From First Principles

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode is a fast-moving science rundown covering four remarkable stories from across AI, genetics, neuroscience, and paleontology. We dig into the story of a machine learning engineer who used AI tools to help design a personalized cancer vaccine for his dog, explore how an all-female fish species has survived far longer than evolutionary theory would predict, unpack new brain-scan evidence for how ketamine may rapidly relieve severe depression, and look at new research suggesting life rebounded shockingly fast after the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs.SummaryAI and personalized medicine — a striking case study in how AI tools may help accelerate highly customized treatments, starting with a rescue dog named Rosie.Evolution gets weird — the Amazon molly fish appears to challenge the usual assumptions about why asexual reproduction should fail over long time scales.Why ketamine works so fast — new PET imaging research points to brain-region-specific changes in AMPA receptors in treatment-resistant depression.Life after catastrophe — microscopic plankton may have evolved into new species within just a few thousand years after the Chicxulub impact.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod on X / Instagram / TikTok / FacebookShow NotesAI-designed dog cancer vaccine storyhttps://finance.yahoo.com/news/mans-dog-riddled-tumors-dying-210500037.html?guccounter=1Amazon molly / gene conversion paperhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10180-9Ketamine / AMPA receptor PET imaging paperhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-026-03510-wPost-asteroid plankton recovery paperhttps://www.yokohama-cu.ac.jp/english/news/20260306takahashi.html

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode is a deep dive into one of the strangest science stories of the year: a dish of human neurons allegedly learning to play Doom. We go back to the original 2022 DishBrain paper out of Cortical Labs, unpack how biological neurons can be read and written with multi-electrode arrays, and then compare the peer-reviewed Pong result to the much newer Doom claim. The result is a story that is both genuinely impressive and, in places, probably overhyped.SummaryWetware engineering — replacing artificial neurons with real biological neurons plus electronics, and why some people think this could become a new computing paradigm.How DishBrain worked — human stem-cell-derived cortical neurons grown on a multi-electrode array, trained through sensory encoding and a “minimize surprise” feedback loop.Where the Doom story gets messy — the newer system appears to include a reinforcement-learning layer in the loop, raising the key question: are the neurons actually doing the learning?The big idea underneath the hype — even if Doom is overstated, the broader platform is still a remarkable step toward programmable biocomputing.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod on X / Instagram / TikTok / Facebook

