Afford Anything

#685: You're not an investor. You're a saver. That's the first of 10 principles Cullen Roche shares in this conversation about building what he calls "the perfect portfolio." Roche, the founder and chief investment officer of Discipline Funds, argues that when you buy stocks on the secondary market, you're not actually funding companies or making investments in the traditional economic sense. You're just swapping your cash for someone else's stock position – reallocating your savings. This reframe matters because it changes your entire approach. Instead of trying to beat the market, you focus on the boring, prudent work of allocating your savings across different time horizons. We walk through all ten of Roche's principles. He explains why you are your portfolio's worst enemy – not just because fear makes you panic-sell during crashes, but because FOMO during bull markets leads you to chase performance at exactly the wrong time. He breaks down why diversification is the only free lunch in investing, why costs matter more than you think, and why real returns are the only ones that count after you strip out inflation, taxes, and fees. Roche introduces some concrete strategies most people have never heard of. The 351 exchange lets you swap concentrated stock positions into diversified ETFs without triggering immediate capital gains taxes. The "defined duration" approach matches specific pools of money to specific future expenses—like pairing a six-month treasury bill with next year's bathroom remodel. He also tackles the hardest allocation question: what to do with money earmarked for three to ten years from now. That awkward middle timeframe sits between "keep it in cash" and "put it in stocks," and Roche explains why traditional approaches like sixty-forty portfolios don't always work. The conversation covers everything from why long-term bonds make terrible matches for long-term goals to why thinking in time horizons beats thinking in investment styles. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths.

(00:00) Principle 1: you're a saver, not an investor (04:48) Real wealth comes from direct business ownership (06:43) Principle 2: you are your portfolio's worst enemy (09:58) FOMO during bull markets vs fear during crashes (12:43) Principle 3: beating the market is hard (15:18) The 5 percent "fun money" allocation debate (16:18) What to do when your position explodes (17:18) The 351 exchange tax strategy explained (20:28) Should you rebalance concentrated stock positions (22:18) Principle 4: diversification is the only free lunch (31:03) Gold and stock market both high simultaneously (35:43) When diversification becomes diworsification (40:03) Principle 5: the cost matters hypothesis (44:23) HSAs, 401ks and unavoidable fee structures (47:03) Why ETFs beat mutual funds on taxes (51:03) Principle 6: real, real returns matter most (1:00:58) Principle 7: risk is uncertainty of lifetime consumption (1:06:18) Longevity risk and unpredictable healthcare costs (1:13:03) Principle 8: asset allocation as temporal conundrum (1:24:43) The 3-10 year allocation problem explained (1:28:03) Principle 9: past performance doesn't predict future (1:31:18) Principle 10: set realistic expectations, stay the course Resources: Cullin's website and newsletter: https://disciplinefunds.com Grab the FREE handbook: https://affordanything.com/financialgoals Share this episode: https://affordanything.com/episode685 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#684: Most people search for the perfect portfolio — the one allocation that works in every market, at every age, for every goal. This interview starts by explaining why that portfolio does not exist. We talk with Cullen Roche, founder and chief investment officer of Discipline Funds, about why copying someone else’s portfolio can backfire, and why portfolio design works better when it starts with your own constraints instead of rules of thumb. We walk through real portfolio models. The conversation begins with the classic 60-40 portfolio. You hear where it came from, how it held up during the Great Depression, and why it became so widely adopted. We also talk about its trade-offs — why it feels boring in strong markets and comforting in crashes, and how that emotional balance plays a role in investor behavior. Next, we shift to a Buffett-style portfolio. You hear why the takeaway is less about stock picking and more about structure. The discussion covers why Buffett keeps a small allocation to cash-like assets, how that “dry powder” functions during downturns, and why psychological stability matters as much as returns. The episode then turns to cash management. We talk about high-yield savings accounts, money market funds and Treasury bills. You hear how many cash products are built on T-bills, how banks capture part of the yield, and when managing cash directly may make sense. The concept of “T-bill and chill” comes up — along with when the extra effort may or may not be worth it. Finally, the conversation zooms out to time horizons. We discuss why income from a job functions like a bond allocation, how that changes risk capacity when you are younger, and why the early years of retirement carry the most danger. The episode closes by explaining sequence-of-returns risk and why portfolios need to work not just on paper, but in moments of fear. Resource: Cullin's website and newsletter: https://disciplinefunds.com Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (00:00) Intro  (02:00) No perfect portfolio (03:34) 60-40 portfolio starts (06:38) 60-40 keeps calm (08:00) Buffett portfolio basics (12:11) Stocks vs cash fear (13:34) T-Bill and Chill (18:22) TreasuryDirect is clunky (23:42) Income as bond proxy (25:33) Bond tent buffer (29:12) Sequence risk explained (31:42) Early retirement mindset (32:36) COVID panic calls (42:49) Three-fund portfolio basics (58:41) Get-rich-quick trap (1:18:21) Risk parity and All-Weather Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, your preferred financial advisor: https://affordanything.com/episode684 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#683: Candy now — or a toy later? You slide play money across the table and let your kid choose. That moment kicks off this episode, where Dr. Stephen Day joins us to talk about building a “mini economy” at home.  