Economics Explored

Australia’s fertility rate is now at a record low of 1.48 babies per woman. Gene Tunny and John Humphreys discuss the sharp fall in fertility rates worldwide and what it means for Australia’s economy and society. They explore how declining birth rates threaten our economy, government budgets, and social cohesion, and whether migration, pro-natalist policies, or cultural change can reverse this trend.Gene would love to hear your thoughts on this episode. You can email him via contact@economicsexplored.com. TimestampsIntroduction to Episode on Decline in Fertility Rates and Economic Implications (0:00)Discussion with John Humphreys on Fertility Rates (5:12)Economic and Social Forces Driving Down Fertility (14:16)Impact of Low Fertility Rates on Asset Prices and Social Cohesion (15:50)Challenges of Migration and University Policies (20:25)Historical and Sociological Factors Influencing Fertility Rates (29:57)Potential Solutions and Policy Recommendations (40:15)TakeawaysAustralia’s fertility rate has fallen to 1.48 births per woman—its lowest level ever and far below the replacement rate of 2.1.Migration isn’t a sustainable fix: fertility rates are also falling in nearly every country, even traditional migrant sources.Economic and cultural shifts—urbanisation, delayed marriage, individualism, and welfare-state expansion—have weakened traditional social structures supporting families.The Baby Bonus experiment of the 2000s temporarily lifted fertility, but its effects were uneven and costly.Long-term implications include labour shortages, rising welfare burdens, asset price declines, and profound cultural change.Links relevant to the conversationABS births data:https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/births-australia/2024e61 analysis of the Baby Bonus:https://e61.in/australias-fertility-decline-evidence-and-policy-experience/Birthgap documentary:https://youtu.be/m2GeVG0XYTc?si=vuZvBqwVkZn3q1oZLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Shutdowns are back—and Gene delves into the reasons, ramifications, and rhetoric. This episode examines the latest U.S. government shutdown, its potential to outlast previous ones, and whether it could signal deeper structural changes—or just more political theatre.Gene would love to hear your thoughts on this episode. You can email him via contact@economicsexplored.com. TimestampsUS Government Shutdown Overview (0:00)Political Causes and Consequences (2:47)Impact on Federal Workers and Services (6:44)Economic and Financial Implications (10:22)Data Blackout and Market Trust (19:25)Political Dynamics and Potential Resolutions (21:07)Potential Long-Term Economic and Market Impacts (23:38)Call for Public Input and Conclusion (24:02)TakeawaysThe shutdown has happened due to a failed continuing resolution, not the debt ceiling—this time, it’s a clash over health insurance subsidies and spending on undocumented immigrants.Shutdowns rarely alter the long-term trend in government spending, as federal outlays tend to rebound after the shutdown ends.Federal workers often get back pay, but contractors do not—highlighting real economic pain for many.Economic impact is limited and short-term, though the longer this drags on, the greater the potential for serious consequences.This shutdown might be different, as political polarisation has deepened and there are hints of a broader agenda to shrink government permanently.Links relevant to the conversationCBO report on the 2019 shutdown:https://www.cbo.gov/publication/54937CBS News report “Who gets back pay and who doesn't after a government shutdown?”https://www.cbsnews.com/news/government-shutdown-contract-worker-back-pay/David Wessel’s Brookings article “What is a government shutdown?”:https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-is-a-government-shutdown-and-why-are-we-likely-to-have-another-one/J.P. Morgan note “How does a potential U.S. government shutdown impact markets?”:https://am.jpmorgan.com/au/en/asset-management/adv/insights/market-insights/market-updates/on-the-minds-of-investors/how-does-us-government-shutdown-impact-markets/Emily Jashinsky’s video “Democrats LOSE IT over sombrero meme as Trump Unleashes 'Doge 2.0'”https://youtu.be/JQCg-NuTAYI?si=s7eS7VgBH43Ab8VDBernie Sanders and AOC video on the shutdown:https://youtu.be/fqWsPk7QO24?si=1RBjjEQogMMoLCzrRelevant previous Economics Explored episodes:Debt, Inflation & Unrest: Western Warnings - ep297https://economics-explained.simplecast.com/episodes/debt-inflation-unrest-western-warnings-ep297US Debt Ceiling: Why Trump is Right to Call for its Abolition & Gene’s Experience with Aussie Debt Ceiling - EP268https://economics-explained.simplecast.com/episodes/us-debt-ceiling-why-trump-is-right-to-call-for-its-abolition-genes-experience-with-aussie-debt-ceiling-ep268Is Uncle Sam Running a Ponzi Scheme with the National Debt? w/ Dr Dan Mitchell - EP235https://economics-explained.simplecast.com/episodes/is-uncle-sam-running-a-ponzi-scheme-with-the-national-debt-w-dr-dan-mitchell-ep235Lumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED

What does net zero really mean, and what will it take to get there? In this episode, highlights from past guests reveal the full spectrum of views—from urgent calls for climate action to scepticism about costs and feasibility. With perspectives on extreme weather, carbon pricing, nuclear energy, coal, and productivity trade-offs, this episode cuts to the heart of the net-zero debate. Gene would love to hear your thoughts on this episode. You can email him via contact@economicsexplored.com. TimestampsEconomic Impact of Climate Change with Nikki Hutley (0:00)Defining Net Zero with Tony Wood (8:56)Criticism of Net Zero by Senator Matt Canavan (24:04)Challenges of Meeting Australia’s 2035 Emissions Targets with John Humphreys (39:06)TakeawaysThe cost of inaction versus transition costs—Nicki Hutley warns that extreme weather and health impacts already impose huge economic costs, and she argues the costs of inaction outweigh the costs of action.Technology is key—Tony Wood from the Grattan Institute stresses the need for innovation in batteries, hydrogen, soil carbon, and carbon capture.Scepticism about global commitments—Senator Matt Canavan doubts countries like China and India will follow through, arguing Australia risks self-harm.Productivity at risk—John Humphreys warns ambitious emissions targets could de-industrialise Australia and hurt long-term growth.The debate remains unresolved—balancing economic prosperity with climate goals is still one of the defining challenges of our age.Links relevant to the conversationAustralian Taxpayers’ Alliance Livestream of 18 September 2025 (which shows the emission reduction charts Gene refers to in this episode):https://www.youtube.com/live/8YxnRT_YD50?si=_A1udQmCag3dMtyCPrevious Economics Explored episodes, including the highlights from this