OSCE Talk

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down methotrexate — a high-risk but commonly prescribed DMARD used in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn’s disease.We explain:how methotrexate workswhy it is taken once weekly (and never daily)the role of folic acidkey side effects, drug interactions, and monitoringimportant counselling points around infection risk, pregnancy, and safety-nettingClear, practical explanations you can use on the ward, in clinic, and in exams.

In this Osce Talk episode, we show you exactly how to counsel a patient with type 2 diabetes, followed by a clear, OSCE-ready explanation of metformin.This episode is designed for OSCEs and clinical exams, using simple language, logical structure, and the key points examiners expect.We cover:How to explain type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance to patientsShort- and long-term complications (heart, kidneys, eyes, nerves)Lifestyle management and monitoringMetformin counselling: action, dosing, side effects, sick-day rulesWhat to monitor (HbA1c, renal function)Common OSCE pitfalls and scoring pointsPerfect for medical students, OSCE revision, finals, and early foundation training.

In this episode of Osce Talk, we break down hypothyroidism and how to counsel a patient starting levothyroxine, with a clear focus on OSCEs and clinical exams.We cover:What hypothyroidism is and why it occursCommon symptoms and how it presents in examsHow to explain levothyroxine in clear, patient-friendly languageDosing, side effects, monitoring, and pregnancy considerationsHigh-yield counselling points examiners expectThis episode is ideal for medical students, OSCE preparation, and clinical exam revision.

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down how to counsel a patient with high cholesterol, focusing on statins, QRISK, and clear patient-friendly explanations for OSCEs and clinical practice.We cover:What cholesterol is and why it mattersHow to explain QRISK and cardiovascular risk to patientsWhen to start statins and why lifestyle changes alone may not be enoughHow statins work (in simple terms patients understand)Common side effects, rare risks, and safety-nettingAddressing patient concerns and misinformation about statinsThis episode is ideal for medical students, OSCE preparation, and foundation doctors who want a simple, structured approach to statin counselling.🎧 Listen now and build confidence for OSCE stations and real patient conversations.

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we walk through how to counsel a patient on asthma, using clear, patient-friendly explanations that score marks in OSCEs.We cover:How to explain asthma simply (reversible airway disease)Common triggers and why symptoms fluctuateHolistic management including lifestyle and vaccinationsPreventer vs reliever inhalers and when control is poorStep-by-step inhaler technique, including spacersRed flags and when to attend A&EKey OSCE tips and guideline updates (including MART regimens)This episode is ideal for medical students and foundation doctors preparing for OSCE stations involving asthma counselling, inhaler technique, or respiratory education.🎧 Listen alongside our Asthma History Taking episode for full exam preparation.

In this episode of Osce Talk, we cover how to take a focused first seizure history and how to explain a seizure to patients in clear, patient-friendly language.We walk through:How to structure a first seizure history (before, during, after)Key red flags you must not miss in OSCEsHow to explain what a seizure is (and why it’s not always epilepsy)Immediate seizure first aid advice for patients and familiesDriving advice and DVLA rules you need to mentionWhen to refer for neurology follow-up, EEG, and imagingThis episode is ideal for:Medical students preparing for OSCEsFoundation doctors in A&E or GPAnyone needing a clear framework for first seizure counselling🎧 Listen alongside our Epilepsy History episode for a complete approach.

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we cover how to counsel a patient with migraine — a common OSCE and clinical scenario.We walk through:How migraine typically presents (with and without aura)Common triggers and red flags you must not missHow to explain migraine in clear, patient-friendly languageStep-by-step management: lifestyle advice, acute treatments, and preventionWhen to escalate, safety-net, and referThis episode builds on our headache history episode and focuses specifically on clear, structured counselling, helping you feel confident explaining migraine to patients in OSCEs and real-life practice.Migraine is usually a unilateral, throbbing headache that can be severe and disablingMigraine may occur with or without aura (visual, sensory, or nausea symptoms)Common triggers include alcohol, chocolate, caffeine, stress, and poor sleepMigraine with aura is a contraindication to the combined oral contraceptive pillConservative management focuses on trigger avoidance and lifestyle modificationFirst-line treatment includes simple analgesia (paracetamol, NSAIDs)Triptans (e.g. sumatriptan) can be used for acute attacksPreventative options may include beta-blockers or specialist therapiesAlways safety-net worsening headaches, neurological symptoms, fever, or sudden onset