Dr. Day is the director of the Center for Economic Education at Virginia Commonwealth University. He also holds a PhD in social studies and economics curriculum and instruction. His work looks at how kids form money habits long before they deal with real paychecks, budgets, or credit cards. We break down how a mini economy actually works. Kids have job titles tied to age-appropriate chores. They earn play money. They spend it at a small household store set up on the kitchen table. The store might sell candy, small toys, or privileges like extra screen time. Parents set the prices. Kids decide whether to spend right away or save for something bigger. You hear how this plays out inside Day’s own house. A three-year-old takes on the role of “zookeeper,” feeding the cat and picking up stuffed animals. A seven-year-old creates a weekly plan that alternates spending and saving, using patterns she learns at school. A five-year-old chooses to donate part of his earnings instead of spending anything. The system stays the same. The choices vary by kid. The conversation moves through childhood stage by stage. Early years center on routine, structure, and basic trade-offs. Elementary school becomes the key period for practice, when habits and norms take shape. Middle and high school bring longer planning timelines, more independence, and deeper conversations about work, contribution, and goals. We also dig into questions parents ask all the time. Should kids get paid for chores, or should chores come with living in the house? Day explains how families can separate family work, paid jobs, and service work so kids understand why they are doing each task. Clear categories help avoid confusion about motivation and responsibility. Busy schedules come up, too. Sports practices, travel, school events, and late workdays often knock chore systems off track. Day explains how vague expectations create conflict and why job titles and defined duties bring structure even during chaotic weeks. Throughout the episode, the focus stays on practice, not lectures. Kids do not learn money by hearing explanations. They learn by earning, choosing, saving, spending, and living with trade-offs — all inside a system small enough to fit on a kitchen table. Resource: Book: How to Teach a Kid to Save https://amzn.to/4jVOtze EconEdLink, a CEE program https://econedlink.org Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (00:00) Intro (02:00) Teaching kids money (03:59) Mini economy basics (06:20) Money skills by stages (10:41) Starting at age three (12:02) Cat job example (16:08) Goods versus privileges (17:27) Bugging versus choices (18:11) Paying for chores (20:22) Family job service (24:56) Busy weeks and chores (33:21) Low-consumption kid example (39:17) Shared jobs and teamwork (43:34) Exchange rate to dollars (1:00:28) Investing, 529, compound interest Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, your kid's teachers: https://affordanything.com/episode683 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#682: Grab the FREE handbook: affordanything.com/financialgoals For 76 years, the British cycling team lost — every season, without exception. Then they changed how they approached improvement, focusing on tiny gains instead of dramatic overhauls. In today's episode, we unpack how they became champions – and apply those same tactics to our financial life. This episode originally aired in January 2025. It was our most popular episode of the year on Spotify. You hear how the British cycling team used “aggregation of marginal gains” — tiny improvements like adjusting bike seats, improving sleep with custom mattresses, even repainting floors so dust was easier to spot. Those details seemed trivial on their own. Over time, they added up to Olympic gold medals and Tour de France wins. We apply the same logic to money. The episode lays out a full roadmap for the year, broken down by quarter. Early weeks focus on foundations. You start by writing a short financial motivation statement, calculating your net worth, choosing one metric to track, and creating a spending decision catchphrase that forces trade-offs into the open. Later weeks shift into action. You raise your savings rate by one percent at a time. You declutter physical items that cost money to store. You add a waiting period before purchases. You trim subscriptions, set up credit monitoring, commit to meal planning, and try a one-week spending fast to reset habits. As the year progresses, the tweaks move into optimization. You plan for irregular expenses, build buffers for price shocks, automate goals, check tire pressure to save on fuel, and calculate the real cost of transportation. You review investment fees, workplace benefits, insurance deductibles, and estate planning basics. Toward the end of the year, the focus turns to fine-tuning and reflection. You map out major expenses for the next five years, create rules for handling market volatility, repeat your most effective tweak, and close the year by reviewing progress and setting intentions for 2026. The episode frames the year as a steady climb. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. One week. One small move. No overhaul required. Just consistent attention, applied over time. (00:00) British cycling team wins after 76 years (02:07) Aggregation of marginal gains philosophy (04:02) 52 tweaks roadmap for 2026 (08:01) Week 1: Write financial motivation statement (09:32) Week 2: Calculate net worth (11:06) Week 3: Pick one metric to track (14:00) Week 4: Create spending decision catchphrase (21:34) Week 11: One-week spending fast (23:41) Week 12: Weather-strip home for efficiency (31:14) Week 14: Adjust thermostat one degree (39:30) Week 25: Learn obscure financial terminology (40:20) Week 26: Create price tracking system (43:22) Week 28: Check tire pressure (44:33) Week 31: Plan annual seasonal expenses (59:05) Week 40: Calculate transportation costs (01:01:09) Week 41: Map five-year big expenses (01:03:06) Week 42: Review investment expense ratios (01:07:10) Week 45: Run housing numbers (01:09:52) Week 49: Swap disposables for reusables (01:10:22) Week 50: Create market uncertainty plan (01:11:06) Week 51: Repeat favorite tweak (01:11:40) Week 52: Celebrate financial progress (01:12:03) Control inputs not outcomes (01:14:09) Download free guide https://affordanything.com/financialgoals Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#681: Barry Ritholtz's mom sold real estate. Those dinner