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this is our first standalone rundown episode — a faster, looser format where we hit several stories we didn’t have room to turn into full deep dives. This week: bacteria revived from a Romanian ice cave after 5,000 years, a speculative but fascinating theory linking solar storms to earthquakes, new evidence that dogs and humans share genetic roots for personality traits, and the increasingly dramatic fight over the future of AI after Yann LeCun leaves Meta to build a new billion-dollar company focused on world models.SummaryAncient bacteria, modern resistance — a microbe revived from a 5,000-year-old Romanian ice cave resists modern antibiotics and may even contain compounds useful against present-day superbugs.Solar storms and earthquakes? — a Kyoto University theoretical paper suggests space weather could perturb electric fields in Earth’s crust enough to influence faults already near critical stress.Dogs and humans, genetically — a Cambridge / Morris Animal Foundation study finds shared gene pathways that map to personality-like traits in both golden retrievers and humans.The Meta AI split — Yann LeCun leaves Meta to pursue AI systems that model the physical world, arguing that simple scaling of LLMs may never reach real general intelligence.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod (X / Instagram / TikTok / Facebook)Show NotesStory 1 — Ancient bacteria in Romanian ice cave (Frontiers in Microbiology)Story 2 — Solar storms and earthquakes (Kyoto University / International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science and Technology)Story 4 — Dog and human personality genes (PNAS)Story 5 — Yann LeCun leaves Meta / world-model AI (Wired)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode is a deep dive into a new synthetic-biology breakthrough out of EPFL: OptoEvolution. The big idea is simple but powerful — traditional directed evolution is great at making proteins that are always “on,” but biology is full of proteins that need to switch states, respond to stimuli, and behave more like logic gates than static tools. This paper takes directed evolution and couples it to light and the cell cycle, creating a new way to evolve dynamic proteins that can toggle, compute, and respond with far more control.SummaryWhy directed evolution needed an upgrade — classic methods select for proteins with continuous function, not proteins that toggle between active and inactive states.OptoEvolution — using light as a control signal and the cell cycle as a built-in oscillator to evolve proteins that must turn on and off to survive.Color-multiplexed biology — engineering proteins to respond to different wavelengths of light, opening the door to finer control of gene expression.Single-protein logic gates — proof-of-concept AND-gate behavior inside a single protein, hinting at a future where biology can be programmed with much more software-like precision.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod on X / Instagram / TikTok / FacebookShow NotesOptoEvolution / dynamic protein control (Cell)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode is a full deep dive on planetary defense. We break down NASA’s DART mission, why the goal was never to “blow up” an asteroid but to gently nudge it, and why the newest result is even bigger than the original headline: scientists can now directly detect that the Didymos–Dimorphos system changed not just locally, but in its heliocentric path around the Sun.Summary DART actually worked — not just by shortening Dimorphos’s local orbit around Didymos by 33 minutes, but by measurably changing the motion of the whole binary system around the Sun. Planetary defense is a measurement problem — the new result hinges on detecting a velocity shift of just 11 microns per second in an asteroid system moving tens of kilometers per second. Why ejecta matters — the impact transferred more momentum than the spacecraft carried in, thanks to debris blasting off the asteroid and boosting the total deflection. Why this matters for Earth — for the first time in our planet’s history, life on Earth may actually have the tools to alter its own cosmic fate.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod on X / Instagram / TikTok / FacebookChapters 00:00 New single-story format 01:53 DART mission setup 18:26 Why the binary asteroid system matters 31:36 Measuring the heliocentric deflection 46:28 Planetary defense implications 53:37 OutroShow Notes DART heliocentric deflection result — Science Advances NASA DART mission overview ESA HERA mission

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode starts in astrobiology with a fresh experimental challenge to one of the biggest objections to lithopanspermia: can life actually survive the violence of being blasted off a planet by an asteroid impact? Then, after a packed Rundown, we pivot hard into immunology with a radical Stanford paper asking whether we could build one nasal vaccine that doesn’t target a specific pathogen at all—but instead makes the lung itself a stronger fortress against whatever shows up.SummaryLithopanspermia gets less crazy — a Johns Hopkins / PNAS Nexus study tests whether extremely resilient microbes can survive the initial shock of ejection from a planet, potentially closing the last major bottleneck in rock-to-rock transfer of life.The universal-vaccine idea — instead of training the adaptive immune system on one pathogen, Stanford asks whether the lung itself can be preconditioned to respond broadly and rapidly to many threats.The Rundown — AI for materials science, orbital nuclear conflict simulations, and other frontier stories the guys wanted to hit even without full deep dives.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod (X / Instagram / TikTok / Facebook)Show NotesLithopanspermia / impact survival (PNAS Nexus, Johns Hopkins)https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/5/3/pgag018/8503064Pathogen-agnostic nasal vaccine (Science, Stanford)https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aea1260

