HVAC School - For Techs, By Techs

In this comprehensive episode, Bryan Orr sits down with Tim De Stasio to explore the world of comfort consulting and performance contracting in HVAC. Tim, who sold his contracting company to focus on this specialized field, shares his methodical approach to diagnosing home performance issues that go far beyond traditional HVAC troubleshooting. Working primarily in the humid coastal North Carolina market, Tim has developed a thorough process that treats the house as a complete system rather than just focusing on equipment. Tim's journey into comfort consulting began when he recognized the value of comprehensive home performance testing after seeing the work of practitioners like Michael Housh. His approach combines ethical selling with rigorous testing and data collection, allowing him to stand behind his recommendations with confidence. Unlike traditional HVAC service calls that might only involve checking refrigerant levels, Tim's comfort consultations can take an entire day and involve extensive testing protocols that examine everything from building pressure to thermal imaging. The conversation reveals how this type of work requires a fundamental shift in thinking - from being an equipment-focused technician to becoming more like a field engineer or building scientist. Tim emphasizes the importance of having repeatable processes and comprehensive checklists, using tools like Safety Culture app to document findings with photos, notes, and annotations. His methodology starts with a detailed pre-visit questionnaire and includes preparing clients for what will be a very different experience from typical HVAC service calls. Perhaps most importantly, Tim demonstrates how proper diagnostics can lead to ethical sales opportunities. By using tools like blower door tests, thermal imaging, building pressure measurements, and comprehensive system evaluations, he can provide clients with data-driven recommendations prioritized by impact and return on investment. His approach includes a two-week period for analysis before delivering final recommendations, ensuring thoughtful conclusions rather than rushed judgments. Topics Covered The Business Model of Comfort Consulting - How Tim structures his three-pronged business: home performance testing/comfort consultations, HVAC design for contractors, and training Preparing Clients for the Process - Using pre-visit questionnaires, YouTube videos, and setting proper expectations for an all-day, disruptive home evaluation Comprehensive Visual Assessment - The "hands in pockets" approach, starting with exterior building examination including gutters, downspouts, vent terminations, and moisture issues Interior Documentation Process - Room-by-room photo documentation, thermal imaging for missing insulation and thermal bridging, and moisture meter readings Crawl Space and Attic Inspections - What to look for in foundation issues, vapor barriers, insulation conditions, and air sealing problems Ventilation System Testing - Using flow boxes to measure bathroom fan performance, checking kitchen exhaust, and verifying dryer connections Building Pressure Testing Protocols - Stack effect measurements, worst-case depressurization testing, dominant duct leakage assessment, and building pressure balance testing Blower Door Testing Procedures - Proper setup, safety considerations, CFM50 vs ACH50 measurements, and using results for Manual J calculations Thermal Imaging During Depressurization - Advanced techniques for identifying air leakage paths and problem areas throughout the building envelope HVAC System Performance Analysis - Using Measure Quick for comprehensive system evaluation, comparing load calculations to nameplate capacity and delivered performance Indoor Air Quality Monitoring - Integration of Haven Central monitors for long-term data collection and analysis Report Generation and Client Communication - Creating field reports vs. final reports, prioritizing recommendations by impact and ROI Testing Out and Verification - The importance of return visits to quantify improvements and validate work performed   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan talks about non-bleed TXVs and whether they need hard starts. A non-bleed (hard shutoff) TXV is a metering device that shuts off during the off cycle; it closes shut when there is no superheat. This strategy prevents refrigerant migration, especially in cases where we have long line sets. Liquid refrigerant stays in the condenser and is kept out of the evaporator, suction line, and compressor crankcase. When we have a non-bleed TXV, the compressor may have a hard time starting under the conditions created by the hard shutoff TXV (high head pressure, low suction pressure). Reciprocating compressors are more likely to have this problem than a scroll or rotary compressor. If you have a short line set, 230+ voltage, and a scroll compressor, you probably won't need a hard start kit. You may need a hard start kit if you have a reciprocating compressor, a longer line set, or 208V power.  The OEM will recommend a hard start kit that is suitable for the equipment. Aftermarket hard start kits are okay if a compressor is old and struggling, but they're not the preferred option and should be as close to the OEM's recommendation as possible. Hard start kits typically consist of a start capacitor and a potential relay. Positive-temperature coefficient resistors (PTCRs) also exist, and these have a resistor that heats up and eventually takes them out of the circuit. Hard start kits should not be added to inverter-driven equipment and are not meant to compensate for voltage drop issues; they can cause more harm than good if they're used when they're not necessary or not used correctly.