table conversations about mortgages helped him spot the 2008 crash before most of Wall Street did. Now he runs Ritholtz Wealth Management and joins us to explain why we're often our own worst investment enemy. He breaks investing mistakes into three categories: bad ideas, bad numbers, and bad behavior. Here's what stood out. Research shows just 2 percent of stocks create all the market's value. The other 98 percent? Pretty much worthless. Barry says 90 percent of everything is garbage — from science fiction to investment advice. Even experts have blind spots. Michael Jordan dominated basketball but couldn't make it in minor league baseball. The lesson? Being brilliant at one thing doesn't make you brilliant at everything. Those financial memes everyone shares? They're misleading. Take Kevin's Home Alone groceries — $20 in 1990, $75 today. Sounds terrible until you realize wages went up the same amount. We actually spend less of our income on food now. Or that scary stat about the dollar losing 96 percent of its value over 100 years. Barry asks: who buries cash for a century? His math: $1,000 buried in 1925 buys almost nothing today. Same $1,000 invested in stocks? It's worth $32 million. Markets don't die of old age. Alan Greenspan warned about "irrational exuberance" in 1996. The Nasdaq kept climbing another 431 percent over four years. Recessions need triggers. They don't show up on schedule like buses. Fear wrecks more portfolios than anything else. Barry quotes neurologist William Bernstein: "Control your amygdala or die poor." Our fight-or-flight response helped us escape predators. It doesn't help us navigate market crashes. Make your investment plan before crisis hits. As Barry says, reading emergency instructions while the engine falls off at 25,000 feet is too late. He's seen every crash since 1987. Markets drop 30 to 40 percent about once a decade. Accept it. Plan for it. Barry advocates for Roth conversions and something called the "Mega Roth." Pay taxes now, withdraw tax-free later. We know today's tax rates. Future rates are anyone's guess. His bottom line: humans are terrible at predicting the future. Build portfolios that can survive anything, because anything will happen. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (00:00) Intro (02:00) How fear of mistakes can make investors too conservative (06:00) Bad ideas vs good ideas in investing (09:00) Process over outcome in decision making (15:00) Thinking probabilistically about market outcomes (20:00) Why recessions and bull markets don't follow calendars (26:00) AI's real capabilities vs hype (33:00) Different market commentator archetypes (41:00) Expertise doesn't transfer between domains (50:00) Misleading financial statistics everywhere (56:00) Managing emotions when markets crash (1:00:00) Creating an investment plan before crisis (1:05:00) Tax strategies and Roth conversions Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, and the person who shared that Home Alone grocery meme: https://affordanything.com/episode681 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#680: Mia: Mia and her husband are planning early retirement and want to draw down their taxable brokerage accounts for the next decade. She’s considering a securities-backed line of credit to defer taxes during market downturns. Can a securities-backed line of credit smooth taxes in early retirement, or are there hidden risks? Jean: Jean, a freelance creator, wants to take a self-made sabbatical in three years and fund it without stress. She’s unsure whether to keep her savings in a high-yield account, a brokerage account, or split between the two. How should she balance growth and safety when saving for a short-term sabbatical? Jared: Jared has been reading about pensions and 401(k)s and sees pros and cons on both sides. He wants to know whether pensions really offer an advantage or if the nostalgia is misleading. Are pensions truly better than 401(k)s, or is the preference mostly sentimental? Resources Mentioned: affordanything.com/community affordanything.com/newsletter affordanything.com/financial-goals affordanything.com/your-next-raise quince.com/paula Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, your financial professional who helps you borrow against your securities: https://affordanything.com/episode680 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#679: Will you still have a job in five years? Zack Kass, former OpenAI executive and 16-year AI veteran, joins us to tackle the question that keeps knowledge workers up at night. Most people worry about the economics — who can pay the bills if AI takes their job? Kass flips the question: What happens when work no longer defines who you are? He argues we're heading for an identity crisis bigger than any economic disruption. In this conversation, Kass explains why everyone wants everyone else's job automated (faster legal services, cheaper healthcare) but nobody wants their own work to disappear. He shares why some jobs will vanish while others explode in demand, and which professions might actually benefit from AI disruption. You'll discover why the real threat isn't job loss — it's that we've become addicted to our devices and forgotten how to live without constant work. Kass reveals how financial illiteracy keeps people trapped in debt cycles that AI could help break. He explains why housing, healthcare, and education costs stay high while everything else gets cheaper, and what might finally change that dynamic. The conversation explores what happens when AI makes basic needs affordable for everyone. Kass predicts some people will pursue passion projects, others will double down on work, and many will struggle to answer a simple question: What do you actually want to do with your day? We discuss practical realities like how a 53-year-old attorney might reinvent herself, why accountants face bigger challenges than lawyers, and which human skills will become more valuable as machines get smarter. Kass shares his theory about competing on kindness rather than intelligence when AI can outthink us all. This isn't another doom-and-gloom AI prediction. Kass makes a compelling case that automation could free us to rediscover community, creativity, and purpose … if we can get past our addiction to both work and screens long enough to imagine what that life looks like. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. 