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode has two main stories: an astrophysics update on a candidate “dark galaxy” in the Perseus Cluster (a halo that’s ~99.9% dark matter), and a major Alzheimer’s mechanism paper tracing how exercise protects the brain by repairing the blood–brain barrier—with an actionable drug-like path already emerging.SummaryCandidate dark galaxy — Hubble + Euclid stacking and globular clusters reveal an ultra-faint halo that could test missing satellites and the cusp–core problem (and even “fuzzy dark matter”).Exercise → Alzheimer’s mechanism — UCSF links a liver enzyme (GPLD1) to BBB repair via TNAP regulation, plus an oral TNAP inhibitor (SBI-425) that mimics the effect in mice.Rundown — Rubin Observatory’s real-time alert engine, AI-accelerated magnet discovery, a climate-corrected Easter Island history, and the Boba-Kiki effect in baby chicks.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod (X / Instagram / TikTok / Facebook)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode has three main stories: interactive dream engineering (yes, two-way “communication” during lucid dreaming), the proton radius puzzle finally getting resolved by a precision lab measurement, and a sobering but hopeful look at ALS—including a breakthrough “ALS-in-a-dish” model that could finally make drug screening translate to humans.SummaryDream engineering — targeted cues + induced lucidity → dream-content biasing and measurable next-day performance gains.Proton radius puzzle — precision hydrogen spectroscopy resolves the decade-long discrepancy; normal hydrogen agrees with muonic hydrogen.ALS — a predictive iPSC motor-neuron model that correlates with patient survival and reveals a promising multi-drug synergy.Rundown — pulsar near the Milky Way center, AI decoding a Roman board game, hormones + evolution signals, and AI-in-the-loop protein engineering.Support the showDonate: FFPod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod (X / Instagram / TikTok / Facebook)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode is a Winter Olympics deep dive from first principles—physics, neuroscience, and climate science in one ride.• Why ice is slippery: the “water layer” story is incomplete—new nanoscale measurements suggest a far more viscous, thicker interfacial film than textbook intuition.• Choking under pressure: how high stakes can disrupt neural control—reward signals can push brain states out of the “optimal zone.”• Climate change vs winter sports: why artificial snow has limits, why some legacy venues may become unreliable, and what “snow farming” is trying to solve.• Rundown: AI doing physics proofs, cat vocalizations, immune epigenetics, origin-of-life genetics, and an “impossible” exoplanet system.Support the show: FFPpod.com/donateFollow: @FFPod (X / Instagram / TikTok / Facebook)00:00 Intro00:32 Episode setup02:15 Why is ice slippery?33:23 Rundown + housekeeping + donate01:09:11 Choking under pressure (neuroscience)01:32:32 Climate change & the Winter Olympics + potpourri01:43:47 Wrap-up + closing

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode jumps from plant biochemistry to quantum metrology to cancer evolution. We start with a University of York breakthrough that solves a ~50-year mystery in alkaloid biosynthesis—identifying the “missing” enzyme behind a key asymmetric step plants use to build powerful defensive (and pharmaceutically useful) molecules. Then we go deep on quantum sensing with entangled atomic clouds, showing how correlated measurements can beat the standard quantum limit. Finally, we close with ALFA-K, a new tool that maps local fitness landscapes to predict how aneuploid cancers may evolve under pressure from therapy.SummaryPlants making medicines — the “phantom enzyme” in alkaloid biosynthesis and why solving this pathway matters for scalable drug production.Quantum measurements with entangled atom clouds — squeezed/entangled states, noise reduction, and why correlations unlock better sensing.Predicting cancer evolution — ALFA-K and measurable fitness landscapes for aneuploidy-driven trajectories under treatment.Show NotesStory 1 — Plant alkaloid biosynthesis (University of York)Paper — New PhytologistStory 2 — Quantum measurements with entangled atomic clouds (University of Basel)Paper — ScienceStory 3 — Alpha-K (Moffitt Cancer Center)Paper — Nature Communications

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode is a full-spectrum moonshot: why Artemis II matters, how the mission actually works (SLS, Orion, translunar injection, free-return trajectories), and a first-principles teardown of the most common Apollo “hoax” claims—Van Allen belts, waving flags, shadows, and “why aren’t there stars?”We also run a quick Rundown of wild science headlines (ancient cave art, elevation-dependent warming, dogs and vocabulary, and peptide bonds in deep space), before coming back to the core question: what it takes to send humans safely around the Moon—again.SummaryArtemis II mission profile — what “free return” means, why TLI timing matters, and what Orion is doing in high Earth orbit before the Moon.SLS vs Saturn V — the engineering and risk trade-offs behind modern human-rated heavy lift.Apollo myths, explained — radiation belts, camera exposure physics, and why the “flag,” “shadows,” and “no stars” arguments don’t survive basic mechanics and optics.Proof Apollo happened — retroreflectors, orbital imagery, and the reality that the world was watching.Show NotesNASA Artemis ProgramNASA Orion SpacecraftNASA Space Launch System (SLS)NASA Apollo 11 Mission Overview