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this essential episode, Bryan sits down with Jeff and Tom from Copeland to dive deep into the world of scroll compressors and the critical topic of refrigerant compatibility. As the HVAC industry navigates new refrigerant standards and regulations, understanding how compressors are specifically designed and optimized for different refrigerants has never been more important. The conversation begins with a comprehensive overview of refrigerant classifications, focusing on the A1, A2L, and A3 categories that technicians are encountering in the field. Jeff and Tom dispel common misconceptions, particularly around A2L refrigerants and their relationship to propane (R-290), clarifying that A2L refrigerants like R-454B and R-32 do not contain propane despite widespread confusion in the industry. They explain how regulatory pressures around Global Warming Potential (GWP) limits are driving the transition to these new refrigerants, with targets under 700 GWP for air conditioning applications. The technical discussion covers the fundamental operating principles of scroll compressors and why they've become the dominant technology in HVAC applications. With over 200 million scroll compressors sold by Copeland, the technology has proven its reliability and efficiency. However, the guests emphasize a crucial point that many in the industry overlook: each compressor is specifically optimized for particular refrigerants. This isn't just about basic compatibility – it's about precision engineering to meet efficiency requirements and ensure long-term reliability. The scroll geometry, oil viscosity, and internal components are all carefully matched to each refrigerant's unique properties. Safety takes center stage throughout the discussion, with both guests stressing that while A2L refrigerants are "mildly flammable," they require heightened safety practices that were previously considered best practices but are now mandatory. This includes nitrogen purging during brazing, proper evacuation procedures, comprehensive leak testing, and thorough documentation. The conversation also touches on the practical challenges contractors have faced, including refrigerant availability issues, while maintaining the importance of following proper procedures regardless of supply chain difficulties. Topics Covered: Refrigerant Classifications: A1 (non-flammable), A2L (slightly flammable), and A3 (flammable) categories and their safety implications Compressor Optimization: How scroll compressors are specifically engineered for each refrigerant, including R-454B and R-32 applications New Compressor Naming Conventions: Introduction of "Y" series compressors for A2L and A3 refrigerants, replacing the traditional "Z" series Oil Viscosity Requirements: Different POE oil specifications (32 vs 46 viscosity) for various refrigerants and temperature conditions Safety Protocols: Enhanced safety requirements for A2L refrigerants, including mandatory nitrogen purging and leak testing procedures Glide Characteristics: Understanding temperature glide in R-454B (2.4 degrees) versus single-component R-32 Refrigeration Applications: Multi-refrigerant capability in commercial refrigeration compressors and natural refrigerant trends Service Compressor Strategy: LX series compressors designed to cover multiple R-410A applications for aftermarket needs Regulatory Timeline: Upcoming January 1, 2026 GWP limits for supermarket refrigeration systems Tools and Resources: Copeland Mobile app for compressor selection, cross-referencing, and technical specifications Training Importance: Critical need for enhanced technician education and OEM-specific training programs   Visit the EPA's website to stay up to date on the latest HFC phasedown rulings and information at https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction.  Keep up with Copeland at https://www.copeland.com/ and on their Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explains how leaky ducts can lead to sweaty, uncomfortable houses. Moisture issues are common all across humid and "green-grass" climates in the United States. Hot, unconditioned attics and crawl spaces also often have high dew points, which can cause moisture problems in those spaces. Plants also release moisture, so agricultural communities also have those special considerations. There are several HVAC and building design factors that can prevent or worsen growth from moisture problems. Duct leakage is one of those factors. Return and supply leaks can cause moisture to enter the ductwork. Return leaks suck in air from around the leak. Supply leaks create a pressure differential that can cause mechanically-driven infiltration (MAD-AIR); when a supply duct leak puts the attic under positive pressure, somewhere else has to go under negative pressure. There are lots of gaps and cracks around boots and can lights, which provides pathways for hot, moist air to seep into the envelope. Longer runtimes and keeping the fan on will worsen these conditions. We need to control the source of moisture and then seal the ducts and boots before we focus on the equipment. Visual inspections at the connections and boots will go a long way, but there are also plenty of tools for testing duct leakage, especially by Retrotec and TEC. You can also measure house pressure to the outdoors with the air handler running and all the doors closed, but that's a qualitative measurement that has a lot of other variables to consider.