(0:00) Introduction (2:00) Zack's AI background at OpenAI (3:15) Will knowledge workers have jobs (4:52) Job automation is complex (7:53) Longshoremen strike over automation (9:06) Everyone wants others' jobs automated (10:14) Identity crisis bigger than economics (13:36) Lawyers might enjoy job loss (21:42) Societal thresholds stop automation (28:52) Bespoke services always find demand (41:34) AI won't replace human therapists (47:11) Dehumanization threatens physical connections (54:55) Financial illiteracy costs billions (1:03:21) Predatory lending traps explained (1:11:51) Housing healthcare education stay expensive (1:26:31) Screen time hides free time Resource: AffordAnything.com/financialgoals Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, the Permabulls and the Permabears: https://affordanything.com/episode679 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#678: Anonymous (01:52):  "Victoria" is 51, single, and still enjoying their W2 job while building a side business from a passion hobby. They’re thinking about heavy Roth conversions, planning for retirement, and wondering how much traditional money to leave untouched. Should Alex prioritize tax efficiency, or focus on growth and flexibility? Anonymous (34:29): "Gwyneth" and her husband moved to the U.S. to start a sanctuary for senior dogs and cats. With $100,000 in debt soon paid off, two properties in hand, and a dream to buy land for their sanctuary, they’re torn: sell, refinance, or keep their rental property? What’s the best way to fund a long-term dream while building wealth? Soyman (53:28): Soyman is 25, saving aggressively, and planning to take all of 2027 off to go backpacking. They see a rare tax opportunity to convert nearly $30,000 to a Roth at a negative tax rate—but is the strategy worth the small cash buffer and other risks? Resource Mentioned: Interview with Charity: Water founder Scott Harrison Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, your veterinarian: https://affordanything.com/episode678 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#677: Happy New Year! We're kicking off 2026 with a reality check on where your money stands right now. The Good News: Gas prices dropped below $3/gallon. Inflation cooled to 2.7%. The Fed cut rates again. GDP grew 4.3% (surprisingly strong). Gold hit $4,500 an ounce. And 19 states raised minimum wages. The Not-So-Good: Health insurance jumped 10-18%. Unemployment ticked up. Mortgage rates are stuck around 6.2%. And 80% of homeowners are unlikely to sell because they locked in rates below 6%. The Big Picture: The stock market is outperforming the economy. How It Affects You: I call it "millionaire malaise." Your 401k looks great. Your home equity is through the roof (no pun intended). If you bought before 2022, your assets look good on paper. Yet you're stressed out at the grocery store. Everything costs more – insurance, groceries, everything except gas. Jobs are stagnant. People are stuck. We're experiencing the difference between wealth and income. This is 2026: Wealthy on paper. Broke at the checkout line. Whether you're new to money management or a long-timer looking for clarity, this episode cuts through the noise to tell you what actually matters for your finances this year. Download the free resource: AffordAnything.com/financialgoals Timestamps Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (01:33) Warren Buffett's retirement (04:45) Unemployment at 4.6% in November (06:11) JOLTS data and November jobs data (08:04) Gold hitting record highs above $4,500/oz in December (11:26) US inflation at 2.7% in December (20:01) Commerce Department releases GDP numbers at 4.3% (23:08) Gas prices hitting record lows (25:20) Mortgage rates holding around 6.20% (30:26) Minimum wage increases in 19 states (32:23) Health insurance premiums up 10% (employer) and 18% (individual) (35:15) $12 billion USDA aid package for farmers (37:16) Workers over age 50 listing more disruptive tech skills on resumes (39:21) Consumer Sentiment rose in December Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, and cohorts: https://affordanything.com/episode677 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#676: Ally:How can I optimize my asset allocation and Roth contributions now that I’m over $1 million in assets? I’m 45, single, never married, with about $1.2 million in assets. Roughly $100,000 is in stocks, which might scare some people. Here’s my breakdown: Vanguard brokerage account: VTSAX $132,000, ISCV $5,000, VOO $5,000 Vanguard Rollover IRA: VTSAX $65,000, IVV $25,000, VOO $62,000 Vanguard Roth IRA: VTSAX $228,000, ISCV $6,000 Pre-tax 401(k): Active stock fund $218,000 (0.01% expense ratio), Equity dividend fund $55,000 (0.01% expense ratio) Russell 1000: $270,000 (0% expense ratio) HSA: $9,000 in the Russell 1000 and Russell 2000 ESPP: $90,000 Savings account: $12,000 I view my brokerage accounts as savings, where I can sell assets if I need cash, as well as sell my company shares. My questions: How far am I from the efficient frontier? How efficient is my asset allocation? I’ve mostly been a “VTSAX and chill” type. If I rebalance, what’s the best way to do it without incurring taxes? Next year, I’ll make more than $150,000, even after contributing $24,500 to my pre-tax 401(k) in 2026. Can I still do a backdoor Roth, given that I already have an IRA balance? I was told it could be complicated. Am I out of luck investing in a Roth next year? Also, should I roll over my 401(k) into my existing Rollover IRA to gain more investment options, even though the 401(k) fees are very low? I’ve reached over $1 million in assets, but I’m not confident my first million was invested efficiently. I want to correct it before reaching my next million. Emma: Can We Split a Dependent’s Tax Status Midyear to Maximize Health Insurance Subsidies? We’re a family of four with two adults and two children, ages 15 and 21. Our 21-year-old is a full-time university student and is expected to graduate in May 2026. The hope is that she’ll secure a full-time job after graduation. Our health care broker told us that we could claim her as a dependent for half of the year and then have her claim herself for the second half. According to the broker, this would allow her to stay on our health insurance and help us qualify for a larger premium subsidy. Is it actually possible to split a dependent’s tax status this way within a single year, or is this a misunderstanding? Anonymous: Is It Wise to Hold Some Investments Outside the U.S. for Geopolitical Diversification? I’ve always believed that “this time isn’t different,” but lately I’m feeling uneasy. I’m increasingly concerned about what seems like a slow erosion of institutional trust in the U.S., especially regarding agencies and structures that support our financial system. From leadership changes at key government institutions to growing political influence over economic policy, I’m starting to wonder if it’s prudent to hold a small portion of assets physically and legally outside the U.S. I’m not talking about exotic offshore schemes. I mean legitimate ways to invest in broad index funds or ETFs through a brokerage account based abroad—as a form of geopolitical diversification and personal contingency planning. I’d love to hear your perspective. Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, your brokerage rep: https://affordanything.com/episode676 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#675: Welcome to Greatest Hits Week – five days, five episodes from our vault, spelling out F-I-I-R-E. Today’s letter E stands for Entrepreneurship. This episode originally aired in September 2018, at a moment when startup culture was loud, venture capital was abundant, and entrepreneurship was often framed as something that involves outside investors and rapid growth. ____ In this episode, we rewind the clock to 2018. Remember what entrepreneurship was supposed to look like back then? Build a startup. Raise capital. Scale fast. Get rich. That was the dominant story. But our guest, Rand Fishkin, told a different story – a story about founder burnout, debt, and the downside of startup culture. Rand, the founder of Moz, shares how he and his mother accumulated nearly half a million dollars in debt while running an early services business. He talks about what it felt like to face creditors, negotiate settlements, and keep going under intense financial pressure. From there, we move into one of the most misunderstood ideas in entrepreneurship: the difference between service businesses and product businesses. Rand breaks down the trade-offs. Services generate income faster. Product businesses rely on outside capital. And founders often earn far less than people expect. That leads to a deeper conversation about incentives. Once venture capital enters the picture, priorities shift. Profits matter less. Growth matters more — and it affects both the business and your personal finances. High revenue does not automatically translate into personal wealth. We also talk about the side of entrepreneurship that rarely makes the highlight reels: Loneliness. Anxiety. Depression. And the relief that comes from realizing that even the most successful founders often feel lost while they’re building. This conversation feels less like startup advice and more like a long-term framework for thinking clearly about risk, money, and meaning. If you’ve ever questioned whether entrepreneurship automatically leads to financial freedom, this episode offers a grounded and very honest answer. Timestamps Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (00:00) Facing creditors and repayment negotiations (08:50) How a services business really works (11:40) From consulting to software (15:00) Services vs. product businesses (12:20) Why high revenue doesn’t mean personal wealth (25:05) Venture capital incentives (27:50) Founder salaries and financial reality (30:40) Startup mythology vs. lived experience (33:20) Loneliness and mental health (36:15) Founder strengths and weaknesses (39:50) Feedback and self-awareness (42:30) Designing a business that fits your life Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#674: Welcome to Greatest Hits Week – five days, five episodes from our vault, spelling out F-I-I-R-E. Today's letter R stands for Real Estate. This episode originally aired in May 2022, but the insights on long-distance investing remain just as relevant for anyone feeling priced out of their local market. We tackle the five biggest challenges of investing far from home – from fear of the unknown to managing contractors remotely – and reveal four compelling benefits that make it worth the effort, especially when you're competing in markets where million-dollar properties are the norm. ________ Remember when inflation was high and rates were rising? What were people saying about real estate back then? And with the benefit of hindsight, how much of what we thought at the time proved to be correct? If you feel unsettled, join the club. At this present moment – December 2025 – interest rates are falling, but not enough. Inflation is mostly under control, but not enough. The noise makes everything feel new. When you only see the present moment, everything looks obvious. When you remember the past, patterns start to show. That's why we’re rewinding the clock back to May 2022 – when interest rates were rising and inflation was near its peak. So what was on our mind three years ago? We start with the basics. Why the Federal Reserve raises rates. What higher borrowing costs do to spending. Why falling stock prices often reflect fear – not proof that housing prices must fall next. We explain the difference between recession and deflation, and why the two are often confused. We walk through what made the housing market in 2022 different from 2008. Inventory was tight. Builders had not overbuilt. Many homeowners held fixed-rate mortgages and record levels of equity. Those conditions mattered then. They still matter now. That equity becomes the next focus. We talk about cash-out refinances, HELOCs, and reverse mortgages – and what happens when homeowners borrow against rising values. You hear how higher rates can slow borrowing, why that matters for inflation, and what risks appear if some borrowers struggle to repay. From there, we outline four ways investors might encounter properties if foreclosures rise: bank-owned homes, short sales, “subject to” deals, and wraparound mortgages. The episode then shifts to long-distance real estate investing. You hear the real challenges. Fear of the unknown. Managing people you cannot see. Contractors who disappear. Agents who stop returning calls. You also hear what makes distance workable: education, relationships, local investor networks. We walk through how investors think when conditions feel unstable — and why looking backward sharpens how you see what comes next. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (0:00) Trade-offs and priorities (07:41) Fed hikes rates (09:16) Inflation drivers explained (11:26) Recession vs housing (13:21) Home equity surge (15:21) Borrowing against equity (17:11) Foreclosures and options (18:26) Subject-to and wraps (21:11) Shift to distance investing (25:31) Education and networks (31:36) Choosing markets (36:11) Accountability challenges Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#673: Welcome to Greatest Hits Week – five days, five episodes from our vault, spelling out F-I-I-R-E. Today's second letter I stands for Investing. This episode originally aired in April 2022, but the framework remains one of the most practical guides we've shared for building wealth at any age. Nick Maggiulli joins us to reveal why most young investors obsess over the wrong metrics — and shares his Save-Invest Continuum that shows exactly when your savings beat your investment returns, and when that changes.  _____ When Nick Maggiulli was in his twenties, he spent countless hours obsessing over his investment portfolio – tweaking his asset allocation, running net worth projections, and building complex spreadsheets.  