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode runs from JWST’s “Little Red Dots” (and what they imply about early supermassive black holes), to a TimeVault method for recording gene expression over time, to 8,000-year-old Halaf pottery that may encode geometric sequences — plus a quick Cloud9 follow-up on the “starless dark-matter halo” debate.SummaryJWST’s Little Red Dots — why these compact red sources don’t behave like normal galaxies or quasars, and how an ionized-gas “cocoon” model could reconcile the data.TimeVaults — a genetically encoded “vault” that protects RNA long enough to capture time-series biology, not just snapshots.Math before numbers — Halafian motifs that appear to follow geometric sequences (4–8–16–32–64) and what that suggests about early cognition.Cloud9 update — what new data would actually settle RELHIC vs. “dark galaxy.”Show NotesJWST “Little Red Dots” (Nature)TimeVaults (Science)Halaf pottery + prehistoric mathematical thinking (Journal of World Prehistory)Cloud9 / RELHIC follow-up (arXiv)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode runs from the deep math of string theory to the biology of sleep—then out to a starless “ghost cloud” that may be a naked dark-matter halo. We open with a Nature paper showing that physical networks in nature (brains, blood vessels, fungal networks) appear to organize like energy-minimizing surfaces—spitting out the same branching rules you see in soap films and (surprisingly) in the mathematics behind string theory. Then we hit a neuroscience twist: even simple jellyfish need sleep—and the evidence points to sleep as a repair cycle for DNA damage. We close with Cloud9, a newly characterized, starless gas cloud that could be a rare “reionization-limited” RELHIC—potentially exposing a dark matter halo without the glare of stars.SummaryString theory… in your body? Why real-world transport networks converge toward minimal-energy geometry—and what that has to do with string-theory math and 120° branching angles.Jellyfish need sleep (and it’s not optional): Evidence that sleep pressure tracks cellular stress and DNA damage repair—even in a brainless animal.Cloud9: A nearby starless cloud that may be a dark matter halo in plain sight—plus what it implies about “missing” galaxies and the post-reionization universe.The Rundown: iron asteroids, artificial metabolism (ReForm), scalable helper T-cells from stem cells, and NASA’s Pandora exoplanet mission.Show NotesPhysical networks / string-theory-like math (Nature)Jellyfish sleep & DNA repair (Nature Communications)Cloud9 (Astrophysical Journal Letters)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode jumps from ancient engineering to modern AI and markets. We start with the newly uncovered Pompeii worksite that finally shows how Romans mixed their concrete — and why it “self-heals.” Then we pivot into a Princeton neuroscience idea that the brain builds complex thought like LEGO bricks (compositional neural subspaces). From there, we break down DeepSeek’s “manifold-constrained hyperconnections” as a stability mechanism for scaling deep nets. And we close with econophysics: a Physical Review Letters result arguing the square-root law of market impact is strictly universal across stocks and time.SummaryRoman concrete’s missing step — Pompeii evidence for “hot mixing,” lime clasts, and why cracks can heal themselves for millennia.Cognitive LEGOs — a compositionality framework where brains reuse shared neural subspaces to assemble new tasks.DeepSeek’s scaling trick — constraining hyperconnections to a stable manifold to avoid vanishing/exploding signals.The universal market law — PRL evidence that price impact follows a square-root rule across stocks, traders, and decades.Show Notes⁠Roman Concrete (Pompeii worksite) — Nature Communications (2025)⁠⁠Hot Mixing & Lime Clasts — Science Advances (2023)⁠⁠Compositional Neural Subspaces (“Cognitive LEGOs”) — Nature (2025)⁠⁠mHC: Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections — arXiv⁠⁠Square-Root Law of Market Impact (Universality) — Physical Review Letters⁠⁠Artemis II Countdown Demonstration Test — NASA