episode:https://economics-explained.simplecast.com/episodes/climate-change-with-nicki-hutley-from-deloitte-access-economicshttps://economics-explained.simplecast.com/episodes/cop26-climate-change-summit-with-tony-wood-grattan-institutehttps://economics-explained.simplecast.com/episodes/aussie-senator-matt-canavan-cop26-dissenting-voices-part-2Lumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Gene Tunny and John Humphreys unpack the economic troubles brewing in the UK, France, and the US—rising debt, social unrest, inflation, and faltering productivity. They explore why bond markets are sounding alarms, why governments are struggling to respond, and what this all means for Australia. The episode draws urgent lessons from these fiscal failures, with stark warnings for what lies ahead if policy inertia continues. Among other issues, they discuss Gary Stevenson’s proposal for a wealth tax in the UK. Gene would love to hear your thoughts on this episode. You can email him via contact@economicsexplored.com.This episode was recorded on Thursday, 18 September 2025.  TimestampsEconomic Challenges in Major Western Economies (0:00)Discussion on UK Economic Turmoil (2:31)Impact of Bond Market on UK Government (7:35)Comparison with France and the US (16:43)Lessons for Australia (35:29)Impact of Political Polarisation (43:55)Potential Solutions and Challenges (44:15)Global Economic Repercussions (44:49)Conclusion and Final Thoughts (46:24)TakeawaysThe UK’s fiscal crisis is deepening with stalled per capita GDP, rising debt, and bond markets losing confidence.France is politically paralysed amid fiscal deficits and bond yields now surpassing Italy’s—an unprecedented shift.The US faces stagflation risks, with inflation ticking back up and concerns about economic growth.Productivity stagnation is the root problem across Western economies, fueling deficits and weakening growth.Australia must learn from others' mistakes, avoiding unsustainable spending and instead boosting productivity.Links relevant to the conversationSlides with charts referred to this episode:https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZMkunGxYj57TnCajOxvMcTEh0fQj0y5L/view?usp=sharingAustralian Taxpayers’ Alliance Livestream of 18 September 2025:https://www.youtube.com/live/8YxnRT_YD50?si=_A1udQmCag3dMtyCLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Show host Gene Tunny breaks down why price controls are one of the most consistently failed economic policies. Using vivid historical examples from the 1970s US, the Soviet Union’s command economy, and Venezuela’s toilet paper crisis, he illustrates how interfering with the price mechanism leads to shortages, inefficiency, and unintended consequences. Gene would love to hear your thoughts on this episode. You can email him via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsIntroduction to the Podcast and Episode Theme (0:00)Price Controls and Their Economic Implications (2:47)President Nixon's Wage and Price Controls (8:53)The Soviet Union's Central Planning System (18:20)Economic Inefficiency in the Soviet Steel Industry (29:24)Venezuela's Toilet Paper Crisis (31:57)TakeawaysPrice controls disrupt vital economic signals, leading to misallocation of resources and market inefficiency.Nixon’s wage and price freeze in the 1970s led to empty supermarket shelves, black markets, and farmers slaughtering livestock to cut their losses.Soviet central planning failed due to the absence of price signals, leading to constant shortages—even of basic goods like meat and bread.Venezuela’s price caps on essentials like toilet paper created massive shortages and forced the government to import millions of rolls.The price mechanism acts as a societal dashboard, helping balance supply and demand more efficiently than central planning or rationing.Links relevant to the conversationBen Bernanke’s book – 21st Century Monetary Policyhttps://www.amazon.com.au/21st-Century-Monetary-Policy-Inflation/dp/1324020466BBC News Article on Venezuela's Toilet Paper Crisis: "Venezuela aims to end toilet paper shortage"https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22621833Bread and Autocracy: Food, Politics, and Security in Putin’s Russiahttps://www.amazon.com.au/Bread-Autocracy-Politics-Security-Putins/dp/019768436XStephen Kotkin – Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse 1970–2000https://www.amazon.com.au/Armageddon-Averted-Soviet-Collapse-1970-2000/dp/0195368630Friedrich Hayek – “The Use of Knowledge in Society”https://www.econlib.org/library/Essays/hykKnw.htmlLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

In this candid discussion, show host Gene Tunny joins a panel to expose the shortcomings of the Australian Government’s August 2025 economic reform summit. Topics include the high cost of energy, tax policy, the ballooning NDIS and big government generally, AI regulation, and Senator Matt Canavan’s rival roundtable, which Gene attended. This episode borrows the audio from Damian Coory’s The Other Side episode broadcast on YouTube on 22 August 2025. The other guests are Graham Young, Executive Director of the Australian Institute for Progress, and Dan Petrie, a data analyst and former editor at Bloomberg.  Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsAustralian Government's Economic Reform Roundtable Overview (0:00)Critique of the Official Roundtable (3:26)Challenges in Defining Productivity and Addressing Labor Market Issues (6:59)Impact of Government Spending and Energy Costs on Productivity (9:48)Innovation and Small Business Challenges (34:00)Taxation and Economic Reform Proposals (34:29)NDIS and Healthcare Funding Challenges (51:04)Final Thoughts on the Roundtable and Future Directions (51:15)TakeawaysThe Official Roundtable Lacked Focus & Diversity: Only six business leaders were among 30 participants — a serious oversight for a summit focused on productivity and economic reform.Energy Costs Are a Major Barrier: Australia’s rapid rollout of renewable energy is raising energy prices, affecting both consumers and heavy industries.Government Spending Is Too High: Public spending is nearing 40% of GDP, with half of Australians now receiving government income, raising concerns about sustainability and productivity.Small Business & Innovation Ignored: There was little meaningful discussion of the role of small business or innovation in driving productivity.AI Regulation Needs a Balanced Approach: The roundtable discussions on AI were dominated by union concerns, focusing on job protection rather than innovation. This risks stifling technological advancement and missing opportunities for productivity gains.NDIS Costs Are Spiralling Out of Control: The National Disability Insurance Scheme is growing at an unsustainable rate, with concerns about high eligibility and inadequate oversight. The government’s proposed changes lack proper consultation and shift costs to the states.Links relevant to the conversationThe Other Side episode - “AUSTRALIA's Decline - No Vision, No Innovation, Just MORE Big Government and Taxes”:https://youtu.be/FeicrCu2sO0?si=Rd8xZV_CsmLzikW0Senator Matt Canavan’s roundtable broadcast on Sky News - “Real Productivity Roundtable reveals four ways to save Australia:”https://youtu.be/4xBGcjIXgHU?si=Uk1kaqq92bhacSmaRobert Carling’s recent paper - “Leviathan on the Rampage: Government spending growth a threat to Australia’s economic future”:https://www.cis.org.au/publication/leviathan-on-the-rampage-how-the-growth-of-government-is-draining-australias-economic-vitality/Lumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED

Professor Chris Berg from RMIT University discusses the transformative potential of AI, likening it to the next industrial revolution. He argues that AI, particularly tools like ChatGPT, can boost white-collar productivity by up to 40%. Governments should cautiously avoid AI regulation to maximise these gains. Berg emphasises AI's bottom-up adoption and its exponential advancements. He also touches on the social implications, including the formation of parasocial relationships with AI and the potential for AI to displace certain jobs. The conversation, with ATA Chief Economist John Humphreys and Economics Explored host Gene Tunny, highlights AI’s dual promise of productivity gains and societal challenges.Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsIntroduction to AI and Productivity (0:00)Government's Approach to AI Regulation (3:01)Bottom-Up Technology and Industrial Applications (9:40)Comparisons to Previous Industrial Revolutions (12:04)Social and Economic Implications of AI (16:46)AI and Human Labour (17:15)AI's Role in Public Policy Debates (35:41)Conclusion and Future Prospects (38:35)TakeawaysAI as “Infinite Intelligence” – Berg views AI, particularly LLMs like ChatGPT, as offering effectively infinite intelligence, capable of dramatically transforming productivity.White-Collar Disruption – AI is not just about automating manual labour. It poses a serious threat (and opportunity) for traditionally “smart” jobs like writing, research, and art.Regulatory Caution – While Europe has rushed to regulate AI, Australia hasn’t, allowing innovation and productivity gains to take root.Parasocial Relationships with AI – AI companions (e.g., AI-infused toys or assistants) may change human interaction, especially among children and vulnerable populations.Rethinking Migration via Robots – Remote-controlled humanoid robots may one day allow low-skilled workers in developing countries to "work" in advanced economies without leaving home.Links relevant to the conversationATA livestream on 21 August with Chris Berg:https://austaxpayers.substack.com/p/productivity-ideas-with-chris-bergLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Show host Gene Tunny and Australian Taxpayers’ Alliance Chief Economist John Humphreys tackle hot topics in Australian economic policy: the case for a cash flow company tax, the politics and maths of a gas ban, why stamp duty drags the economy, the growing size of government and the cost of living crisis.  Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsIntroduction and Greens’ Gas Ban (0:00)Government Spending and Adverse Effects on Economic Dynamism (8:32)Stamp Duty and Efficiency Cost (19:42)Inflation Data and Cost of Living Crisis (25:39)Productivity Commission's Company Tax Reform (28:55)Workers' Compensation and Tax Incidence (43:11)Tariffs and Taxation (54:52)TakeawaysCash Flow Tax Reform – The Productivity Commission proposes cutting company tax to 20% for most firms, adding a 5% cash flow tax, and keeping the system revenue neutral—aimed at boosting investment.Gas Ban Impact – John argues the NSW Greens’ proposal would delay global warming by only 10 hours by 2100, even under optimistic assumptions, yet could raise costs for consumers and businesses.Stamp Duty Inefficiency – Economic modelling by the Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS) shows stamp duty’s deadweight loss at 70–80 cents per $1 raised, far worse than GST or income tax.Government Spending Growth – The CIS’s Robert Carling claims over half of Australians now earn primary income from government sources, raising concerns about productivity and political incentives.Hidden Tax Burdens – Workers’ compensation costs, though nominally paid by employers, often reduce workers’ wages in the long run, John argues.Links relevant to the conversationATA livestream on 7 August:https://austaxpayers.substack.com/p/australia-considers-cashflow-taxJohn’s article on Greens’ gas ban:https://austaxpayers.substack.com/p/greens-propose-gas-banPC’s cash flow tax proposal:https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/current/resilient-economy/interimLeviathan on the Rampage: Government spending growth a threat to Australia’s economic futurehttps://www.cis.org.au/publication/leviathan-on-the-rampage-how-the-growth-of-government-is-draining-australias-economic-vitality/CoPS on stamp duty: Some taxes are inefficient at any level. Even modest reforms will helphttps://www.vu.edu.au/about-vu/news-events/news/some-taxes-are-inefficient-at-any-level-even-modest-reforms-will-helpLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Kyle Touchstone, Director of Raleigh Economic Development, shares with us how Raleigh became the top-ranked large city in the US, according to the Milken Institute. Kyle and show host Gene Tunny discuss the city's success in biotech, AI, quantum computing, and advanced manufacturing—all underpinned by the world-class universities and innovation ecosystem of North Carolina’s Research Triangle. The conversation also explores Raleigh’s growing role in the gaming industry, including its connection to Epic Games—the creator of Fortnite—and the rise of eSports in the region.Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsRaleigh's Economic Growth and Milken Institute Ranking (0:00)Industry Sectors and Infrastructure in North Carolina (5:17)Significant Announcements and Investments (7:23)Population Growth and Quality of Life (12:23)Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Community Support (15:08)Tax Policy and Economic Development (15:35)Quantum Computing and AI (19:49)Sports and Entertainment (43:40)eSports and Gaming (47:55)Lessons in Economic Development (50:39)TakeawaysTop Rankings: Raleigh was named the #1 best-performing large city by the Milken Institute and is part of the #1 state for business (North Carolina, per CNBC).Research Triangle Advantage: Home to NC State, Duke, and UNC Chapel Hill, the Research Triangle fuels innovation with top-tier talent and research.Massive Investment: Biotech firms, such as Biogen, Amgen, and Genentech, have invested billions, drawn by the infrastructure, affordability, and access to research.Quantum & AI Leadership: IBM’s quantum hub and regional AI focus are positioning Raleigh as a leader in next-gen computing.Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Startups like Pendo and social enterprises like 321 Coffee thrive thanks to a strong support network and educational institutions.Links relevant to the conversationRaleigh, NC and Gainesville, GA Top Milken Institute’s 2025 Annual Ranking of Best-Performing Cities:https://milkeninstitute.org/content-hub/news-releases/raleigh-nc-and-gainesville-ga-top-milken-institutes-2025-annual-ranking-best-performing-citiesRaleigh Economic Development:https://www.raleighecondev.org/Zoom catch up with show host Gene TunnyJoin Gene and other listeners for a catch-up on Zoom on Thursday, 31 July at: 21.30 to 22.30 AEST/GMT+10 (Australian East Coast time)12.30 to 13.30 BST/GMT+1 (British Summer time)07.30 to 08.30 EDT/GMT-4 (US East Coast time)The link to the Zoom room is:https://us02web.zoom.us/j/9471595560RSVP by 20.00 GMT+10 on 31 July to contact@economicsexplored.comLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Show host Gene Tunny and colleague John Humphreys dissect Australia’s latest controversial Reserve Bank interest rate decision, debating inflation targeting and central bank independence. They challenge conventional economic thinking, particularly around the NAIRU—the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU). The episode also tackles the implications of declining fertility rates globally, the controversial Tobin tax on financial transactions, and critiques current climate policies through an economic lens.Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsReserve Bank of Australia's Interest Rate Decision and Inflation Targeting (0:00)Debate on RBA Independence and Inflation Targeting (8:12)Challenges Facing the Australian Economy (23:00)Libertarian Perspectives on Currency and Population Decline (35:33)Economic Implications of Declining Fertility (36:31)Tobin Tax and Its Economic Rationale, Pros and Cons (50:12)Conclusion and Future Topics (56:48)TakeawaysRBA Decision Controversy: The RBA's recent decision on interest rates highlights the complexity and uncertainty around inflation management.NAIRU Concept Critique: The Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment is flawed and may misguide policy, according to John Humphreys.Demographic Concerns: Declining fertility and aging populations could be the defining issue of the 21st century.Economic Impacts of Climate Policy: Current climate change actions often lack transparent cost-benefit analyses, raising economic risks.Risks of Tobin Taxes: Tobin taxes seem feasible at low levels but risk inefficiency, evasion, and global governance issues.Links relevant to the conversationFull ATA livestream “ATA Live #20: Tobin tax & interest rates”:https://www.youtube.com/live/34WBRZNbwwc?si=TPU14g7SffIXuWMPAustralian Taxpayers’ Alliance:https://www.taxpayers.org.au/Zoom catch up with show host Gene TunnyJoin Gene and other listeners for a catch-up on Zoom on Thursday, 31 July at: 21.30 to 22.30 AEST/GMT+10 (Australian East Coast time)12.30 to 13.30 BST/GMT+1 (British Summer time)07.30 to 08.30 EDT/GMT-4 (US East Coast time)The link to the Zoom room is:https://us02web.zoom.us/j/9471595560RSVP by 20.00 GMT+10 on 31 July to contact@economicsexplored.comLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Show host Gene Tunny delves into listener feedback on recent episodes regarding the feasibility of tax cuts preceding spending cuts ("starve the beast"), a capital gains tax on property, and the practicality of Georgist land taxes. He explores the complexities behind Australia's productivity challenges and regulatory capture issues raised by listeners.Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsFeedback from Listeners and Show Updates (0:00)Discussion on the Starve the Beast Theory (2:26)Listener Feedback from Australia (8:25)Georgism and Property Taxation (20:11)Feedback on Productivity and Regulatory Capture (26:25)NDIS and Labour Force Participation (30:16)Tax Reform and Efficiency (41:15)Closing Remarks and Future Plans (50:21)TakeawaysTax Cuts Need Matching Spending Cuts: The "starve the beast" theory—that tax cuts alone will force spending cuts—is usually ineffective, historically resulting in higher deficits and debt.Capital Gains Tax Controversy: Taxing capital gains on family homes would be politically unpopular and controversial.Productivity and NDIS Debate: Growth in social services sectors, such as Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme, may negatively impact productivity measures, although this growth may also bring social benefits.Avoid Regulatory Capture: Effective regulatory reform requires vigilance against corporate lobbying and vested interests to ensure regulations genuinely benefit the public.Links relevant to the conversationPrevious episodes: Australia’s productivity problem w/ John Humphreys:https://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/australias-productivity-problem-can-it-be-fixed-w-john/id1480645795?i=1000712724732Rethinking Property and Taxation: The Georgist Approach w/ John Augusthttps://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/rethinking-property-and-taxation-the-georgist-approach/id1480645795?i=1000703744281Fixing Australia’s Housing Crisis: Fusion’s Plan w/ Owen Millerhttps://podcasts.apple.com/au/podcast/fixing-australias-housing-crisis-fusions-plan-w-owen/id1480645795?i=1000700967776Livestream on superannuation with John Humphreys and Cameron Murray:https://www.youtube.com/live/SlGCSaiGCVU?si=sj-ySFaccJUm08sgArticles on the failure of the land value tax in the early 20th-century UK:https://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2025/03/the-failure-of-the-land-value-tax.htmlhttps://worksinprogress.co/issue/the-failure-of-the-land-value-tax/Book review of Kaldor’s Expenditure Tax monograph:http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/Kaldor1955ExpenditureTaxDebate.pdfLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Rebecca Homkes of Duke Corporate Education and London Business School joins the show to discuss how economic and trade policy chaos is hindering strategic decision-making in global firms. Rebecca shares how to spot the CEOs who are genuinely thinking ahead—those who anchor their choices in beliefs and prepare to adapt as conditions change. We also explore AI’s real value in business: not just saving time, but repurposing it for higher-value work and strategic growth.Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsIntroduction and Overview of the Podcast (0:00)Manufacturing Jobs vs. Manufacturing Capacity (1:03)CEO Strategic Paralysis and Policy Uncertainty (16:31)Regulation and Economic Policy (16:47)Vision for the Future and National Security Concerns (20:10)CEO Strategies in Uncertain Times (23:36)Exemplars of Strategic Preparation (28:08)Impact of AI on Business Strategy (36:56)Challenges in AI Adoption (47:51)Future of Jobs and AI (49:57)Conclusion and Final Thoughts (52:01)TakeawaysChaos breeds inaction – CEOs facing policy and geopolitical uncertainty often freeze, avoiding significant investments due to a lack of clarity.AI’s true value lies in repurposed time – Businesses should measure AI’s success not by time saved, but by how that time is used for higher-value tasks.Strategic beliefs drive resilient planning – The best-performing organisations base decisions on articulated beliefs, not reactive responses.Links relevant to the conversationRebecca’s website:https://www.rebeccahomkes.com/Rebecca’s book Survive, Reset, Thrive:https://www.surviveresetthrive.com/Lumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Gene Tunny and John Humphreys dissect the causes behind Australia's productivity slump, analysing recent GDP data, labour market policies, and regulatory constraints. They debate whether tax cuts should precede spending cuts and question the effectiveness of central planning and government intervention (i.e. ‘picking winners’) in driving innovation. John is Chief Economist at the Australian Taxpayers’ Alliance (ATA). This episode is the audio of an ATA livestream on 12 June 2025.Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsNational Accounts and Productivity Concerns (0:00)Government's Productivity Roundtable and Regulatory Reforms (4:34)Economic Policy and Institutional Reforms (8:19)Challenges in Private Investment and Productivity Measures (13:56)Industrial Relations and Labour Market Reforms (18:14)Housing Market and Regulatory Barriers (22:56)Tax Reforms and Fiscal Responsibility (29:59)Superannuation Tax Changes and Political Implications (47:15)Conclusion and Future Prospects (57:22)TakeawaysAustralia is in an 8-year productivity slump, with minimal growth in GDP per hour worked and GDP per capita declining in most recent quarters.The Albanese Government’s proposed productivity roundtable is met with scepticism, particularly due to its unwillingness to touch industrial relations.Private investment remains weak, threatening future economic growth despite government spending and immigration-fueled expansion.Superannuation changes are controversial, especially the proposal to tax unrealised gains and the lack of indexation, prompting fears of unfair treatment of self-managed funds.Regulation, housing policy, and taxation are significant barriers to productivity; both speakers call for serious reform and question whether centralisation in Canberra helps or hinders progress.Links relevant to the conversationATA livestream (i.e. video of this episode):https://www.youtube.com/live/lDlner_PHc0?si=1M9krIiPwvIcFxLsATA website:https://www.taxpayers.org.au/Australia’s National Accounts:https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/economy/national-accounts/australian-national-accounts-national-income-expenditure-and-product/latest-releaseLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Gene Tunny and Darren Brady Nelson delve into the gold reserves at Fort Knox, exploring whether the gold is as pure as expected and what the implications might be for the U.S. dollar if it's not. They cover the history of gold confiscation, central bank policies, and the enduring allure of gold in uncertain economic times. This episode was inspired by a question Gene received at a talk he gave to the AusIMM Sydney branch in April 2025. Darren is currently the Chief Economist at Fisher Liberty Gold. This episode contains general information only, and nothing in this episode should be considered as investment or financial advice.  Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsDarren Brady Nelson's Role at Fisher Liberty Gold (0:00)Investing in Gold Through Fisher Liberty Gold (3:00)The Gold in Fort Knox: Historical Context and Implications (5:11)The Quality and Purity of Gold in Fort Knox (7:58)The Role of Gold in Economic Uncertainty and Impact of Tariffs (28:57)Central Banks’ Role in Gold Markets (34:08)The Future of Gold and Monetary Policy (38:37)The Independence of Central Banks (40:53)The Role of Government in Economic Growth (48:46)Final Thoughts and Future Topics (53:41)TakeawaysFort Knox's Gold Purity Questioned: Much of the U.S. gold reserve came from coin melts, meaning it may fall short of the “Good Delivery” standard of 99.5% purity.Audit Calls from High Places: Figures like Trump, Elon Musk, and Rand Paul have recently advocated for a Fort Knox audit.Central Banks Stockpile Gold: Global central banks are shifting reserves from U.S. dollars to gold, with 1,000 metric tons of gold purchases expected in 2025.Gold as Growth, Not Just Protection: Darren's modelling shows gold may outperform the S&P 500 over the long term.Audit the Fed?: The episode concludes with a discussion on Ron Paul's push to audit the Federal Reserve and whether central banks should remain as independent as they are.Links relevant to the conversationFisher Liberty Gold:https://www.fisherlibertygold.com/Mises Institute article “The Gold at Fort Knox Was Stolen from Americans”:https://mises.org/mises-wire/gold-fort-knox-was-stolen-americansMises Institute article “How Much Gold Does the US Government Own, and Where Is It?”:https://mises.org/power-market/how-much-gold-does-us-government-own-and-where-itReuters report on central bank gold purchases:https://www.reuters.com/world/india/central-banks-track-4th-year-massive-gold-purchases-metals-focus-says-2025-06-05/Bernanke’s apology for Great Depression on behalf of the Fed to Milton Friedman:https://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2002/20021108/Perth Mint:https://www.perthmint.com/In Gold We Trust report:https://ingoldwetrust.report/?lang=en   Peter Bernstein’s book “The Power of Gold”:https://www.amazon.com.au/Power-Gold-New-Foreword-Obsession/dp/111827010XLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED 