In this episode of OSCE Talk, Peter and Matthew talk through how to counsel a patient with eczema and psoriasis, with a strong focus on clear, patient-friendly explanations and practical management advice.We start by breaking down eczema as a chronic atopic condition, explaining the skin-barrier problem in simple terms that patients can understand. We discuss common triggers, the relapsing–remitting nature of eczema, and how it often sits alongside asthma and hay fever as part of the atopic triad.The episode then moves into practical counselling, covering the core principles of management — emollients and topical steroids — including how to reassure patients about steroid use, how to explain potency, and how to encourage long-term prevention rather than repeated flares.We also highlight the mental health impact of chronic skin conditions, the importance of screening for infection during flares, and when to escalate care or refer to dermatology for specialist treatments.This episode is ideal for OSCE counselling stations, medical students, and foundation doctors looking to improve confidence in explaining dermatological conditions in a structured, empathetic way.

🎙️ How to Counsel a Patient on Warfarin | OSCE TalkIn this episode of OSCE Talk, Peter and Matthew walk through how to counsel a patient on Warfarin, focusing on the key differences compared with DOACs such as Apixaban.We cover when Warfarin is indicated, including mechanical heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, and antiphospholipid syndrome, before breaking down INR monitoring, dose adjustment, and practical safety advice that frequently comes up in OSCEs.The episode emphasises a structured counselling approach, highlighting bleeding risks, drug and food interactions, pregnancy advice, and when patients should seek urgent medical attention. We also discuss reversal with vitamin K and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) and outline how Warfarin counselling fits into the wider anticoagulation framework.This episode is ideal for OSCE medication counselling stations, foundation doctors, and anyone needing a clear, practical refresher on Warfarin.Warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist used for anticoagulationCommon indications include mechanical heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, AF, VTE, and antiphospholipid syndromeUnlike DOACs, Warfarin requires regular INR monitoringINR targets vary depending on indication and patient riskDoses are adjusted frequently using different tablet strengthsPatients should carry a Warfarin (yellow) bookletMajor risks include bleeding, especially GI bleeding and intracranial haemorrhageWarfarin interacts with many medications and foods (e.g. antibiotics, NSAIDs, St John’s wort, green leafy vegetables)Alcohol and cranberry juice can affect INRWarfarin is contraindicated in pregnancyReversal involves vitamin K and PCC in severe bleeding

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down how to counsel a patient on Apixaban — a common anticoagulant used for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the treatment and prevention of DVT and PE.We cover what Apixaban is, why it’s prescribed, and how to clearly explain benefits, bleeding risks, and safety advice to patients in an OSCE-friendly way.You’ll learn how to structure anticoagulant counselling, including dosing, missed doses, interactions, red flags, and when patients should seek urgent help.This episode is ideal for medical students preparing for OSCEs, foundation doctors, and anyone wanting to improve real-world medication counselling skills.✅ KEY TAKEAWAYS Apixaban is a factor Xa inhibitor used for anticoagulationCommon indications include AF-related stroke prevention, DVT, and PEExplain stroke risk vs bleeding risk clearly to patientsUnlike warfarin, Apixaban does not require routine INR monitoringPatients must take it twice daily at the same time each dayMissed doses should be taken as soon as remembered (same day)Major bleeding and head injury require urgent medical attentionAvoid NSAIDs and inform healthcare professionals before proceduresApixaban is contraindicated in pregnancyClear counselling improves adherence and patient safety

In this episode of OSCE Talk, Peter and Matthew break down atrial fibrillation (AF) — one of the most common and clinically important cardiac arrhythmias you’ll encounter in OSCEs and practice.We explore what AF is, the different types of atrial fibrillation, and why it significantly increases the risk of stroke. The episode then walks through AF management, including rate vs rhythm control, the role of cardioversion, and how to assess stroke risk using the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score.To bring it all together, we role-play a doctor–patient counselling scenario, demonstrating how to explain AF, anticoagulation, and treatment options clearly, calmly, and safely — exactly what examiners look for.This episode is ideal for OSCE stations involving cardiology, chronic disease counselling, anticoagulation, or arrhythmia management.What atrial fibrillation is and how it affects heart rhythmThe three types of AF: paroxysmal, persistent, and permanentWhy AF significantly increases stroke riskHow and when to use the CHA₂DS₂-VASc scorePrinciples of rate control vs rhythm controlWhen anticoagulation is indicatedHow to explain anticoagulation risks and benefits to patientsWhat cardioversion involves and how to counsel patients about itCommon patient concerns and how to address themHow to structure an OSCE-safe AF counselling station