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this insightful episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with successful small business owner Matt Bruner to discuss how to build and maintain a thriving HVAC business without the typical stress and overwhelming challenges that many entrepreneurs face. Matt, who has been running his own HVAC company for about two and a half years, shares his refreshingly honest perspective on small business ownership and debunks many of the common myths about entrepreneurial stress. Matt's journey from technician to business owner offers a compelling alternative to the traditional "grow fast or fail" mentality that pervades much of the business world. His approach centers on building a business aligned with personal values, particularly the desire to maintain work-life balance while still delivering excellent technical service. Rather than focusing on rapid expansion, fancy equipment, or impressive marketing, Matt chose to start lean, borrow minimal money (only $10,000 from his father for a van down payment), and grow organically while keeping overhead low and stress manageable. The conversation delves deep into the financial discipline required for successful business ownership, emphasizing the critical importance of separating personal and business finances, understanding your true hourly costs, and charging appropriately from day one. Matt candidly discusses his learning curve with business finances, from initially relying on advice from online communities to eventually working with a business coach and reading key books like "Profit First" to truly understand the numbers behind his operation. Both hosts stress that financial literacy isn't optional for business owners—it's a learnable skill that requires dedication but isn't as intimidating as many people believe. Throughout the discussion, both Bryan and Matt emphasize that there's no single "right" way to build a successful contracting business. While some entrepreneurs thrive on rapid growth, multiple locations, and eventual private equity buyouts, others find fulfillment in staying small, maintaining direct customer relationships, and focusing on technical excellence. The key is knowing yourself, understanding your values, and building a business structure that supports your personal and professional goals rather than chasing someone else's definition of success. Topics Covered Personality traits that support successful small business ownership - The importance of being naturally critical, curious, and willing to take control of your destiny Financial discipline and money management - Separating personal and business finances, understanding billable hours vs. total work time, and charging appropriately from the start Starting lean and avoiding debt - Matt's approach of borrowing minimal money, using magnets instead of van wraps, and subcontracting initially to build capital The learning curve of business finances - Books and resources that helped Matt understand accounting basics, profit margins, and business financial planning Work-life balance in business ownership - How to build a business that serves your lifestyle goals rather than consuming your entire life Choosing your business model - The difference between lifestyle businesses and growth-focused companies, and why both approaches can be successful Technical work vs. business management - Balancing hands-on HVAC work with administrative tasks and knowing when to delegate or systematize Pricing strategies and customer relationships - How proper pricing from the beginning actually reduces customer complaints and builds a sustainable business model Common mistakes to avoid - Poor financial decisions, mixing personal and business expenses, undercharging, and chasing other people's business models Building systems and staying organized - Using checklists, scheduling business development time, and creating processes to prevent important tasks from falling through the cracks Partnership considerations - The challenges and benefits of starting a business with partners or family members versus going solo Long-term sustainability - How to avoid burnout, maintain quality standards, and build a business you can operate for decades   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this business and building-oriented short podcast episode, Bryan discusses the limitations and downsides of intentionality. He also talks about the differences between people who act, think, and work quickly and those who are a bit slower, more detailed, and more methodical; there are upsides and downsides to both. People often talk about being intentional, but those intentions have little impact on the world unless they lead to action. Intentionality feels productive, but it doesn't make a difference unless the execution piece is also there. Likewise, skills come from action, not aspiration. Books and podcasts are tools that support efforts to improve, but you can't improve skills without practicing.  