Emmanuel Daniel, founder of the Asian Banker, explains how global economic dynamics are shifting. The discussion covers the decline of multilateral trade arrangements, the strategic blunders in U.S. tariff policy, why a BRICS currency won’t replace the US dollar as the global reserve currency, and the rise of domestic fintech infrastructures that challenge Western dominance in financial services. For example, the challenges Visa and Mastercard face in Indonesia are explored. Emmanuel Daniel, founder of the Asian Banker, explains how global economic dynamics are shifting. The discussion covers the decline of multilateral trade arrangements, the strategic blunders in U.S. tariff policy, why a BRICS currency won’t replace the US dollar as the global reserve currency, and the rise of domestic fintech infrastructures that challenge Western dominance in financial services. For example, the challenges Visa and Mastercard face in Indonesia are explored. Please email Gene your thoughts on this episode via contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsGlobal Economic Trends and Trade Wars (0:00)Impact of Trump's Trade Policies on the US (3:11)Evolution of the US Economy and Services Industry (6:19)Concerns About US Recession and Consumption (11:53)Reactions from Exporting Countries (14:56)Challenges for US Corporations in Emerging Markets (22:37)BRICS and the Future of the US Dollar (27:55)Geopolitical Implications of Trade Policies (39:12)Long-Term Economic Trends and AI (39:33)Final Thoughts and Future Prospects (42:18)How would you rate this summary?TakeawaysCapital Flows Over Trade: The U.S.'s remaining global leverage lies in capital flows—not trade—due to its deep, open financial markets and dominance in dollar-based transactions.Tariff Tactics Are Backfiring: Trump’s tariff policies lack coherence and are harming U.S. markets and consumers. There's no clear playbook, only reactionary moves.BRICS Currency Is a Mirage: Internal distrust among BRICS nations and incompatible fiscal policies make a unified currency unfeasible, at least in the near future.Global Shift in Financial Services: Countries like Indonesia and India are creating their own payment systems, sidelining U.S. giants like Visa and MasterCard in favor of local fintech solutions. We’re in a New Multipolar Era: Similar to pre-WWI geopolitics, the world is entering a new phase of power realignment—this time driven by technology, information, and AI.Links relevant to the conversationAbout this episode’s guest Emmanuel Daniel:https://www.emmanueldaniel.com/biography-and-contact/Previous episode on real time payments featuring World Bank expert:https://economicsexplored.com/2025/04/03/inside-project-fastt-real-time-payments-for-all-ep278/Lumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED Full transcripts are available a few days after the episode is first published at www.economicsexplored.com.

Kim Flynn, President of XA Investments, discusses her 25-year career in asset management, focusing on alternative investments. She highlights the challenges faced during the 2008 financial crisis at Nuveen Investments, where she refinanced $15 billion in frozen auction rate securities. Flynn explains the structure and benefits of closed-end funds, particularly interval funds, which offer periodic liquidity. She details XA Investments' three SEC-registered closed-end funds with $900 million in assets, emphasizing private credit strategies with yields ranging from 9% to 15%. Flynn also explores the potential of alternative investments like farmland, infrastructure, and crypto, noting their role in portfolio diversification and income generation. Note: this episode contains general information only and is not financial or investment advice. Please let Gene know your thoughts on this episode by emailing him at contact@economicsexplored.com.About Kimberly Ann FlynnKimberly Ann Flynn is a President at XA Investments. She is a partner in the firm and responsible for all product and business development activities. Kim is responsible for the firm's proprietary fund platform and consulting practice. Kim has developed an expertise in closed-end fund product development and is a frequent contributor to media and industry events on topics including interval funds, alternative investments and London-listed investment companies. Kim has earned the CFA designation and is a member of the CFA Institute and CFA Society Chicago. She is also Series 7, 63 and 24 licensed.Previously, Kim was Senior Vice President and Head of Product Development for Nuveen Investments' Global Structured Products Group. In her 11 years at Nuveen, she helped develop over 40 closed-end funds, raising approximately $13 billion in capital. In her leadership role at Nuveen, Kim was responsible for asset-raising activities through the development of new, traditional and alternative investment funds, including CEFs, ETFs, UITs and commodity pools.Kim received her MBA degree from Harvard University, where she was a William J. Carey scholar and President of the HBS Volunteers. Before attending Harvard Business School, Kim spent three years working in Morgan Stanley's Investment Banking Division (1999-2002) in their Chicago office. She earned her BBA in Finance and Business Economics, summa cum laude, from the University of Notre Dame in 1999 where she was a valedictorian candidate, Rhodes Scholar finalist and the first recipient of the Paul F. Conway Award, given to a senior in the Department of Finance who embodies Notre Dame's tradition of excellence and who enriches the ideals of the university.Kim was recently selected to serve on the Notre Dame Wall Street leadership committee. She also serves on the board of the Women in ETFs Chicago chapter as Head of the Mentorship Committee and on the advisory board of Youth Guidance's Becoming A Man program. She is an active member of the University Club of Chicago and the Harvard Club of New York City, where she conducts regular business. Kim and her family - husband, Leo; son, Teddy; and daughter, Rose - live in Lincoln Park.TimestampsIntroduction (0:00)Kim Flynn's Career Journey (3:09)Experience During the 2008 Financial Crisis (4:41)Development of New Financial Products Post-Crisis (7:17)Understanding Closed-End Funds and Interval Funds (8:48)Investment Strategies and Alternative Assets (21:01)Energy Investments and ESG Considerations (29:02)Gold, Crypto, and the Role of FinTech (31:36)Evaluating Asset Managers and Investment Strategies (35:03)Investment Outlook and Market Dynamics (47:07)TakeawaysAlternative Investments Offer Diversification: Kim Flynn explains that alternative investments, including real estate, private credit, and farmland, provide diversification benefits, reducing reliance on traditional stocks and bonds.Liquidity Management is Crucial: Interval funds allow limited liquidity for investors, making them suitable for illiquid asset classes like private equity and real estate.Lessons from the 2008 Crisis: Kim shares her experience during the financial crisis, where she managed funds impacted by frozen liquidity, highlighting the importance of flexibility and innovation.Private Credit and Farmland Are Popular: Kim notes that private credit and farmland investments have seen significant interest due to their yield potential and inflation protection.Understanding Liquidity Premiums: Kim emphasizes that investors should seek a 300-400 basis point premium for illiquid investments compared to equivalent public market assets.Links relevant to the conversationKim’s bio on the XA Investments website:https://xainvestments.com/team/US Treasury webpage on the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP):https://home.treasury.gov/data/troubled-asset-relief-programLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED Full transcripts are available a few days after the episode is first published at www.economicsexplored.com.

