsciencehistory  Enjoying the Podcast? If you love Math, Science, History, here's how you can help:🌟 Leave a review! It helps more people discover the show!📢 Share this episode with friends & fellow history buffs!🔔 Subscribe on your favorite podcast platform ☕ Support the Show: Coffee!! https://www.paypal.com/ncp/payment/PR7F7ST49GDNA 🛍 Check out our merch: https://www.mathsciencehistory.com/the-store Music: All music is public domain and has no Copyright and no rights reserved. Selections from The Little Prince by Lloyd Rodgers Until next time, carpe diem!