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down how to counsel a patient starting an ACE inhibitor, with a specific focus on Ramipril, one of the most commonly prescribed antihypertensives in clinical practice.We cover when ACE inhibitors are indicated, how to explain their benefits in simple, patient-friendly language, and how to counsel safely on side effects, monitoring, and red flags. The episode also explores NICE guidance, patient selection, and what to do if patients cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors — including when to consider an ARB.Using a simulated patient interaction, we demonstrate how to structure an OSCE-safe counselling conversation, address common concerns, and ensure patients understand when to temporarily stop their medication.This episode is ideal for OSCE stations involving hypertension management, medication counselling, or cardiovascular risk reduction.What ACE inhibitors are and why Ramipril is commonly prescribedHow to explain ACE inhibitors clearly without medical jargonNICE-based indications for starting RamiprilKey contraindications and cautionsCommon side effects (dizziness, dry cough)Serious but rare risks (renal impairment, hyperkalaemia, angioedema)Why kidney function and potassium must be monitoredSick day rules and when to stop the medicationWhen to switch to an ARBHow to structure an OSCE-ready medication counselling station

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we focus on how to counsel patients with hypertension, one of the most common and important conditions you’ll encounter in OSCEs and clinical practice.We break down what hypertension is, why it’s often called the “silent killer”, and how to communicate risk effectively to patients who may feel completely asymptomatic. The episode covers key risk factors, long-term complications, and how to structure a clear, patient-centred counselling conversation.You’ll learn how to discuss lifestyle changes, explain when medication is indicated, and help patients understand why managing blood pressure is essential for preventing stroke, heart attack, and cardiovascular disease.This episode is ideal for OSCE stations involving chronic disease counselling, cardiovascular risk, or lifestyle advice.What hypertension is and why it’s often asymptomaticHow to explain the concept of the “silent killer” clearly to patientsDiagnostic thresholds and how hypertension is confirmedKey modifiable and non-modifiable risk factorsHow to structure a hypertension counselling stationThe role of lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol, stress)When medication may be neededHow patient education improves long-term outcomesHow to encourage engagement without being patronisingHow to keep counselling clear, calm, and OSCE-safe

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we focus on one of the most important — and often underestimated — OSCE skills: patient counselling and communication.We break down a simple, repeatable structure for counselling patients about new diagnoses and medications, helping you explain conditions clearly, confidently, and without jargon. The episode covers how to assess a patient’s prior knowledge, address concerns, link symptoms to the underlying condition, and check understanding throughout the consultation.You’ll also learn how to stay flexible during patient interactions, adapt your explanations when patients interrupt or ask unexpected questions, and maintain confidence even when the condition is unfamiliar.This episode is essential for OSCE stations involving explaining a diagnosis, starting a medication, or discussing management plans.A clear structure for patient counselling stationsHow to introduce yourself and set the agenda confidentlyHow to assess a patient’s prior knowledgeTechniques for explaining conditions without medical jargonHow to address common patient concerns about medicationsThe “Normally, we can probably manage” explanation structureHow to link disease mechanisms back to patient symptomsWhen and how to adapt your explanation mid-consultationHow to check understanding and encourage questionsHow to remain calm and professional in OSCE scenarios

Welcome to Osce Talk 👋In this episode, we break down Medicine MMI (Multiple Mini Interview) interviews and explain how they really work, based on our own experiences getting into medical school and sitting MMIs ourselves.We cover:What an MMI actually isWhy MMIs are used instead of traditional interviewsCommon MMI station types (role play, ethics, communication, prioritisation)What medical schools are really looking forHow to approach stations when you’re unsurePractical tips to improve your confidence and structureThis series is aimed at students applying to medicine, particularly those preparing for MMIs, but it’s also useful for anyone wanting to improve communication, ethical reasoning, and interview technique.📌 Future episodes will include:Ethics stations explainedRole-play examplesCommunication stationsReal MMI practice scenarios🔔 Subscribe to Osce Talk for practical, exam-focused and interview-focused medical education.