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this Season Finale closes out Season 1 with a deep dive into the physics behind fusion’s biggest bottleneck: fast magnetic reconnection. We unpack why classic models predicted reconnection should be slow, why nature (and tokamaks) disagree, and how modern “plasmoid” reconnection helps explain solar flares, plasma instabilities, and the real engineering challenges fusion reactors face. Then we run a full Season 1 recap — our favorite episodes, biggest scientific moments, and the corrections and lessons we’re taking into Season 2.SummaryFusion’s biggest problem — magnetic reconnection, why the Sweet–Parker model breaks down at scale, and how plasmoid instability enables fast reconnection.From the Sun to tokamaks — how reconnection drives solar flares, space weather, and plasma confinement limits in fusion devices.Season 1 leaderboard — our top episodes and the breakthroughs that stuck: astronomy, biology, AI, quantum, and the history of science.Corrections + what’s next — what we fixed, what we learned, and how Season 2 evolves the format.

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this single-story deep dive tells the full story of how humanity uncovered the structure of DNA — and the human tensions that shaped it. From Mendel’s pea-plant mathematics to Rosalind Franklin’s groundbreaking x-ray crystallography, from Cavendish–King’s College rivalries to the famous Photo 51, this episode follows the scientific and ethical arc behind one of the most important discoveries in modern biology.SummaryBefore DNA — Mendel’s inheritance laws, Miescher’s nuclein, Levene’s early models, and why scientists initially believed proteins carried heredity.The turning point — Griffith’s transformation experiment and the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty proof that DNA is the genetic material.The physics connection — Schrödinger’s What Is Life? and the idea of an “aperiodic crystal” inspiring Watson, Crick, and a generation of physicists to enter biology.Two labs, one race — Cavendish vs. King’s College, Wilkins vs. Franklin, and the clash of personalities, methods, and interpretations.Photo 51 — Franklin and Gosling’s pivotal diffraction image revealing the helical structure of DNA.The model — base pairing, antiparallel strands, and why the double helix immediately explained replication.Recognition & legacy — the 1953 Nature papers, the 1962 Nobel Prize, Franklin’s omission, and Watson’s later controversies reshaping his legacy.Show NotesMendel (1866) — Pea Plant GeneticsGriffith (1928) — TransformationAvery–MacLeod–McCarty (1944)Schrödinger — What Is Life?Franklin’s Photo 51Watson & Crick (1953)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode spans astrophysics, forensic chemistry, and neuroimmunology. We begin with a deep dive into 3I/ATLAS, only the third confirmed interstellar object to ever pass through our solar system — larger and stranger than ‘Oumuamua and Borisov, with new imagery released as NASA reopened operations. Then we break down a true-crime forensic breakthrough from Maynooth University that reveals how to recover fingerprints from fired bullet casings — a technique that could radically accelerate criminal investigations. And we close with a Max Planck Institute discovery identifying a regulatory microglial state in the brain that may finally clarify why Alzheimer’s develops — and how immune dysfunction, not just plaques, drives the disease.SummaryThe third interstellar visitor — 3I/ATLAS joins ‘Oumuamua and Borisov as only the third object ever observed entering the solar system from interstellar space, with new NASA imagery revealing structure, trajectory, and compositional clues.A forensic chemistry breakthrough — researchers at Maynooth University develop a technique to retrieve latent fingerprints from fired shell casings, combining heat-stable organic residues with spectroscopic imaging.A new model of Alzheimer’s — Max Planck Institute scientists uncover a microglial “regulatory” state (a T-reg–like analogue) activated through CD28-dependent pathways, reshaping how the field thinks about plaques, neuroinflammation, and therapeutic targets.Show Notes3I/ATLAS — Interstellar Object Updates (NASA / JPL)Forensic Chemistry: Fingerprints on Fired Casings (Maynooth University)Alzheimer’s Microglia Study — Max Planck Institute / Univ. of Cologne

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode dives into three breakthroughs stretching across aerospace engineering, astrobiology, and quantum computing. We start with a Nature Communications paper from Stevens Institute that experimentally validates a 60-year-old hypothesis underpinning hypersonic flight modeling. Then we head 3,000 meters below the Pacific to explore a newly discovered cold, ultra-alkaline biosphere near the Mariana forearc — a finding that reshapes the search for extraterrestrial life. And we close with Princeton’s millisecond-coherent transmon qubit, a materials science triumph pushing the quantum hardware frontier toward real-world quantum advantage.SummaryHypersonics without supercomputers — Stevens Institute validates the Morkovin hypothesis up to Mach ~6 using krypton-tagging velocimetry, confirming that “simple” turbulence models still work in hypersonic regimes and opening the door to viable, inexpensive hypersonic aircraft design.Life where it shouldn’t exist — University of Bremen researchers uncover evidence of a chemosynthetic biosphere in the cold, pH-12.6 serpentinizing fluids of the Mariana forearc, offering the clearest Earth analog yet for Enceladus- and Europa-like conditions.A millisecond qubit breakthrough — Princeton’s tantalum-on-high-resistance-silicon transmon hits 1.7 ms coherence, 15× the industry norm — drop-in compatible with Google/IBM architectures and a major step toward practical quantum computing.Show NotesHypersonics — Nature Communications (Stevens Institute)Deep Sea Life — Nature Communications Earth & Environment (Univ. of Bremen)Princeton Millisecond Qubit — Nature (Transmon Hardware)

Hosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this super-episode spans four wildly different frontiers: bioengineers hijacking bacterial evolution to mass-produce octopus camouflage pigment; orcas developing cultural hunting strategies against great white sharks; the bizarre chemistry behind civet-processed luxury coffee; and a UCLA breakthrough that pushes telescope resolution beyond the classical diffraction limit.SummaryUCSD’s biosynthesis breakthrough — how researchers engineered a growth-coupled, plug-and-play metabolic pathway to mass-produce xanthomatin, the cephalopod pigment behind octopus camouflage.Orca vs. shark culture wars — first-ever documentation of coordinated predation on juvenile great whites in Mexican waters, plus how whales transmit learned behavior socially.The paradox of civet coffee — wild civet gut chemistry, medium-chain esters, and how microbial fermentation creates the world’s most expensive “biologically processed” coffee.UCLA’s telescope hack — a mode-sorting instrument that extracts phase information from starlight, enabling sub-diffraction-limited imaging and revealing asymmetric hydrogen disks around distant stars.Show NotesUCSD — Nature Biotechnology (xanthomatin biosynthesis)Orca Predation Study — Frontiers in Marine ScienceCivet Coffee Chemistry — Nature Scientific ReportsUCLA Sub-Diffraction Telescope Method — ApJ Letters

AI, Eyes, and the Sky — From Synthetic Genomes to Restored Vision and Cosmic MysteriesHosted by Lester Nare and Krishna Choudhary, this episode of From First Principles explores three cutting-edge breakthroughs connecting medicine, technology, and astronomy.Summary• AI for Oncology, Minus the Privacy Risk: University of Toronto researchers develop OncoGAN—a generative model that creates realistic synthetic cancer genomes to accelerate precision oncology while protecting patient data.• Restoring Sight: The PRIMA (PRIMAvera) trial in NEJM demonstrates how a wireless sub-retinal photovoltaic implant can restore central vision in people with advanced macular degeneration.• Revisiting Cosmic Transients: New analyses of Palomar’s POSS-I plates re-examine the “multi-point transients” with fresh alignment statistics and an innovative Earth’s-shadow control test.Show Notes• University of Toronto — OncoGAN / Synthetic Cancer Genomes (Cell Genomics)• NEJM — PRIMA (PRIMAvera) Wireless Sub-Retinal Implant Trial for Geographic Atrophy• Palomar POSS-I Plates — Multi-Point Transient Analysis (IOP PASP Paper)• Palomar Alignment vs Earth’s Shadow Control (Nature Scientific Reports 2025)