Meanwhile, he was blowing $100 every weekend partying in San Francisco. It took him years to realize the absurdity. His annual investment returns on his tiny $1,000 portfolio might earn him $100 – the same amount he'd spend in a single night out. Maggiulli joins us to explain why young investors focus on the wrong things and shares his framework for knowing when to prioritize saving versus investing.  He introduces the Save-Invest Continuum, which compares your expected annual savings against your expected investment returns.  When you're starting out, your ability to save dwarfs any investment gains. A $6,000 annual savings capacity beats a $100 investment return every time. We discuss the math behind saving 50 percent of future raises, not for guilt or deprivation, but to maintain lifestyle balance while building wealth.  This rule applies only to real raises above inflation. If you get a 3 percent raise during 3 percent inflation, you haven't actually gotten ahead. The conversation turns to unconventional income-producing assets. Beyond stocks and bonds, Maggiulli explores farmland investing, which offers returns uncorrelated with traditional markets.  He shares the story of someone who bought the royalty rights to Jay-Z and Alicia Keys' "Empire State of Mind" for $190,000. The song earned $32,733 in royalties the previous year — an 11 percent return if that income stays constant. We examine why 85 to 90 percent of your portfolio should generate income through dividends, rent, interest, or business profits.  Maggiulli keeps his speculative investments — cryptocurrency, art, and individual stocks — under 10 percent of his net worth. He admits his two individual stock picks are down 60 to 70 percent, proving his own point about avoiding stock picking. The episode reveals that time remains your most important asset. Warren Buffett would likely trade his entire fortune — and go into debt — to be 35 again.  This perspective shapes every financial decision, from choosing income strategies to deciding between assets that merely appreciate versus those that pay you while you sleep. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (00:00) Nick's mistake of obsessing over investments while partying away returns (05:31) The Save-Invest Continuum explained (08:11) When savings matter more than investment returns (12:31) Focusing on both saving and investing in midlife (13:11) Crossover point: when investment returns exceed spending (14:11) The 2X Rule for guilt-free spending (15:31) Save 50 percent of future raises (20:41) Five ways to increase income (26:31) Selling time versus selling skills (28:11) Teaching and creating products for income (30:11) Climbing the corporate ladder (31:11) Converting human capital to financial capital (32:31) Income-producing versus speculative assets (36:11) Individual stocks and cryptocurrency allocation (43:51) Farmland investing basics (45:31) Royalty investing example (49:31) Art and non-income producing assets (51:11) Inflation and debt strategies Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#672: Welcome to Greatest Hits Week — five days, five episodes from our vault, spelling out F-I-I-R-E. Today's letter I stands for Increasing Your Income. This episode originally aired in August 2024, but the strategies are more essential than ever. Jeff Wetzler, Ed.D., reveals why the people around us withhold crucial information — and how asking better questions can transform your negotiations and net worth. __________ You've mastered the art of asking for what you want — or have you? Jeff Wetzler, Ed.D., a former education executive, joins us to reveal why most of us fail to extract crucial information from the people around us. Think about it: when was the last time someone told you what they really thought about your work? Or shared that game-changing idea they'd been sitting on? Wetzler discovered four categories of information people routinely withhold — and the cost runs deeper than you might expect. We explore why people stay silent about their struggles, unpopular opinions, observations about us, and innovative ideas. The reasons range from fear to simple exhaustion, but one stands out: they don't think we want to know. Here's a startling example from Harvard Business School research: investigators planted smudges on their faces and surveyed people. Less than three percent told them about the mark that they could wipe off in one second. But when asked later, 100 percent had noticed it. If people won't share something that simple, what else are they keeping from us? Wetzler shares his Ask Approach — five steps that unlock hidden information in any negotiation or relationship. We walk through real scenarios, from salary negotiations to buying cars, showing how curiosity beats strategy every time. One mechanic story drives this home. Facing a $2,000 air conditioning repair, Wetzler asked one question: "Do you have any other creative ideas?" The mechanic paused, then offered a $75 solution that worked perfectly. That five-second question saved $1,925. We discuss practical listening techniques, including the "doorknob moment" — why therapists know the most important information comes at minute 49 of a 50-minute session. Wetzler explains why our minds process 900 words per minute while our mouths manage only 125, creating a massive information gap. The conversation includes AI's surprising role in sharpening these skills, helping us frame conversations into content, emotion, and action. Wetzler demonstrates how technology can enhance rather than replace our uniquely human ability to connect and learn from each other. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (00:00) What's at stake in asking better questions (02:33) Four categories of information people withhold (06:33) The smudge experiment reveals our silence (09:13) Why people don't tell us what they think (12:53) The Ask Approach begins with curiosity (14:48) Making it safe for truth-telling (18:53) CEOs share how to get honest feedback (22:13) Posing quality questions vs crummy questions (30:58) Listening across three channels (34:28) The doorknob moment phenomenon (37:43) How to listen better in negotiations (42:13) Reflect and reconnect strategies (44:53) Applying the Ask Approach to car buying (51:33) Working through a complete negotiation (01:02:13) Using AI to sharpen your asking skills (01:06:13) Why this approach is learnable Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#671: Welcome to Greatest Hits Week — five days, five episodes from our vault, spelling out F-I-I-R-E. Today's letter F stands for Financial Psychology. And we're diving deep with a conversation that changed how thousands of our listeners think about money. This episode originally aired in November 2022, but the insights feel more relevant than ever. Dr. Daniel Crosby reveals why your brain is your portfolio's worst enemy — and what you can do about it. ______ Money is the number