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we walk through how to counsel a patient diagnosed with heart failure, a common and high-yield OSCE and clinical scenario.Using a realistic doctor–patient role-play, we cover:How to explain heart failure in clear, patient-friendly languageLinking symptoms such as breathlessness, orthopnoea, and oedema to the underlying conditionCommon causes of heart failure, including myocardial infarctionLifestyle advice, including fluid restriction, salt intake, smoking, and alcoholAn overview of management, including medications, diuretics, and specialist follow-upAddressing patient concerns, prognosis, and safety-nettingThis episode is designed to help medical students and junior doctors feel confident counselling patients with heart failure in both OSCEs and real clinical practice.

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down how to take a clear, structured dermatology history, with a particular focus on skin lesions and suspected skin cancer.We walk through a practical approach using the OPERA framework, discuss key skin cancer risk factors, and explain how to assess lesions safely and systematically using the ABCDE framework. The episode also highlights the importance of understanding dermatological terminology, recognising the mental health impact of skin disease, and asking the right background questions in OSCEs and real clinical settings.This episode is designed to help you sound confident, organised, and clinically safe when faced with dermatology history stations.How to structure a dermatology history using OPERAKey skin cancer risk factors, including skin type and sun exposureWhy sunbed use significantly increases melanoma riskHow to assess skin lesions using the ABCDE frameworkThe Three S’s for lesion examination (sight, size, shape)Essential dermatology terminology to improve communicationThe relevance of drug history, family history, and steroid useHow skin conditions can impact mental health and daily life

In this episode of OSCE Talk, we break down how to take a clear, structured ophthalmology history for OSCEs and real clinical practice.We cover the key eye symptoms you must ask about, how to use a simple framework to avoid missing red flags, and how to recognise ophthalmological emergencies such as sudden vision loss, flashes, floaters, and diplopia.Using a practical case example, we guide you through differentiating common causes of visual disturbance, including macular degeneration, glaucoma, and retinal pathology — helping you sound confident, systematic, and safe in exams.Whether you’re revising for OSCEs or starting clinical placements, this episode gives you a repeatable structure you can use in any eye history station.A clear framework for ophthalmology history takingHow to assess visual disturbance effectivelyKey red flags that require urgent referralHow to localise vision loss (central vs peripheral)Common differential diagnoses in eye presentationsWhen to escalate to eye casualty

In this episode of OSCE Talk, Matthew and Peter break down how to take a structured collapse history, one of the most important and high-stakes presentations in emergency and general medical practice.They guide you through the essential Before–During–After framework, helping you differentiate between causes such as seizures, vasovagal episodes, cardiac arrhythmias, and functional collapses.You’ll learn how to ask the right questions, what contextual clues matter most, and how to safely assess a patient after a collapse — including when driving restrictions and safeguarding concerns are relevant.This episode is packed with practical, OSCE-ready teaching and real-life clinical reasoning.Use the Before–During–After structure to organise your collapse history.Open questions help clarify unclear or unwitnessed events.Past medical history and medications (e.g., antihypertensives, anticonvulsants) may reveal the cause.Social history — alcohol, drugs, stress, sleep — is essential.Consider seizure if there is tongue biting, incontinence, or post-ictal confusion.Consider cardiac causes (arrhythmia, structural disease) if sudden and unprovoked.Vasovagal collapses often have triggers like pain, emotions, or prolonged standing.Always ask if they hit their head or suffered injury.Patient safety is crucial — including driving advice after episodes of unexplained loss of consciousness.Collapse histories are extremely common across emergency, GP, and inpatient care.

In this episode of OSCE Talk, Matthew and Peter break down how to take a structured headache history — one of the most common and important presentations in OSCEs and clinical practice.We explore the different headache types, how to use the SOCRATES framework effectively, and the key associated symptoms you must always ask about.You’ll also learn how to spot migraine aura, identify dangerous red flags, and recognise signs of raised intracranial pressure.Key PointsMost headaches are benign, but red flags must be recognised early.Use the SOCRATES structure for clear, systematic history taking.Ask about associated symptoms using a head-to-toe approach.Migraine aura can mimic stroke → take a clear timeline.Past medical and drug history are essential in diagnosis.Red flags include fever, weight loss, neurological deficits, immunosuppression, and sudden onset.Chronic headaches can relate to raised intracranial pressure.Weight and lifestyle factors influence headache patterns.Family history may help differentiate migraine types.Always consider the impact on daily functioning.