Gene Tunny interviews William ‘Bill’ Welser IV, the visionary behind Lotic, an AI startup designed to transform personal data into actionable insights while protecting user privacy. Bill discusses how Lotic’s AI-powered digital companion is designed to help users make better decisions, improve mental health, and understand their behavior patterns. The episode dives into ethical considerations, data security, and the economic implications of widespread AI adoption.Please let Gene know your thoughts on this episode by emailing him at contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsIntroduction (0:00)Bill Welser's Vision for Lotic AI (3:14)Data Collection and User Interaction (6:18)Behavioral Insights and Health Applications (14:20)Privacy and Legal Considerations (32:51)User Demographics and Market Reach (34:58)Startup Journey and Future Plans (44:12)TakeawaysPersonalized AI as a Digital Companion: Lotic aims to transform individuals from passive data subjects into active agents by providing personalized insights. The AI helps users understand themselves better, make small behavioral changes, and potentially improve mental health, relationships, and job satisfaction.Privacy and Ethical Data Collection: Bill Welser emphasizes a deliberate, privacy-first approach to data collection. Lotic uses advanced cryptography, blockchain technology, and user-controlled data sharing to protect personal information, ensuring users have agency over their data and insights.Potential Economic Impact of AI: Welser suggests that as AI disrupts traditional job markets, individuals could leverage their personal data as a form of currency. He believes creating comprehensive, discrete personal data sets could help mitigate potential unemployment waves and provide new economic opportunities for people.Links relevant to the conversationLotic website:https://www.lotic.ai/CEO Magazine profile of Bill Welser IV:https://digitalmag.theceomagazine.com/william-welser-iv/?r=globalEverybody Lies: Big Data, New Data, and What the Internet Can Tell Us about Who We Really Arehttps://www.amazon.com.au/Everybody-Lies-Internet-About-Really/dp/0062390856Lumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED Full transcripts are available a few days after the episode is first published at www.economicsexplored.com.

Kevin Kennon, an award-winning architect, discusses the future of cities, housing affordability, and the role of architecture in urban life. He emphasizes the importance of smarter density, mixed-use developments, and integrating residential, commercial, and community spaces. Kennon highlights the impact of tariffs on housing costs and the need for free trade. He also discusses the benefits of prefabricated components over modular housing and the role of urban transport in housing affordability. Kennon advocates for architects to have a greater role in shaping public policy to improve livability and economic vitality in cities.Please let Gene know your thoughts on Trump’s tariffs and any questions or comments regarding this episode by emailing Gene at contact@economicsexplored.com.About Kevin KennonKevin Kennon is an internationally renowned architect with over 40 years of experience, specializing in environmentally sustainable and innovative design. As the founder and CEO of Beyond Zero DDC Inc., Kevin leads the development of zero-carbon emission luxury eco-resorts in remote wilderness locations worldwide, merging design excellence with ecological responsibility. His extensive portfolio includes projects like the 1.5 million square foot Barclays North American Headquarters, the Rodin Museum in Seoul, and multiple award-winning Bloomingdale’s stores. Additionally, he led United Architects, a finalist in the prestigious World Trade Center design competition, further solidifying his impact on architectural innovation.  Kevin’s expertise spans adaptive reuse, urban planning, and large-scale developments, with projects featured in the permanent collection of MoMA, New York. He has earned over 40 international design awards and is a sought-after thought leader, contributing to discussions on urban development, climate change, and sustainable architecture. His work extends beyond architecture; as an expert witness and lecturer at leading institutions like Yale and Columbia, he brings a multidisciplinary approach to his craft. TimestampsIntroduction (0:00)Kevin Kennon's Journey into Architecture (2:53)Economic Considerations in Architecture (7:13)Impact of Tariffs on Housing Affordability (11:22)Challenges in Housing Development (15:53)NIMBY Issues and Urban Development (18:19)Principles of Better Urban Design (21:00)Social Housing and Public Investment (33:01)Role of Urban Transport in Housing Development (38:05)Modular Housing and Productivity (44:12)TakeawaysSmarter Density is Key: Cities should move away from rigid zoning that separates residential and commercial spaces, instead creating mixed-use developments that blend different functions and create more vibrant, integrated neighborhoods.Architecture is About Imagining the Future: Architects are not just solving spatial problems, but are critical thinkers who can help design more livable, affordable, and sustainable urban environments that address complex social and economic challenges.Economic Considerations Drive Urban Design: Real estate development is deeply influenced by economic factors like tariffs, interest rates, and investment strategies, which significantly impact housing affordability and urban development.User Control Enhances Productivity: Workplace design should focus on giving people greater control over their environment, including temperature, lighting, and space configuration, which can improve overall productivity and satisfaction.Modular Housing Has Limitations: While prefabricated housing components show promise for reducing construction costs, they are not a magic bullet for housing affordability. Successful solutions require a holistic approach considering local conditions, transportation, and community needs.Links relevant to the conversationKevin’s Wikipedia entry:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_KennonEconomics Explored episode w/ Natalie Rayment, YIMBY QLD on the Missing Middle in housing:https://economics-explained.simplecast.com/episodes/missing-middle-housing-other-urban-planning-issuesLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED Full transcripts are available a few days after the episode is first published at www.economicsexplored.com.