one stressor in American lives. Every single year. Without exception. That's what Dr. Daniel Crosby discovered when he looked at decades of research from the American Psychological Association. In this rerun episode from our Greatest Hits Vault, Crosby joins us to reveal why your brain sabotages your investment decisions. He's both a clinical psychologist and behavioral finance expert. His findings will change how you think about money. Your body hijacks your financial judgment in strange ways. For example: People who need to pee become more risk-averse investors. It's called inhibitory spillover. When you're controlling your bladder, you also restrict your financial decisions. Here's another one: judges give harsher sentences when they're hungry. Thousands of court decisions prove it. The best predictor of whether you get jail time? When the judge last ate. We explore four behavioral risks that destroy wealth: ego, conservatism, attention, and emotion. Crosby shares data that stock pickers rarely hear: 74 percent of individual stocks have a lifetime expected return of zero. Three out of four companies eventually go bankrupt. Yet people keep betting on single stocks, dreaming they'll find the next Apple. Value investors suffer from depression and social isolation. Why? Because contrarian investing fights our deepest evolutionary wiring. Humans survived through cooperation. It's literally our only advantage over other animals. Bears have claws. Turtles have shells. We have teamwork. Crosby shares the Ash experiment, which shows how peer pressure warps reality. When nine people give the wrong answer about line lengths, three-quarters of participants follow along. New brain scans reveal something darker: social pressure physically changes how people see the lines. Their perception actually shifts. We discuss solutions through Crosby's "three E's": education, environment, and encouragement. Reading about biases won't fix them. You need systems and people. One powerful study: people who saw their children's photo for five seconds before banking saved twice as much money. The conversation reveals that money problems don't disappear with wealth. They just change form. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (00:00) Finance as America's top stressor (02:33) Psychology moving from brokenness to wellness (04:33) Money touches every part of life (07:33) Income plateaus and happiness (10:13) How hunger affects financial decisions (13:38) We're wired wrong for investing (17:28) Laziness and cognitive shortcuts (23:43) Cooperation as human survival trait (26:43) Four behavioral risks (32:13) Ego and overconfidence (37:48) Conservatism and familiarity bias (46:38) Three E's of behavior change (50:23) Attention risk and probability (54:48) Emotion derails decisions (58:28) When fear helps versus hurts Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#670: As we close out 2025, premium credit cards are more expensive and more complicated than ever. It’s fair to ask whether the points game is still worth the effort. We sit down with Chris Hutchins, host of All the Hacks, to talk about what’s changed in credit card rewards, and how to decide whether to stick with travel points, switch to cash back, or run a hybrid strategy that keeps your life simple. We dig into the “value” problem behind all those new credits and perks. Instead of letting a card dictate our spending, we walk through how to price credits based on what we would genuinely pay for them, and when it’s smarter to downgrade, negotiate a retention offer, or product change and keep your credit history intact. We also get tactical about booking travel in 2026: newer award search tools, how much flexibility matters, and a sneaky alternative most people forget, sometimes you can buy points directly and still get a strong deal without years of “earning.” If you want to earn more points (or waste less time chasing them), this conversation will help you reset your credit card strategy for 2026 with a clearer definition of what “worth it” even means. Key Takeaways “Credits” are not value unless we were already going to buy the thing, and we’d happily pay close to face value for that discount The points game is still powerful, but mostly through welcome offers, not micro-optimizing bonus categories Flexibility is the hidden lever in award travel, the best deals often show up when we loosen the date, airport, or destination constraints Cash back is having a moment, especially if we want simplicity and fewer mental tabs open. Before canceling a fee card, we can often negotiate, downgrade, or product change and keep the credit history we’ve built Sometimes the best move is to stop “maximizing,” take the trip, and protect our time for higher-impact work (or actual rest) Resources and Links Chris Hutchins, All the Hacks (https://www.chrishutchins.com) Our deep dive on credit reports and scores, Episode 221 YouTube video mentioned on why airline loyalty programs can be worth more than the airlines themselves FlyFlat.com Seats.Aero Point.me Rome Travel AwardTool.com PointsYeah.com Daydream Explorer Chapters Note: Timestamps are approximate and may vary greatly across listening platforms due to dynamically inserted ads. (01:22) The 2025 reset for premium credit cards (06:18) How the points game actually works in 2025 (10:29) Rethinking economy flights versus business class (16:37) Managing credit cards during major life transitions (23:57) Simplicity versus optimization in the points ecosystem (36:45) Luxury perks, rising fees, and who premium cards serve (43:34) Buying points directly instead of playing the game (58:44) Using AI and systems to build better money habits Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#669: Slade (01:43) - Slade, 44, and his wife plan to downshift careers in the next five to seven years while raising their 11-year-old daughter. They want to know how to reallocate their $685K brokerage account and plan withdrawals to make the transition financially smooth. David (21:50) - David has a high school senior and is deciding how to pay for college. Should he tap the $60K 529 plan now or the $200K 457(b) from his wife’s former employer to maximize tax efficiency and preserve future growth? Graham (37:52) - Graham loved the episode on holding bonds in a taxable account, but he’s curious about a tax-efficient twist. Can an asset swap strategy let you rebalance and pull cash without triggering capital gains? Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, and your family at the holiday part: https://affordanything.com/episode669 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#668: We’re joined in-studio by David Bach, bestselling author of The Automatic Millionaire and The Latte Factor. He’s updated his most popular book (over two million copies sold) and this is his last big launch as he heads into retirement. Together, we wrestle with a problem our listeners know well: what happens when you’ve built the habit of saving, investing, optimizing … and then feel weirdly unable to spend. We talk about mini-retirements, the psychology of “spend and enjoy,” and why waiting to touch retirement money can be its own kind of risk. Key Takeaways Think about retirement as a series of deliberate mini-retirements, not one finish line you might reach with less energy than you expected. If you’re a dedicated saver, build a plan for the “spend and enjoy” phase so you do not accidentally optimize away the years you wanted freedom for. Run the numbers on “small” spending habits, not to guilt yourself, but to see which choices actually buy future optionality. Treat withdrawals, benefits, and deadlines as part of the strategy, not a paperwork problem you’ll deal with later. If your finances feel out of reach, anchor yourself with a simple projection and one automated action, momentum beats motivation. Resources and Links David Bach’s website: http://davidbach.com/ David Bach’s books The Automatic Millionaire (updated edition) The Latte Factor Smart Women Finish Rich Chapters Note: Timestamps are approximate and may vary greatly across listening platforms due to dynamically inserted ads. (0:00) Introducing David Bach (4:50) Radical sabbaticals, Florence and rethinking retirement (9:10) Health scares, widowhood stats and enjoying life earlier (11:00) Updating The Automatic Millionaire for 24 million millionaires (15:30) Social Security strategy, RMD parties and claiming earlier (31:30) The latte factor, avocado toast and $10 dollar decisions (33:00) How $10 a day turns into $678,000 (34:20) Oprah behind the scenes, bricks of cash and an audience gasp (47:10) Tiffany Aliche, $75,000 dollars of debt and other success stories (54:25) A $53,000 income couple who retired as multimillionaires (1:25:40) Careers in advising, hiring trends and women advisors (1:28:37) Social Security taxes, new ideas and an eight year tax window (1:41:27) Remembering the “why,” values based choices and using money well Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, and the "automatitions" in your life: https://affordanything.com/episode668 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#667: Home prices have outpaced wages for more than a decade, and first-time buyers are stretching further every year. Now a new idea is entering the conversation, the 50-year mortgage. It promises lower monthly payments, yet it reshapes everything from equity growth to long-term risk. In this episode we sit down with Karsten Jeske, PhD, CFA from Early Retirement Now, a former Federal Reserve economist known for forensic financial modeling. Together we walk through when a 50-year mortgage might make sense, when it clearly does not, and why the math is rarely as simple as “higher payment versus lower payment.” We also dig into how ultra-long mortgages could push home prices even higher, and what this means for today’s buyers and tomorrow’s retirees. If you’ve wondered whether extended loan terms offer real affordability or just disguise the cost, this conversation gives you a clearer lens. Key Takeaways Why stretching to a 50-year mortgage can look affordable on paper yet leave you with far slower equity growth in the years that matter most. The few cases where a longer mortgage term can support a deliberate strategy, such as freeing cash flow to invest, and why this only works for certain borrowers. How inflation, appreciation, and opportunity cost change the “true” math behind 30-year versus 50-year loans. Why ultra-long mortgages may raise home prices more than they help buyers and what this means for generational wealth. How late-life mortgage decisions, downsizing, and step-up in basis reshape your legacy far more than the length of the loan itself. Resources and Links Early Retirement Now blog, Karsten’s research and mortgage modeling. Chapters Note: Timestamps are approximate and may vary greatly across listening platforms due to dynamically inserted ads. (00:00) 50-year mortgage debate begins (02:52) Karsten says it expands options for sophisticated investors (05:42) Paula focuses on owner-occupants who can't afford houses (11:03) Equity difference: $80K vs $20K after 10 years (18:26) Lower payments could fund other investments (25:17) Lenders package mortgages for institutional investors (29:18) US doesn't issue 100-year bonds despite stability (34:00) Small term premiums create huge returns (43:31) Paying more interest isn't automatically bad (48:08) First-time buyers now average age 40 (56:08) Geographic arbitrage enables mortgage payoff (01:00:20) 50-year mortgages could inflate home prices (01:04:51) Supply constraints drive housing affordability crisis (01:07:29) Fed might pause rate cuts in December Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

#666: In this First Friday economic update, we explore the paradox defining our current economy: record-breaking retail numbers alongside plummeting consumer confidence. In this First Friday economic update, we explore the paradox defining our current economy: we're spending more than ever, while feeling worse about money than we have in years. The Bureau of Labor Statistics hasn't released jobs data for two consecutive months. The Federal Reserve must make a critical interest rate decision flying blind. Meanwhile, private sector data reveals troubling trends. Small businesses are hemorrhaging jobs while discount chains like Dollar General see their stock prices soar 44%. Americans are spending differently this holiday season. They're shopping earlier, using AI to find deals, and turning to buy-now-pay-later options. Households are spending less than last year, yet total spending increases because more people are participating. This K-shaped recovery benefits luxury retailers and bargain stores while crushing the middle market. We also cover essential year-end financial moves. From maximizing retirement contributions to tax-loss harvesting strategies, we help you navigate your personal finances amid economic uncertainty. The disconnect between what the numbers say – and how people feel – reveals deeper truths about an economy that's technically growing while leaving many behind. Timestamps: Note: Timestamps will vary on individual listening devices based on dynamic advertising run times. The provided timestamps are approximate and may be several minutes off due to changing ad lengths. (0:00) Spotify Wrapped and podcast listener data (2:05) Jobs report missing, BLS delays (5:01) ADP shows 32,000 job losses (8:00) Youth unemployment over 10% (10:32) Fed meeting without data (12:24) Mortgage rates might drop below 6% (20:06) Holiday spending hits $1 trillion (23:43) Consumers spend less individually (26:36) Discount stores outperform market (28:29) Shopping starts in October now (30:22) AI helps holiday shopping (36:09) Giving Tuesday up 11% (38:28) Year-end money moves (45:00) Charity and gift tax limits Share this episode with a friend, colleagues, and your family: https://affordanything.com/episode666 Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices