Global Health – PBS NewsHour

Watch Video | Listen to the AudioRELATED LINKSThird U.S. doctor with Ebola lands in Nebraska Why Ebola is proving so hard to contain The world is ‘losing the battle’ to contain Ebola, health official warns JUDY WOODRUFF: In West Africa, doctors are fighting the world’s most deadly Ebola outbreak with makeshift hospitals, a handful of vehicles and a few brave volunteer health workers. Meanwhile, terrified villagers and city-dwellers alike can only watch helplessly as their loved ones succumb to the disease. Tonight’s episode of “Frontline” on PBS takes an intimate and harrowing look at all this on the ground in Sierra Leone. In the following scene, “Frontline” cameras travel with a group of health workers who go to remote villages, searching for Ebola’s victims. NARRATOR: They’re heading to a village where Ebola has already killed an old man. Everyone they encounter, even those who look healthy, could be infectious. The team used to wear protective clothing, but the suits terrified the villagers, who ran, hid and sometimes even attacked them. Manjo now relies on keeping his distance from everyone he meets. MANJO: My name is Manjo, and this is Ishata (ph) from the World Health Organization. NARRATOR: A young woman is clearly unwell. MANJO: What’s wrong with you? NARRATOR: Kadiatu Jusu (ph) is 25 years old, the mother of four children. WOMAN: Do you have a fever? WOMAN: Yes, I have temperature, diarrhea and I’m vomiting. NARRATOR: Her husband, Fallah (ph), is a farmer. He’s 35. It was his father who died two weeks ago. Ishata Conteh (ph) can see Kadiatu is almost certainly infected. WOMAN: She actually fits into the case definition, because she was the one taking care of the old man, feeding him, cleaning where the old man was vomiting, and there was direct physical contact. MANJO: I’m going to spray this area. NARRATOR: Manjo disinfects Kadiatu’s home with chlorine. Everything she touched could have been contaminated. Ishata notes the names of everyone who’s been in close contact with Kadiatu. Her children and husband are at the top of the list. WOMAN: Seventeen. All these 17 people here. If anyone gets a fever or the cough or feels like they have malaria or pain all over their body or is vomiting or going to the toilet a lot, any of those symptoms, you must call us. They are all at risk. We need to monitor them for the next 21 days. WOMAN: She, too, is going with the same thing. NARRATOR: Fallah can’t risk touching his wife to say goodbye. JUDY WOODRUFF: And that’s from a “Frontline” episode airing tonight. As we reported earlier, the number of Ebola deaths in this latest outbreak now tops 2,300. To find out what the U.S. is doing to combat the deadly epidemic, I’m joined by Nancy Lindborg. She’s assistant administrator at the United States Agency for International Development, which has been heading up the government’s response to this growing crisis. Nancy Lindborg, thank you for joining us. Again, how typical would you say that scene is that we just watched? NANCY LINDBORG, U.S. Agency for International Development: I think that scene was, unfortunately, very typical, and what we’re seeing is an unprecedented outbreak that is occurring across West Africa, but particularly focused in countries that are only recently emerging from decades of civil war. So they had very fragile health systems to begin with. And they also have practices that are enhancing the spread. You heard about the burial practices that involve touching the dead. So we are working on a strategy across the U.S. government that involves USAID, Centers for Disease Control, and DOD, State Department to work with the global community and countries on the ground to help stop the transmission, to expand treatment, and to stand up greater capacity at the local level to do exactly what you saw, be able to address this. JUDY WOODRUFF: It’s clear that this is an epidemic that is much worse than was thought just a few — a matter of certainly a few months ago, even a few weeks ago. What is the U.S. responsibility in all this?  At this point, there is not an Ebola patient in the U.S., except those who have been transported to the U.S. from West Africa. But what is the U.S. responsibility in this? NANCY LINDBORG: Our responsibility as a global leader is to do what we can to contribute to that stopping of the transmission and the provision of the treatment and helping these countries stand up better systems. We’re working closely with the global community, and this is really going to take an all-hands-on-deck kind of approach. We just announced this morning a $10 million contribution to the African Union as they mobilize a continent response. They have mobilized 100 health workers who are going in and will provide the logistical support for them to be successful. This will — we know what it takes to stop this. We also know that it will take significant ramping up by all the various partners, and it will probably take several months to get this under control. JUDY WOODRUFF: Ten million dollars, is that enough at this point?  Is that just a drop in the bucket?  I mean, how do you compare that to the challenge out there? NANCY LINDBORG: That’s — that was just to support the African Union mobilization. USAID has committed about $100 million. We have got additional commitments from the Department of Defense. They’re bring in diagnostic labs, a field hospital. We’re bringing in almost a daily airlift of supplies, the protective personal gear that you saw people wearing, the backpack sprayers, household kits, so that households have what they need to take care of loved ones and keep themselves safe, food, a whole variety of supplies. JUDY WOODRUFF: What — is the U.S. able to understand and to — I mean, is — do you now have a list somewhere that says, OK, here are all the things that are needed, and we’re going to provide these things, or are you still figuring this out as you go along? NANCY LINDBORG: We have a very clear strategy that we’re pursuing, in coordination with the World Health Organization, with the local countries and their health systems and with our partners, the Europeans and the African Union. There is — it’s stop the transmission, expand the treatments, and set up local systems, and also help the home health care strategy, so that people are not continuing to handle the dead the way that they do and to — and practice the kind of daily health practices that can change forever the way this is transmitted. JUDY WOODRUFF: But that means getting more people on the ground to spread the word, doesn’t it? NANCY LINDBORG: Absolutely. Absolutely. Well, both to spread the word and to help with the setting up of the treatment facilities. JUDY WOODRUFF: And as you — as you — at this point, is this a matter of resources, or is it a matter of time, people?  What is it that’s needed the most to bring this raging epidemic under control? NANCY LINDBORG: It’s really all of the above. It’s surging in the supplies. It’s surging in the people who are trained to have the very rigorous protocols required to provide the treatment. It’s activating all the ways that we can provide the information to people in the communities. We are — we have surged about 100 people into the region of USAID. JUDY WOODRUFF: Americans? NANCY LINDBORG: Of American, USAID, CDC, Department — the DOD, all parts of the U.S. government on the ground to get us moving ahead and further identify how to plug in, how to activate a coordination system on the ground. JUDY WOODRUFF: How much are you concerned?  What are the odds, the chances that Ebola could spread to the United States? NANCY LINDBORG: You know, part of what we have done is brought in a lot of those thermometers that you saw the health workers using, and set up the kind of screening that is done at the airports, so that there’s that additional control. There’s — we always want to be concerned about global epidemics, but this — this is controllable and this is — what we have seen is, as it’s spread to places like Senegal, that they have the systems to do the tracing, the treatment, and they’re able to keep it from spreading. Ultimately, there needs to be strengthening of the health systems, so that when these kinds of cases appear, there can be the kind of immediate response that keeps it from becoming the kind of really terrible outbreak that we’re seeing right now. JUDY WOODRUFF: An enormous task. Nancy Lindborg with the U.S. Agency for International Development, we thank you. NANCY LINDBORG: Thank you. The post U.S. offers support to fragile, West African health systems to combat Ebola appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

We're sorry, the rights for this video have expired. | Listen to the AudioJUDY WOODRUFF: The U.N.’s nuclear watchdog conceded that its progress investigating Iran’s nuclear program has hit a wall. The latest confidential report by the International Atomic Energy Agency was obtained by several news media outlets. It said the IAEA had satellite imagery showing ongoing construction activity a Parchin military base, a suspected nuclear site. It also revealed that Tehran had only implemented three out of five measures to be more transparent under a deal with the IAEA. Iran denies that it wants or is working on nuclear arms. A plane chartered by coalition forces in Afghanistan, and carrying about 100 Americans, had to land in Iran today after filing the wrong flight plan. The Washington Post first reported the incident. Iranian air traffic control reportedly asked the plane to return to Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, but it didn’t have enough fuel. A senior State Department official said the issue has been resolved and the plane is scheduled to resume its flight. There was new information released today on one of the deadliest friendly-fire episodes of the war in Afghanistan. An investigation by the U.S. military into the June episode found communication errors led to the deaths of five American soldiers and one Afghan. The incident happened in Zabul province when a B-1 bomber crew failed to check their information properly before launching two laser-guided bombs which hit the soldiers. The Pentagon confirmed the death of the leader of the African terror group Al-Shabab today. Ahmed Abdi Godane was killed in a U.S. airstrike on Monday in Somalia. In a statement, the Defense Department said it was a major symbolic and operational loss for the terrorist organization. Flash floods and landslides sparked by torrential monsoon rains have killed at least 116 people in Eastern Pakistan and Kashmir. Swollen rivers today swept away buildings and bridges and left many trapped on their own rooftops. Soldiers and emergency workers used boats and helicopters to ferry the stranded to safety. The flooding was forecast to intensify this weekend. A third American aid worker infected with the Ebola virus in Liberia is now in stable condition in Nebraska. Dr. Rick Sacra arrived at a hospital in Omaha early this morning with a police escort. He had been evacuated from West Africa. The 51-year-old delivered babies at a Liberia hospital, and it’s still unclear how he contracted the virus. The head of the Nebraska Center’s Infectious Diseases Division said the patient is in a specially equipped bio-containment unit. DR. MARK RUPP, Infectious Diseases Division Chief, Nebraska Medical Center:  We’re doing our basic checks on him right now with getting some of our baseline laboratories, making sure that his fluid status is equilibrated, that his electrolytes are in control. We know that he is seriously ill with a virus that has a fairly high mortality rate associated with it. Like I said, we will continue to care for him with very aggressive, supportive care, and we’re looking into alternatives for some of our experimental therapeutics right now. JUDY WOODRUFF: Two other American health workers who contracted the virus in Liberia were treated and cured at Emory University in Atlanta. Also today, the World Health Organization reported the death toll in West Africa from the Ebola outbreak passed the 2,000 mark. Half of those deaths were in Liberia. Job growth slowed in August, as U.S. employers hired fewer workers than analysts had expected. But stocks on Wall Street seemed undeterred by the news. The Dow Jones industrial average gained more than 67 points to close at 17,137; the Nasdaq rose 20 points to close above 4,582; and the S&P 500 added 10 points to finish at 2,007. For the week, the Dow, the Nasdaq, and the S&P all rose a fraction of a percent. And in a special piece of good news, the California blue whale has bounced back from near extinction. A study done at the University of Washington found that they have recovered to number about 2,200 in the Pacific Ocean. That’s about 97 percent of historic 19th century levels. But the largest animals on earth are still vulnerable to being stuck by large ships. The post News Wrap: Head of African terror group, Al Shabaab is dead appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

Watch Video | Listen to the AudioRELATED LINKSRwanda’s government moves to close orphanages Meet Agnes: orphan, student, survivor of sexual violence in Sierra Leone Detention of Americans in Haiti renews adoption concerns JUDY WOODRUFF: Finally tonight, one woman’s efforts to transform the way orphans are cared for in China. “NewsHour” correspondent Fred de Sam Lazaro reports as part of his Agents for Change series. A version of Fred’s story aired on the PBS program “Religion & Ethics Newsweekly.” And a warning:  This piece contains some disturbing images. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: For the Bowen family, this was a huge day. MAN: She got the international baccalaureate diploma, and then she got the biliteracy medal, as opposed to bilingual. It’s like she can read and write and talk. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: That 18-year-old Maya Bowen can talk, let alone graduate with honors, seems both natural and unlikely, given her early childhood in a distant orphanage. Richard and Jenny Bowen adopted her when she was two. Jenny Bowen, Half the Sky Foundation: No one had ever talked to her and, you know, language develops when people talk to you. That’s how you learn to speak, so she had no language at all. WOMAN: OK. Daddy is going to take pictures of you. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Jenny Bowen recently published a book called “Wish You Happy Forever,” chronicling how Maya and later Anya came to be part of the family. The California couple were already in their 50s, with grown children, but they were moved by reports of child neglect on a vast scale in China. WOMAN: Here, we found toddlers tied to bamboo seats, with their legs splayed over makeshift potties. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: This 1995 film, shot undercover, called “The Dying Rooms” showed orphanages filled with girls, abandoned in a country that had begun restricting families to one child in a culture that traditionally favored boy children. JENNY BOWEN: We thought the thing we could do was save one life. So that’s what we did. We went to China to save a life. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: But she found it impossible to ignore the conditions Maya would escape, but where millions of others still languished — in the custody of indifferent or untrained workers, invisible in a nation focused on industrializing its way out of Third World poverty. Sixteen years later, Jenny Bowen heads a group called the Half the Sky Foundation that’s helping transform the way orphans are cared for across China, with the blessings of and often in partnership with the government. The name derives from a Chinese proverb that says women hold up half the sky. The group has so far trained 12,000 teachers and nannies in 27 provinces. We visited in the northeastern city of Shenyang. JENNY BOWEN: All these children are abandoned. Many of them are abandoned because they have what are called special needs. Before Half the Sky, children are tied to their chairs. They were lying in bed. You could see the tragedy. You walk into a room, and you were just confronted with the tragedy. Here, it’s invisible. These children are going on with their lives. They’re being treated like their lives matter. And they know it. They know they’re loved, and so they thrive. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: She says children need a sense of being part of a family, in whatever shape family takes. JENNY BOWEN: It doesn’t mean that they have to be back with their birth families or permanently adopted or anything. They just need to have the love that a family gives naturally to a child, and, to me, it was like a no-brainer. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: It was not a no-brainer to get her ideas across in an opaque state-run welfare system. What’s more, the publicity about orphanage conditions was deeply insulting to a government highly sensitive about China’s image. Zhang Zhirong works for Half the Sky’s China offices. ZHANG ZHIRONG, Half the Sky Foundation: China always want to tell the world she is the best, everything perfect. We are serving the people. We are helping the people. That’s China politically. But, as you know, China is such a big country. At that time, it was difficult to let people, especially foreigners, to come in to see some of the problems, to see some of the dark side. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Zhang was a key early ally, an English professor and official interpreter well-versed in the culture and politics of the bureaucracy. She was convinced of Bowen’s sincerity. ZHANG ZHIRONG: I really feel she had the heart. She wanted to help. No other intentions. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Did it help that she had Chinese daughters as well? ZHANG ZHIRONG: That’s also — we would tell — she always says, “I’m half-Chinese. My daughters are all Chinese.” JENNY BOWEN: I know that resonated. Certainly, the international criticism let them know that something had to be done. I probably was the least threatening of the options out there. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Bowen began by seeking guidance from child development experts. She raised funds in Hollywood, where she was a screenwriter and filmmaker, and from American couples who’d adopted Chinese daughters. She organized volunteer trips to train caregivers and spruce up the environment in which orphans spent their days. Children who once sat impassively are now in busy preschools. Walls that had generic cartoon images now display the children’s own artwork and pictures. JENNY BOWEN: Children in institutions, in traditional institutions, they move in packs. They all eat at the same time, they all sleep at the same time, they all pee at the same time, and they don’t separate themselves from each other. So we use a lot of mirrors, we use things like this, where they can identify themselves and their friends, and it’s a way for them to start knowing who they are, and that’s the beginning of developing intellectual curiosity and opinions. I can tell you already have opinions, right? FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Teacher Lin Lin says Half the Sky’s approach, called responsive care, is tailored to children’s individual learning interests — a far cry from the previous rote learning. LIN LIN, Schoolteacher, Half the Sky Foundation (through interpreter):  Kids were asked to recite a lot of things, old poems and literature, which they did not understand, they weren’t interested in. Now we’re doing things that are interesting to them. Gradually, you build a trust with these children, and they begin to consider you as part of their family. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: That’s a key goal: to make such caregivers part of the child’s understanding of family. But Half the Sky is also building so-called family villages, a more traditional setting. Couples, most with grown children, like Liu Peng Ying and her husband, Chen Yung Chang (ph), are given housing and a small stipend to raise their young orphaned charges. It’s an easy sell in a country where large families used to be the tradition. LIU PENG YING, China (through interpreter): These are like my own children, like my grandchildren. My husband likes children even more than I do. That’s why we decided to apply for this program. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: In today’s wealthier, more urbanized China, Bowen says fewer healthy female babies are abandoned. About three quarters of a million children are in state custody. They are more likely to be from impoverished rural areas and more likely to have congenital or medical conditions their families cannot afford to treat. JENNY BOWEN: So, in this room, we find children who have pretty severe special needs. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: For them, Half the Sky runs a care center in Beijing, with corporate foundation and government support. It provides care for children as they await or recover from surgery or as, in the sad case of 4-year-old Pin Pin, chemotherapy JENNY BOWEN: She has cancer in both of her eyes? WOMAN: Yes, and eight times chemo. JENNY BOWEN: Eight times chemo. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: For the weeks or months Pin Pin will spend here, a teacher will help her adjust to the loss of her sight. JENNY BOWEN: You need to have a teacher, because you have a lot of things you have to learn. We don’t just worry about your eyes. We have to worry about your brain, huh?  Yes. MAN: Maya Bowen! (CHEERING AND APPLAUSE) FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Maya Bowen plans to become an elementary teacher. She and Anya, a high school junior, have gone from being thankful to impressed. MAYA BOWEN: I did a paper and we could — at school, and it was a research paper, and we could do it on anything, so I chose my mom, because I thought that would be an easy topic. But then, when I started researching and learning everything she did, I was like, wow, like, this goes way farther than I thought. She has, like, a much bigger influence than I ever thought. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: Jenny Bowen is now 68 and CEO of a now $7 million-a-year enterprise that she hopes to expand beyond China to neighboring countries in Asia. She has no plans to retire. JUDY WOODRUFF: Fred’s reporting is a partnership with the Under-Told Stories Project at Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota. The post One family’s quest to unite orphaned Chinese girls with a happy home appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

Watch Video | Listen to the AudioRELATED LINKSA third American reportedly infected with Ebola How did the West Africa Ebola epidemic get out of control so fast? Ebola outbreak started with funeral in Guinea, report finds JEFFREY BROWN: The director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control just returned from surveying the situation in West Africa. And in a press conference this afternoon, he too added strong words and warnings. Dr. Thomas Frieden joins us now from Atlanta. And, Dr. Frieden, there was a level of urgency and concern put forward today that I don’t think we have heard from you and other officials so far. Have we entered a new and frightening phase in all this? DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN, Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Well, unfortunately, the situation is bad. It’s worse than I and others had feared. The number of cases is increasing rapidly. The human tragedy is heartbreaking. And we anticipate that, in the next few weeks, we’re going to see significant further increases in cases and in the places where it’s spreading. So, this is definitely an epidemic and really the world’s first epidemic of Ebola, meaning spreading widely. And it’s spiraling out of control. What’s really important to understand is that we know how to under — we know how to control it. And there is this window of opportunity that’s closing, but it’s not too late. We have to act now. Urgency couldn’t be higher. Speed is of the essence. JEFFREY BROWN: Well, tell us — you use this kind of language, the window of opportunity is closing, the challenge is so great. You said today the epidemic is so overwhelming that it now requires an overwhelming response. What specifically did you see on your trip and are you getting from responses from health officials around the world that is so alarming now? DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: Well, I will tell you an example. Doctors Without Borders, MSF, is doing phenomenal work. They’re working an extraordinarily difficult situation and trying to really do whatever they can to help patients and stop the outbreak, but they’re overwhelmed by the number of patients. So they’re opening new hospital beds as fast as they can, but only safety — they have a terrific track record of safety for the people working in the Ebola treatment units. But in order to do that, they can’t open them as fast as the patients are requesting hospitalization. What that means is that patients are not being hospitalized, and they are spreading Ebola in communities, including in urban communities, where it can spread quite widely. JEFFREY BROWN: Well, so you said today and you just said to us again that, in essence, we know how to contain Ebola, but then why the lack of success?  What are the greatest impediments and what do you most need right now? DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: It’s fundamentally about speed and scale. Every day we delay in getting the proven treatments and prevention out there, it spreads more widely and we have more of it. One of the encouraging things I did see was people throughout the region willing to help, willing to really work to make a difference. Ninety percent of the staff at the Doctors Without Borders hospitals are local staff who have been rigorously trained and are working hard to stop the outbreak and care for patients, but the challenges really are enormous, and the urgency is so great. The sooner we increase beds, the sooner we make burials safer, the sooner we help health care workers be safer from infections, we are going to be better off in terms of beginning to turn this outbreak around. Time is lives here. JEFFREY BROWN: One of the things you said today really jumped out at me. You were talking about as the world isolates itself from these countries, it is having an adverse effect. It’s harmful to the countries and it’s ultimately harmful to the rest of the world, including us, and you said, like it or not, we are connected. So explain that. Should we not be isolating those countries? DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: The fact is, people are going to move around the world, and the only way to really protect ourselves from this is to stop it at the source. It’s not dissimilar to the dynamic that’s happened within these countries. Frankly, against the advice of many, some of the countries enforced quarantines in some areas. And the — as Dr. Liu from MSF said earlier on your program, that’s really counterproductive, because it drives patients underground, it increases hostility. And it’s not a way to help. What we need to do is to get services to patients, to families, get people into care and isolation quicker, so they stop spreading disease and so they have a better chance of survival, because early treatment does improve survival. JEFFREY BROWN: But given the interconnectedness that you’re talking to, what about the potential for a spread in the U.S.?  And given this new alarm of how quickly this is spreading, what do you tell people tonight who are afraid here in this country? DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: Well, given the large increase in cases that we’re seeing and think we’re likely see in the coming weeks, I would be surprised if we didn’t see other cases in other parts of Africa. For the U.S., it’s certainly possible we will get someone here who develops symptoms of Ebola and may have Ebola. That’s a possibility. That’s why we have asked doctors working in emergency departments and elsewhere to be on the lookout for people who have been in an area with Ebola in the past three weeks, and, if they have fever or other symptoms consistent with Ebola, to isolate and test them. That’s also why we have worked with about 10 states from around the country to have tests for Ebola up and available, so that they can be tested in a regional approach, so we’re prepared in this country. Ebola doesn’t spread through casual contact. It doesn’t spread through the air naturally. The way it spreads is by physical contact with a sick person or their body fluids or someone who’s died from Ebola with their body fluids. And standard infection control in hospitals has prevented spread of five cases of hemorrhagic fevers that have been in the U.S. in the past decade. JEFFREY BROWN: I just want to ask you in our last minute about one other frightening scenario that you raised today, which was the possibility that Ebola might become easier to spread through genetic mutation. You said you didn’t see signs of it yet, but it’s — the possibility is not zero, I think is the way you put it. Explain that, because that would be a quite frightening new step. DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: Well, the genetic material of the virus has been quite stable for 40 years. So we don’t think of this as a virus that changes much. But the longer it spreads and the more people it spreads to, the more what’s called selective pressure that might favor strands that do spread more easily. And that’s a concern. It’s something we will be tracking for. But the bottom line here is, we have to surge our response and act now. By bringing down the number of cases, we will protect ourselves, we will protect West Africa, we will reduce the humanitarian crisis, insecurity that’s there, and we will make it less likely that there are patients traveling to other parts of the world, and less likely that we could get that kind of a mutation. JEFFREY BROWN: All right, Dr. Thomas Frieden of the CDC, thank you so much. DR. THOMAS FRIEDEN: Thank you. The post Why Ebola is proving so hard to contain appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

Watch Video | Listen to the AudioRELATED LINKSCDC director: ‘Ebola will get worse before it gets better’ American doctor speaks out about his Ebola recovery Doctors Without Borders: Ebola efforts need more people in the fieldDoctors Without Borders: Ebola efforts need more people in the field GWEN IFILL: Adding to the difficulty, a different strain of Ebola has appeared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, causing 13 deaths so far.  Here at home, the National Institutes of Health announced today it will start testing an experimental Ebola vaccine next week. For more on that development, I’m joined by Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at NIH.  He will oversee those trials. Dr. Fauci, thanks for joining us again. What would trials like this look like? DR. ANTHONY FAUCI, Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Well, first of all, it’s an early phase one trial. And by phase one, we mean this is the first time this vaccine has been put in humans.  So safety is paramount, so you take a very small number of people, 20 in total, three at a time, and you use the vaccine to determine if there are untoward effects, any inflammation, any idiosyncratic or hypersensitivity reactions, pain or anything that might be a red flag about safety. And also you learn whether it induces the kind of response in a person that you would hope would be protective against Ebola infection.  The reason why we chose this vaccine is that it showed very favorable results in an animal model, a monkey model, in which it protected monkeys very well against a challenge with lethal Ebola. So this is a first, because it’s the first time this has been in a human, in now what will be a series of steps to ultimately develop it to determine if, in fact, it is effective. GWEN IFILL: This has been in development for some time.  You called this an uncontrolled outbreak in West Africa.  Dr. Tom Frieden for the CDC said it will get worse before it gets better.  Is it this West African outbreak which is moving this from development to trial? DR. ANTHONY FAUCI: We have been working on an Ebola vaccine for a number of years now.  This has been one of the priorities of the hemorrhagic fevers, of which Ebola is actually the worst of those. This is kind of the culmination of an iterative process of developing it.  It was certainly accelerated by what we’re seeing now with this extraordinary outbreak in certain West African countries.  So we were on the track of an Ebola vaccine, but we accelerated it.  We didn’t cut corners, but we really put the afterburners on to get things done much more quickly, so that we could get to the point where, next week, we will put this first time in a human, in a normal volunteer right here in our clinical center in Bethesda. GWEN IFILL: We have spent a lot of time trying to figure out ZMapp, the small dosage which has been experimented on humans in this latest outbreak. This plan that you’re talking about developing would be working with a large drug company, GlaxoSmithKline.  Does that make a difference in the timetable, how quickly we would see it come to market if it worked? DR. ANTHONY FAUCI: Gwen, it makes an extraordinary amount of difference.  It really is the game-changer in that. When you have a company like GlaxoSmithKline, who partners fully with the NIH, with our science and their capability of producing this, that’s how you get things done.  And, in fact, one of the reasons why we had not gotten the vaccine up to now or even drugs is that there was relatively little interest on the part of many pharmaceutical companies for either drugs or vaccines. And I think the extraordinary, dramatic situation which we’re going through right now is going to really get people’s attention and we will see a lot more interest in that, which I’m very pleased about because we really do need a vaccine and some therapeutics. GWEN IFILL: Because Ebola is such a dangerous virus, how do you ensure the safety not only for those taking it in the trial, but also for those handling the virus? DR. ANTHONY FAUCI: Well, that’s a good question, Gwen. And it’s important to point out there’s no chance at all of the vaccine giving Ebola to anyone, because we’re not giving them the Ebola virus.  We’re giving them a vaccine that has a very small component of the genetic material from Ebola that will make a protein that is again an important component of the virus, but not a virus that can actually replicate. So there’s no chance.  When we say safety, which is the first part of phase one, we’re not talking about safety of giving someone Ebola.  We’re talking about safety of an adverse reaction to the vaccine itself.  That’s an important difference. GWEN IFILL: If we’re talking about the possibility of 20,000 cases before this thing begins to subside, how do we know the vaccines are the right solution, or even are they the right solution? DR. ANTHONY FAUCI: Well, again a great question, because the solution, right now, is what we know can stop an outbreak, and that is the ability and the infrastructure to deliver infection control by isolation, by quarantine, by contact tracing, and by protecting the health care workers with proper personal protective equipment. The difficulty in those West African countries is, they don’t have that kind of infrastructure in place, and it’s truly a struggle to be able to do that kind of infection control.  Historically, under other circumstances, there have been now about 24 outbreaks of Ebola, usually in geographically-restricted areas, where it was much easier to contain it. You can contain it with good hospital and infection control capabilities. GWEN IFILL: Dr. Anthony Fauci at the National Institutes of Health, thank you very much. DR. ANTHONY FAUCI: You’re quite welcome. The post Ebola’s spread hastens preparations for vaccine testing appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

We're sorry, the rights for this video have expired. | Listen to the AudioRELATED LINKSCDC director: ‘Ebola will get worse before it gets better’ American doctor speaks out about his Ebola recovery Doctors Without Borders: Ebola efforts need more people in the field GWEN IFILL: There were new numbers and a bleak projection today on the Ebola outbreak in West Africa.  At the same time, it appears human trials will begin for a possible vaccine as soon as next week. The ominous forecast came from the World Health Organization:  Ebola cases could top 20,000 as the outbreak continues to spread. DR. BRUCE AYLWARD, World Health Organization: It is now not just remote isolated areas where you can rapidly contain, but we are dealing with this disease in large urban environments and over large geographic areas.  This is very unique. GWEN IFILL: So far, the U.N. agency has confirmed more than 3,000 cases.  Of that number, more than half have died in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and Nigeria.  But the WHO says the outbreak could spread to 10 other countries. To contain the virus, the agency announced a $490 million strategic plan for the next nine months. DR. BRUCE AYLWARD: When we look at the numbers of people, to make this work, we are going to need 750 internationals at least and 12,000 nationals.  That is very difficult in the current — current environment, but that is the scale of manpower needed to do this. GWEN IFILL: The current environment includes a sizable fear factor, especially in Liberia, the country with the most Ebola cases and deaths.  Doctors Without Borders opened a treatment facility in the Liberian capital, Monrovia, two weeks ago, but its 120 beds are already full. LINDIS HURUM, Doctors Without Borders: The health care system has more or less broken down.  Hospitals have closed, clinics are closed.  Some of them have reopened, but the staff is afraid to go back because they are afraid to get the disease. GWEN IFILL: In desperation, Liberian officials quarantined Monrovia’s West Point neighborhood, and armed police have used live ammunition to stop residents from getting out.  The medical emergency has also placed a heavy economic strain on affected countries.  The African Development Bank is urging an end to trade and travel restrictions. DONALD KABERUKA, President, African Development Bank: Markets are not functioning, airlines are not coming in, projects are being canceled, businesspeople have left.  That is very, very damaging. The post WHO announces $490 million plan for fighting Ebola appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

Watch Video | Listen to the AudioHARI SREENIVASAN: As we reported yesterday there are now more than 2600 confirmed or suspected cases of Ebola and more than 1400 deaths resulting from the virus. All of the cases had originated from West Africa. For the latest on the health crisis we are joined via Skype from Accra, Ghana by Drew Hinshaw of The Wall Street Journal. So earlier this week we saw some disturbing images out of Liberia, a neighborhood there, West Point, had been quarantined and people were starting to fight back against the police. Have tensions eased? DREW HINSHAW: Right, tensions right now are a little bit easier than they were a few days ago but the fundamental problem in Liberia, which is really one of government mistrust is still there. This is a country that fought a 14 year civil war, one of the most horrific in modern memory. There’s a real gulf between the governed and the government. The fundamental problem which is that people think that Ebola is a conspiracy or a government started rumor is still there and right while there’s not a clash right now, there’s a high probability that there will be more in days to come especially as people get hungry in that quarantined neighborhood. HARI SREENIVASAN: Right, I mean this is a neighborhood of 75,000 people and fear spreads a lot easier than the virus does. DREW HINSHAW: This is a really easy disease to contain. What happens is people panic and when people panic they start believing people they’ve trusted all their lives, their priest, their traditional healers, their community leaders and a bureaucrat from the Liberian Health Industry doesn’t have as much sway when the virus pops up their neighborhood. HARI SREENIVASAN: Do the governments there have a plan for it established yet ? Are they calling for outside assistance? DREW HINSHAW: They’re the first ones to tell you that they’re making this up as they go along. I think what happened was in April, there was a dip, and everyone thought oh ok this virus is burnt out and then it just came out of nowhere and just swamped these governments in June, July. What you’re supposed to do is trace person to person. You’re supposed to say if I have it, who have I touched while contagious, you monitor them, if they catch it you find out who they’ve touched while contagious and you isolate it like that. We’re way past that point where Liberia and Sierra Leone can easily do that. They’re having to pull out this last ditch thing. HARI SREENIVASAN: You’ve been going in and out of Liberia I mean the health care workers, their story seems even more compelling. You’ve got nurses who haven’t been paid, they’ve been walking off the job, doctors in Nigeria for example who are trying to strike out of some fear and out of concern for themselves. So in populations in Sierra Leone or Liberia who’s there to care for these patients? DREW HINSHAW: Exactly, I mean you brought up a good example. Doctors were on strike in Nigeria before Ebola got there. They were already on strike over a different issue and in Liberia and Sierra Leone doctors were both not fantastically trained and they didn’t have a lot of equipment like rubber gloves. So the healthcare system was gutted beforehand and now it’s completely collapsed. Medecins sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) are really pulling a lot of weight here and they’re the first to say that they can’t do this by themselves. What they were wondering is where other aid groups are. When you look at other calamities like the Haitian earthquake or things like that you get so many aid groups sometimes that there’s a jam at the airport. When you land at the Monrovia airport in Liberia you don’t get that since. You get a sense that this is acountry that’s been abandoned by the same aid groups who had had long standing relationships with LIberia. HARI SREENIVASAN: Alright, Drew Hinshaw of The Wall Street Journal joining us via Skype from Accra, Ghanna, thanks so much. DREW HINSHAW: Thank you too. The post Ebola tensions ease in quarantined Liberia, but government mistrust lingers appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

Watch Video | Listen to the AudioGWEN IFILL: Public health officials around the world are sounding the alarm this week about the return of polio. It’s a big shift from just two years ago, when some experts thought they were on the verge of eradicating the disease. RELATED LINKSPolio vaccine campaign faces extemist opposition, public apathy in Pakistan Will polio outbreak inspire international community to do more about Syria? Program on polio eradication suspended in Pakistan after 9 aid workers killed Jeffrey Brown has the story. JEFFREY BROWN: The World Health Organization calls it an extraordinary event that threatens the decades-long battle to wipe out polio. On Monday, the agency declared an international public health emergency. Bruce Aylward is leading the WHO polio effort. He spoke during a teleconference from Geneva. BRUCE AYLWARD, World Health Organization: While the virus has resurged, I think it reminds us that, until it’s eradicated, it is going to spread internationally and it’s going to find and paralyze susceptible kids. Indeed, it could become endemic again in the entire world if we do not complete the eradication of this disease. JEFFREY BROWN: Worldwide, there have been 74 confirmed cases of polio this year, three times as many as the same period in 2013. They’re focused in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. In all, the outbreak has spread across at least 10 countries. The WHO singles out Syria, Cameroon and Pakistan as the main sources of the disease. Of those three, the vast majority of cases have been in Pakistan. FRED DE SAM LAZARO: This slum in Karachi is one of the last places in the world where polio is still a threat. JEFFREY BROWN: The NewsHour’s Fred de Sam Lazaro visited the country last August. He found Islamist militants have spread propaganda that the polio vaccine makes boys sterile and violates religious values. Moreover, Taliban militants have killed dozens of polio workers in Northwestern Pakistan. Dr. Anita Zaidi, a pediatrician, cited a fake vaccination campaign that the CIA used in the hunt for Osama bin Laden. DR. ANITA ZAIDI, Pediatrician: Which has hugely damaged public health programs, not only in Pakistan, but in many, many countries, because people ask all kinds of questions. They now think that they might — the vaccine programs might be actually spy operations. JEFFREY BROWN: Now a monitoring board set up by the WHO is warning that Pakistan is a — quote — “powder keg for polio” that could spread the virus on a global scale. And for a closer look at the outbreak, we turn to Dr. Jon Andrus, deputy director of the Pan American Health Organization, which is part of the WHO. Welcome to you. DR. JON ANDRUS, Pan American Health Organization: Thank you. JEFFREY BROWN: So, declaring a health emergency is a major step. Why now, exactly? DR. JON ANDRUS: The current situation is a public health emergency of international concern that is going to require a global response in order to prevent the global polio eradication initiative from sinking. This is going at a time when, in three different countries in three different parts of the world have had importations of wild polio virus due to low levels of coverage and having large outbreaks of paralyzed children. JEFFREY BROWN: You said wild polio. Explain what that means. DR. JON ANDRUS: Wild polio is the endemic virus that occurs in nature that paralyzes children. So, we now have a very good vaccination strategy, but, unfortunately, in these countries, they’re fragile. They may have fragile infrastructure. They may have civil strife. And the countries bordering them are also fragile. JEFFREY BROWN: What’s striking about this is that, not that long ago, this eradication process was going very well, right, sort of on schedule. So this is relatively new. DR. JON ANDRUS: Well, it’s — having spent a majority of my life working on polio eradication, you must expect the unexpected. You never know when these exportations are going to occur. Wars break out. So it’s really being on guard to provide the global response that will prevent this from spreading to neighboring countries. And to that end, the International Health Regulation Emergency Committee was convened by Dr. Margaret Chan, the WHO director, where specific recommendations are provided to stop and mitigate the risk of exportations to other countries. JEFFREY BROWN: All right, so before I ask you about those, though, I want to talk about some of those specific countries. Pakistan is one we mentioned in our setup piece, a lot of complications there, political, terrorism, anti-Western sentiment. How do you — how do you cope with that? DR. JON ANDRUS: It requires a multipronged approach, but I think what we learned in India is persistence. Today may not be an ideal time, because vaccination — vaccinators are being murdered. But when sufficient commitment and sufficient capacity to approach the problem develops, and that window of time when we take advantage, like India, Pakistan can accomplish the goal. JEFFREY BROWN: India has been — India is considered a success story in this. DR. JON ANDRUS: As of a couple of months ago, India was certified as polio-free. So, all of Southeast Asia was certified as polio-free due to India’s success. Fifteen years ago, the government of India didn’t even think polio could be eradicated. So my point is, it’s persistence. And I think we have a partnership with World Health Organization, UNICEF, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation stepping forward, and others like CDC, that will provide that persistence in helping the government stop transmission. JEFFREY BROWN: Another key country here is Syria. And we have reported on this on the program. Here — there, the case is a real breakdown in just the health infrastructure. Kids just are not getting vaccinations. DR. JON ANDRUS: Well, during the civil war, vaccinators can’t reach certain areas. So coverage is going to go down. Susceptible children, susceptible to the infection, those numbers will increase. So, when the virus — as Dr. Aylward mentioned, the virus is going to find those children. And the outbreaks that we have seen have occurred. Now Syria is exporting the virus, most recently to Iraq, which is another country that’s fragile and will be difficult to control. JEFFREY BROWN: So, tell us a little about the measure that can take place. WHO doesn’t have enforcement provisions, right? But you’re recommending — well, some of it has to do with travel restrictions. DR. JON ANDRUS: Well, the international health regulations, which were modified in 2005, adopted by the World Health Assembly — so that is a governing body that all member countries participate in — they approved these regulations that injects a level of accountability to the countries that have the problem. So, in the old days, when the international health regulations were only limited to a small number of diseases, mainly smallpox, cholera, plague, and yellow fever, with a one-size-fits-all strategy, we now have regulations that can be adjusted and — and tailored to the situation. It’s not just about an infectious disease. It could be about an earthquake, as happened in Haiti. It could be about a tsunami that happened in Indonesia. So those regulations, we believe, add accountability and really, through the global community, encourage local action at the source of the infection, whereas, in the old days, it was at the border crossings. JEFFREY BROWN: I see. DR. JON ANDRUS: So now it’s… JEFFREY BROWN: So, now it’s a mix. DR. JON ANDRUS: It’s a mix. And I think does add accountability. So, specifically, the director of WHO is asking those three countries that are exporting the virus — namely, Pakistan, Cameroon and Syria — any traveler that plans to leave the country be required to be vaccinated four weeks before they leave, up to a year. But that then would be documented with the WHO forms, and would be a mechanism to mitigate the risk of it being exported. JEFFREY BROWN: OK. Dr. Jon Andrus of the World Health Organization, thanks so much. DR. JON ANDRUS: Thank you, Jeff. The post Persistence is key to wiping out polio outbreaks in fragile nations appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

We're sorry, the rights for this video have expired. | Listen to the AudioGWEN IFILL: Fresh fighting erupted in Ukraine today in a key city seized by separatists who want to join Russia. That followed a weekend of violent confrontations. We have a report from James Mates of Independent Television News. JAMES MATES, ITN: The picture is unclear, the battlefield spread across the suburbs of the separatist stronghold of Slavyansk. But these captured armored personnel carriers are believed to be returning from an ambush against Ukrainian soldiers that left four soldiers dead and 30 wounded. The separatists themselves suffer casualties, this man lying wounded. The Ukrainian claims they killed 20, but no prospect of confirming these numbers. The biggest blow to the Ukrainian forces is that another one of their helicopters has been shot down. This is said to be video today of a military helicopter coming under gunfire. Smoke in the distance is said to be from the crash, though we can’t confirm this. In the south of Ukraine, the city of Odessa has enjoyed a day of uneasy calm, spent by many mourning the 42 who died in riots and fire here on Friday. The names of the dead are still being added to a list outside the trades union building. Among them was 17-year-old Badin Papora, whose mother, Fatima, had come to see where he died. A sister, El Mira, translated for us. WOMAN (through interpreter): When they found him lying on the ground, they see them amongst the people who were lying as well, different corpses, different, with man — boots, members like legs and head — hands. JAMES MATES: Several thousand people have been through this building in the last two days, some to pay their respects, some to see for themselves what happened, some to express their anger that it was ever allowed to happen. This is not the tragedy that is bringing this city together in its grief, in fact, quite the opposite. The funerals have already begun, this one a civic leader beaten to death in the rioting. It will be days before they buried last week’s dead, but how much more blood may yet be spilled before Ukraine’s crisis is over? GWEN IFILL: Late today, the government of neighboring Moldova placed its borders on alert, in case the unrest in Ukraine spills over. New fighting raged in South Sudan today, as the government struggled to put down a rebellion. The military said it overran an opposition base in Nasir, and retook the oil town of Bentiu. Later, the rebels launched a counter-offensive. Also today, Secretary of State John Kerry threatened the rebel leader with sanctions, unless he agrees to face-to-face talks with South Sudan’s president. The World Health Organization has declared a global health emergency amid outbreaks of polio across Asia, Africa and the Middle East. The U.N. agency today reported 417 new cases last year, nearly twice as many as the year before. Officials say Pakistan and Syria are particular hot spots, as civil war and unrest hinder vaccinations. Survivors of deadly landslides in Northeastern Afghanistan angrily complained today about lack of aid. As many as 2,700 people died in Friday’s disaster, and 4,000 were left homeless. Villagers continued digging for bodies of their loved ones today, as others rushed to line up for food. But some said they have been left to fend for themselves. MULLAH ABDULLAH  (through interpreter): After the landslide, we are in huge misery. In the past three days, we have not received any assistance. Also, women and children in this area are all ill. So far, no one has showed any sympathy for us. GWEN IFILL: Villagers also said the Afghan government has provided no heavy equipment to help with the digging. A U.N. committee on torture pressed the Vatican today on its handling of sexual abuse by priests. At a Geneva hearing, committee members suggested, the church’s failings in the scandal could leave it open to legal claims that it condoned torture. Roman Catholic officials argue they are liable only for what occurs within Vatican City itself. Back in this country, House Republicans are pressing ahead with a new investigation of the deadly 2012 attack on U.S. diplomats in Benghazi, Libya. Speaker John Boehner today named South Carolina Congressman Trey Gowdy to chair that panel. Democrats have not decided whether to participate. That huge holiday-season data breach at Target has cost the company’s CEO his job. The retail giant announced Gregg Steinhafel’s resignation today. He’s been under pressure since hackers stole credit and debit card information from millions of customers. In a statement, Target’s board said it’s the right time for new leadership. On Wall Street today, the Dow Jones industrial average gained 17 points to close at 16,530. The Nasdaq rose 14 points to close at 4,138. And the S&P 500 added three to finish at 1,884. The post News Wrap: UN says polio outbreak is global emergency appeared first on PBS NewsHour.

Watch Video | Listen to the AudioJUDY WOODRUFF: Several countries in West Africa are now coping with the worst outbreak of the Ebola virus in years. The World Health Organization describes it as one of the most challenging episodes of the disease it’s ever faced. More than 100 people have died so far. RELATED LINKS News Wrap: Guinean authorities say Ebola outbreak has grown into ‘unprecedented epidemic’ World Food Programme faces ‘highly unusual’ quadruple food emergency Health workers push to eradicate Guinea worm parasite in Sudan Ebola, which is spread by a virus initially transmitted from wild animals, has a high fatality rate. Jeffrey Brown has more on the struggle to contain it. JEFFREY BROWN: One of the concerns is that Ebola has crossed borders. Guinea is where the outbreak began and was first made public in March. More than 100 deaths and 150 cases have been reported there. Another troubling aspect: The disease has turned up in a wide area, from tropical forests to the capital of Conakry to the Liberian border. In Liberia, investigators believe there are at least 10 deaths. Health officials are now investigating possible cases in both in Mali and Ghana. And more than 60 percent of infected people so far have died. Laurie Garrett of the Council on Foreign Relations has tracked outbreaks in the past as a journalist and author of several books on global health and disease. She joins us now. Laurie, welcome back to the program. First, remind us a bit about what Ebola is and exactly how it’s transmitted. LAURIE GARRETT, Council on Foreign Relations: Thank you. Yes, Ebola is an RNA virus, a very small virus that attacks the endothelial linings that maintain the integrity of your blood vessels, blood veins, capillaries, first little microscopic holes through which bits of blood and fluids will leak, but eventually larger and larger holes, until the individual begins to hemorrhage internally, and hemorrhaging blood through tears, from the mouth, from the nose, all over the body, so that they become quite frightening to see. And individuals will get a high fever. They may get blood in the brain, which will lead to even more insane behavior, a kind of deranged look in their eyes, all of which contributes to a great deal of fear. On top of it all, the fluids contain virus, so they’re highly, highly contagious to the touch. JEFFREY BROWN: So, in — so, in the current situation, as we mentioned, we’re seeing it spreading into several countries. That’s — that’s unusual, right? LAURIE GARRETT: We have never seen this before. This — as NSF put it correctly, this is unprecedented. We have had outbreaks before, but they have always stayed within a country and even within a pretty confined part of the country. The outbreak I was in, in Kikwit, Zaire, in 1995, only got to a few peripheral villages, a large distance, but walking distance. There were no ways to get around other than walking and Land Rovers, no streets, no roads, no real airports, and so on. This is different because Conakry is a real city. It has a real, serious airport. Senegal is next door, and Dakar is one of the biggest airports in all of West Africa. It has indeed crossed borders, involved multiple governments, multiple sets of policies. It’s in all different kinds of religious communities, cultural communities, different languages, all of which makes conquering it much more difficult, because your number one obstacle with Ebola is fear and how the public responds. JEFFREY BROWN: But, at the same time, health officials have said — they’re reporting that they have traced the sources of transmission for everyone who’s sick. Now, that sounds like a good sign for trying to contain this. LAURIE GARRETT: Could be. Could be. But there are some — fundamental mystery here. Something’s going on in the rain forest, because what these countries share is a special ecology, a special rain forest region, in which are the fruit bats that normally carry the Ebola virus harmlessly to the bat population, but can pass it on to other primates, which can be eaten by the humans, or to people, hunters that may be in the rain forests. And it’s possible that we’re getting multiple introductions, or at least more than one, across the region. So if something is going on in the rain forest that is why the bats are stressed and passing the virus, then we will see multiple rounds of reintroduction. But the bottom line here is to extract individuals from their homes, put them in quarantine, give them safe and, you know, humane care, and make sure that all the caregivers have proper protective gear. JEFFREY BROWN: And all that hasn’t really changed all that much since Ebola was first found in 1976, right, I mean, in terms of what can be done once an outbreak begins? LAURIE GARRETT: We understand it a little better, but we don’t have any different technology today than we have had all along since we have known of the Ebola virus in 1976. It’s all about hand-washing, latex gloves, protective gear masks, and a kind of infection control. JEFFREY BROWN: So, on the one hand, the WHO is saying they’re getting a handle on this, but they’re also saying that it may take months to deal with. What does that tell you? LAURIE GARRETT: Well, it tells me that we have a real problem because it’s so dispersed. It’s across a broad, broad territory, multiple different ecologies, different cultures. And let’s not forget, this is a region that has recently been through civil wars, Sierra Leone’s civil war, Liberia’s civil war, Mali ongoing conflict. This means that the infrastructure is in terrible shape, that the nerves of the people are raw. There’s a lot of suspicion and countersuspicion between populations and for or against government. So trying to conquer a problem like this means overcoming a lot of larger political issues that have been rife in the region for a long time. JEFFREY BROWN: Laurie Garrett, thanks so much. LAURIE GARRETT: Thank you. The post Unprecedented Ebola outbreak crosses borders in West Africa appeared first on PBS NewsHour.