Nineteenth-century American economist Henry George blamed poverty and depressions on landlords. George argued that their rents were associated mainly with public investments and should be shared with the community. Show host Gene Tunny speaks with returning guest John August about Georgism—the economic philosophy of Henry George that advocates for a single tax on land value. They explore the ethical and economic arguments behind taxing land, its historical popularity, and how it is perceived today. The discussion covers economic rent, speculation, tax distortions, and housing policy, critically examining Georgism's assumptions and limitations. John is the Fusion Party candidate for Bennelong in the upcoming Australian federal election. Please let Gene know your thoughts on Trump’s tariffs and any questions or comments regarding this episode by emailing Gene at contact@economicsexplored.com.TimestampsIntroduction (0:00)John August’s Background and Campaign (4:19)Georgism and Its Influence (7:25)Economic Theory and Georgism (11:35)Critique of Georgism (16:19)Land Value Taxation and Economic Rent (23:15)Impact of Georgism on Economic Policy (31:54)Conclusion and Future Discussion (49:33)TakeawaysGeorgism, developed by Henry George in the 19th century, proposes a radical approach to taxation by advocating for a single tax on land values to address economic inequality and reduce speculation.While most economists reject Georgism, the theory continues to have passionate advocates who argue that land value taxation could create a more productive and just economic system.The Georgist perspective highlights how public infrastructure and community development can increase land values, creating unearned income for property owners without compensating the broader community.Modern Georgists have moved away from the original concept of a 100% land value tax, instead advocating for a significant increase in land value taxation as part of a broader tax reform strategy.The theory raises important questions about property speculation, economic rent, and the potential for less distortionary forms of taxation that could promote more equitable economic development.Links relevant to the conversationJohn’s federal election campaign website: John August for Bennelonghttps://www.fusionparty.org.au/john_august_bennelongGrand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius - Nasar, Sylviahttps://www.amazon.com.au/Grand-Pursuit-Story-Economic-Genius/dp/0684872986Fixing Australia’s Housing Crisis: Fusion’s Plan w/ Owen Miller – EP277https://economicsexplored.com/2025/03/27/fixing-australias-housing-crisis-fusions-plan-w-owen-miller-ep277/Trent Saunders and Peter Tulip’s RBA Discussion Paper “A Model of the Australian Housing Market”:https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2019/2019-01/Lumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED Full transcripts are available a few days after the episode is first published at www.economicsexplored.com.

Gene Tunny and Nicholas Gruen dive deep into the economic implications of Trump's sweeping tariffs. They explore the micro and macroeconomic dimensions—from optimal tariff theory to trade deficits and geopolitical fallout. With humour, clarity, and urgency, they unpack why these tariffs will do more harm than good, both economically and politically. A video version of this episode will appear as an episode of the Uncomfortable Collisions with Reality podcast on Nicholas’s YouTube channel. Please let Gene know your thoughts on Trump’s tariffs and any questions or comments regarding this episode by emailing Gene at contact@economicsexplored.com.Update: As of Friday morning (GMT+10), 11 April 2025, Trump’s reciprocal tariffs on countries other than China have been delayed 90 days. TimestampsIntroduction and Purpose of the Podcast (0:00)Micro and Macroeconomics of Tariffs (3:17)Optimal Tariff and Economic Models (6:30)Challenges of Tariffs and Adjustment Costs (49:45)International Macroeconomic Implications (50:06)Historical Context and Policy Responses (1:06:52)Conclusion and Future Outlook (1:10:22)TakeawaysTariffs Are a Tax—Mostly Paid by Domestic Consumers: While Trump claims foreigners pay, economic models show that domestic consumers typically bear the burden.Optimal Tariff Theory Has Limits: While large economies might, in theory, benefit from some tariffs, real-world retaliation, adjustment costs, and supply chain complexities negate most benefits.Rule of Law Undermined: Trump's unilateral imposition of tariffs under national security justifications breaks trust in U.S. international agreements and damages credibility.Macroeconomic Drivers Are Key to Trade Deficits: Tariffs are a microeconomic tool used to address a macroeconomic problem—high consumption and low savings—which misses the real issue.Supply Chains Suffer from Tariff Shock: Modern manufacturing depends on intricate global supply chains. Tariffs disrupt production and create uncertainty for businesses.Links relevant to the conversationNicholas Gruen and Gene Tunny’s article “Why Trump’s tariffs are better than you think — and much worse”:https://www.crikey.com.au/2025/03/06/donald-trump-tariffs-impact-global-economy/Nicholas’s YouTube channel which hosts his Uncomfortable Collisions with Reality podcast:https://www.youtube.com/@NicholasGruenLumo Coffee promotion10% of Lumo Coffee’s Seriously Healthy Organic Coffee.Website: https://www.lumocoffee.com/10EXPLOREDPromo code: 10EXPLORED Full transcripts are available a few days after the episode is first published at www.economicsexplored.com.