There is also the career paradox: we expect people, especially kids, to know what they want to do when they grow up. Their answers aren't backed by any real-life experience. People do the same as adults; we expect them to know what they truly want to do when they haven't necessarily been challenged (or physically made something real or fixed something with their hands). In many of these cases, opportunism and trying new things out, even if it means messing up or being criticized, are more important than intentionality. It helps to think of opportunism in terms of "hat" decisions, "hairstyle" decisions, and "tattoo" decisions. "Hat" decisions are things you can try out without consequences; be opportunistic. "Hairstyle" decisions have longer-lasting effects and require a bit more intentionality, but it's still good to make some of these decisions. "Tattoo" decisions have lasting effects and require intentionality. Intentionality is most useful when we have the experience already; act first and reflect later.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this fascinating episode, Bryan welcomes back longtime friend and nuclear industry veteran Bill Nowicki to discuss a recently released document from DHS and NUSTL that provides new recommendations for HVAC operations during nuclear events. Bill brings over 40 years of nuclear experience, starting as a 19-year-old Navy nuclear operator (after being deemed "not ready for the grill" at Friendly's restaurant) and progressing through various roles, including lead engineer on critical control systems at nuclear facilities. Bill shares his journey from nuclear plant evaluator to leadership trainer, now working internationally to help nuclear professionals develop their skills. His current podcast, "The Nuclear Leader," continues this mission alongside his passion project, "Navigating Mental Illness: Parent Stories." Bill provides an accessible explanation of nuclear reactor operations, using the analogy that "contamination is the poop and radiation is the smell" to help listeners understand the difference between radioactive material and radiation itself. He walks through the three-barrier system in nuclear plants: fuel cladding, reactor coolant system, and containment structures. The discussion covers how fission works, the controlled chain reaction process, and what happens when these systems fail, using examples from Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima to illustrate different failure modes. The episode explores the current nuclear renaissance driven by AI data centers and industrial companies seeking clean baseload power. Bill explains how private industry is now directly funding nuclear projects, bypassing traditional utility structures, with companies like Microsoft and ExxonMobil investing billions in new nuclear facilities. This represents a dramatic shift from the post-Three Mile Island era when nuclear construction essentially stopped in the United States. The core discussion focuses on updated emergency guidance that reverses previous recommendations. Instead of the old "shelter in place and shut off your AC" advice, the new guidance suggests keeping HVAC systems running while eliminating outdoor air intake. This approach recognizes that modern, well-sealed buildings with high-efficiency filtration can provide better protection by maintaining positive pressure and filtering recirculated air rather than allowing uncontrolled infiltration. Bill and Bryan discuss how building characteristics dramatically affect the best response strategy. High-performance homes with tight construction, MERV 13+ filters, and controlled ventilation systems offer significant advantages, requiring only the ability to shut off outdoor air intake. Conversely, older, leaky buildings may still benefit from complete system shutdown to prevent contamination circulation. The conversation highlights how lessons learned during COVID-19 about airborne contamination and filtration directly apply to nuclear emergency preparedness, emphasizing the importance of case-by-case analysis rather than one-size-fits-all approaches. Topics Covered Nuclear industry career paths - From Navy nuclear training to civilian plant operations and leadership roles Basic nuclear physics - Fission process, chain reactions, and the difference between contamination and radiation Nuclear plant safety systems - Three-barrier containment approach and historical accident analysis Current nuclear renaissance - AI-driven power demand and private industry investment in new reactors Emergency preparedness evolution - How COVID-19 research influenced nuclear emergency HVAC guidance Building performance factors - Impact of construction quality, filtration, and ventilation design on safety HVAC system modifications - Importance of outdoor air shutoff capability and high-efficiency filtration Case-by-case response strategies - Why building characteristics determine optimal emergency procedures Podcasting journey - Early days of niche podcasting and building communities around specialized topics Leadership development - International nuclear industry training and professional development Personal stories - Navy submarine experiences and nuclear plant operational challenges   Here is the full document from the DHS: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML2425/ML24250A059.pdf Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode about a bigger-picture topic, Bryan talks about making stuff real. He talks about how to make ideas, businesses, podcasts, and other large projects come to life based on his experiences with HVAC School, Kalos, and several other current and past projects.  Understanding yourself and the thing you want to do is the first key to making things real. You need to be able to speak intelligently about a topic (without sounding pretentious); mastery isn't always the goal, but you need to have some level of understanding of the general topic and your own strengths and weaknesses. Starting a business requires you to acquire at least a working knowledge of software, compliance, insurance, licenses, and other items related to that particular business. You also want to avoid relying solely on someone else's vision or advice for your project.  Then, curiosity and exploration are key; you need to get practice and immerse yourself in the work to get an understanding of the process and your strengths and weaknesses. It's okay if your work doesn't look good; you just need experience, not affirmation, early on.  Hiring good people also matters; these people don't need to be perfect, but they need to be growth-oriented and reliable. You'll also likely work with people who are poor fits before finding the right person for your business or project. When you have the right people on your team, you need to be consistent, communicate clearly, pay well and on time, and provide plenty of meaningful work.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this comprehensive discussion, Bryan sits down with Brad Cooper, an experienced HVAC instructor from Arkansas, and JD Kelly, a trade school graduate, to tackle one of the most pressing questions in the HVAC industry: Is trade school worth it? Rather than offering a simple yes or no answer, the trio dives deep into the nuanced factors that determine whether trade school provides real value for aspiring HVAC technicians. The conversation begins with Brad's unique perspective as both a field technician with over 20 years of experience and a current instructor who transitioned to teaching five years ago. His father's business background and the common frustration of having to "go behind people and fix stuff" motivated Brad to enter education, believing that proper training from the start could eliminate many field problems. JD brings the student perspective, having attended trade school while working full-time, which gives him insight into both the challenges and benefits of formal HVAC education. A significant portion of the discussion focuses on what to look for when evaluating trade schools. The guests emphasize that the investment in laboratory equipment and facilities often reflects the school's commitment to the program - you can tell immediately upon walking into a lab whether the institution truly prioritizes HVAC education. They stress the importance of accreditation, particularly from organizations like HVAC Excellence, which provides regular oversight and ensures schools meet industry standards. The conversation reveals that accreditation isn't just about having a certificate on the wall; it represents a school's willingness to submit to external scrutiny and maintain educational quality. The discussion also addresses the critical balance between theoretical knowledge and practical application. All three speakers agree that the most valuable trade school experiences combine classroom learning with real-world field exposure through partnerships with local contractors, apprenticeship programs, or internship opportunities. They emphasize that instructor quality matters more than having the latest equipment - a humble, field-experienced teacher who can adapt to different student skill levels and learning styles proves far more valuable than someone with extensive theoretical knowledge but limited practical experience. Topics Covered School Evaluation Criteria Laboratory equipment quality and investment levels Accreditation importance (particularly HVAC Excellence) Modern tools vs. traditional equipment balance Manufacturer partnerships and industry connections Instructor Qualifications Field experience vs. teaching credentials Importance of humility and adaptability Managing diverse skill levels in the classroom Storytelling and practical application methods Program Length and Structure Comparison of certificate programs vs. associate degrees Benefits of two-year programs for comprehensive learning Integration of on-the-job training and apprenticeships Realistic expectations for different program lengths Hands-On Learning Importance of repetition and practical experience Managing consumable materials and budget constraints Real-world equipment exposure vs. lab simulations Peer mentoring and collaborative learning approaches Student Readiness and Expectations Managing diverse student backgrounds and skill levels Realistic employer expectations for graduates The value of combining school with field experience Personal responsibility in education and continuous learning Industry Connections Importance of school-contractor partnerships Field trip opportunities and manufacturer relationships Bridging the gap between classroom and real-world application The role of apprenticeships in comprehensive training   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan breaks down the differences between split-phase and 3-phase power in HVAC systems. Split-phase is a form of single-phase power, and it's common in residential HVAC. Three-phase power is more common in commercial and industrial applications. Single-phase power uses only one of the three phases of power produced by the power company. When there is a neutral and two sides of 120V power, that is split-phase power. Transformers on power poles for residential service only have one line going into them (and only one sine wave). That power gets stepped down to ~240V. Most household appliances and electronics we use are rated for 120V or 240V power. However, we use split-phase power by tapping the center of the transformer secondary; there are two 120V halves. We can see the "differences" between split-phase and single-phase power with an oscilloscope. These halves may look like two different sine waves if we use neutral as a reference, but an oscilloscope will only show one 240V sine wave from leg to leg (without neutral). Therefore, split-phase power really is just single-phase power with a center reference point, and split-phase power doesn't matter to the HVAC unit. We get three-phase power when all three phases of power come in from the utility, not just one. Each individual phase is 120V, and all three can make up 208V power because the phases are 120 degrees out of phase.     Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode from the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium, Brynn Cooksey, a home performance contractor from Michigan and technical training business owner, reveals how indoor air quality (IAQ) testing transformed his contracting business from a commodity service into a profitable specialty. Cooksey shares his proven methodology for turning IAQ into an "instant profit center" by implementing systematic testing on every service call. Cooksey opens with a striking reality check: according to the EPA, Americans spend 90% of their time indoors, yet indoor air quality is 2-5 times worse than outdoor air. This presents a massive opportunity for HVAC contractors, as he explains that consumers are already spending $10 billion annually on air quality products at big box stores - but they're treating symptoms rather than addressing root causes. His approach involves educating contractors on how to position themselves as the solution providers rather than letting customers self-diagnose with retail products. The presentation dives deep into six critical IAQ parameters that every contractor should measure: particles (especially dangerous PM 2.5), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, humidity, and temperature. Cooksey emphasizes his "test in, implement solution, test out" methodology, demonstrating how this systematic approach not only ensures customer satisfaction but also provides concrete proof of value delivered. He shares real-world examples, including a dramatic case where routine IAQ testing during a water heater service call revealed a cracked heat exchanger that could have been life-threatening. The episode concludes with extensive coverage of ventilation strategies, which Cooksey calls the "silver bullet" for IAQ improvement. He walks through the differences between supply-only, exhaust-only, and balanced ventilation systems, strongly advocating for Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) as the optimal solution. His practical approach includes using DOE's free REDCalc tool for proper ventilation sizing and emphasizes the importance of controlled ventilation over relying on natural air leakage - debunking the myth that "houses need to breathe." Topics Covered The IAQ Business Case: How testing indoor air quality on every service call creates new revenue streams and differentiates contractors in a commoditized market Six Critical IAQ Parameters: Detailed explanation of particles (PM 2.5), VOCs, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, humidity, and temperature - what they are, how to measure them, and health impacts Systematic Testing Methodology: The "test in, implement solution, test out" approach that provides measurable results and customer proof of value Particle Control Strategies: Source control, enhanced filtration (MERV 13-16), duct cleaning benefits, and duct sealing with Aeroseal technology Chemical and VOC Management: Understanding formaldehyde and benzene sources, proper storage techniques, and why PCO devices aren't recommended Carbon Monoxide Detection: The life-saving importance of testing every home, understanding chronic vs. acute exposure, and why standard CO detectors aren't sufficient Ventilation as the Silver Bullet: Comprehensive coverage of supply-only, exhaust-only, and balanced ventilation strategies, with strong emphasis on ERV systems Practical Implementation Tools: Using DOE's REDCalc tool for ventilation sizing, integrating IAQ testing into service calls, and customer communication strategies Real-World Case Studies: Multiple examples of IAQ testing uncovering dangerous conditions, from cracked heat exchangers to improper combustion appliance installation Building Science Integration: How IAQ testing leads to broader building performance improvements, including duct sealing, insulation, and equipment sizing corrections   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan covers some basics on bi-metal and magnetic switches. Bi-metal switches are made of two dissimilar metals that are bonded together and are often integrated into motors. When the temperature changes, the metals bend. In an overload circuit, they're designed to bend and open the circuit in an overheat condition. Mercury thermostats also use these; they have a bulb attached to a bi-metallic coil, which causes it to wind or unwind when heated or cooled. Fan limit switches also use bi-metallic coils. Bi-metallic discs also exist, and they snap open to make or break a circuit. Bi-metallic switches have a time delay and often auto-reset (with exceptions like rollout switches on furnaces), which is advantageous in some applications. However, they're also affected by the ambient temperature and are more likely to trip in warm weather and less likely to trip in cold weather. Nuisance trips are more common than in magnetic switches, and they may weld themselves shut and fail closed (though failing open is relatively common as well).  Magnetic switches are usually more external to the equipment or parts they're protecting (such as in the contactor or starter assembly instead of inside a motor itself). These switches are also more instantaneous and are better for mission-critical applications. These also respond to amperage and aren't affected by ambient temperature. They're more likely to fail open than closed. Compared to bi-metallic technology, magnetic switches trip faster and are better for sudden issues rather than long-term operational overheating. In many cases, we use both of them to get the benefits of each.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this educational session, Adam from National Comfort Institute (NCI) delivers a comprehensive deep dive into Fan Law 2 and its practical applications for residential HVAC systems at the 6th Annual HVACR Training Symposium.  Adam begins by establishing the fundamental concepts of CFM (cubic feet per minute) and static pressure, explaining how these measurements relate to system performance. He shares a humbling personal story about learning to measure gas pressure from a homeowner, emphasizing that even experienced technicians can benefit from understanding basic measurement principles. The presentation focuses heavily on Fan Law 2, which allows technicians to predict how changes in airflow will affect static pressure in a non-proportional relationship - a critical concept for equipment sizing and replacement decisions. The core of the presentation revolves around practical applications of Fan Law 2 in real-world scenarios. Adam demonstrates how to calculate pressure drops across filters, evaporator coils, and entire duct systems when airflow changes occur. He emphasizes that static pressure increases exponentially when airflow increases, which explains why oversized systems often perform poorly. Through detailed examples using actual field measurements, he shows how a 16% increase in airflow can result in a 33% increase in static pressure, highlighting the importance of proper system sizing. Perhaps most importantly, Adam presents a systematic approach to equipment selection that goes beyond simply matching tonnage. He demonstrates how contractors can "back into" total external static pressure calculations by carefully selecting low-pressure-drop components like evaporator coils and filters. This methodology allows technicians to predict system performance before installation, preventing the common scenario where new equipment sounds "like a rocket ship" due to excessive static pressure. The presentation concludes with a compelling comparison showing how proper component selection can reduce system static pressure from over 1.0 inches to 0.64 inches while maintaining the same capacity and airflow. Topics Covered Static Pressure Fundamentals Definition and measurement using manometers Inches of water column explained Relationship between static pressure and system performance Fan Law 2 Mathematics Breaking down the intimidating formula into simple terms Step-by-step calculation examples Common mistakes when squaring numbers in calculations Practical Applications Filter pressure drop calculations at different airflows Evaporator coil pressure drop analysis Total External Static Pressure (TESP) predictions Duct system pressure calculations Equipment Selection Strategy How to select evaporator coils based on pressure drop ratings Filter sizing for optimal pressure drop Using manufacturer data sheets effectively AHRI matchup considerations beyond just capacity Real-World Problem Solving Preventing "rocket ship" installations Retrofitting existing systems with proper calculations Downsizing benefits for static pressure reduction System commissioning and performance verification Professional Development Moving beyond equipment replacement guesswork Using measurement tools like True Flow Grid Understanding manufacturer specifications Elevating installation quality through proper system design   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan drops some knowledge to help with understanding voltage drop, a few different causes of it, and NEC recommendations. Voltage is electrical potential or "pressure," and voltage drop is the reduction in electrical potential energy. We often think of it happening across conductors (which add resistance), but it also happens across loads (like contactor coils). Voltage drop across loads is usually designed, but voltage drop across conductors is usually undesigned and undesirable.  Several factors contribute to conductor resistance. Length is a major one; long runs of wire introduce more resistance to the circuit than shorter runs. Size/gauge also matters; smaller-gauge wire has more resistance than larger-gauge wire. Copper is the most common material for wiring, but we use other materials (including steel or aluminum), and those have different resistance values. Temperature also affects resistance, as they both increase and decrease as the other one does.  When we measure voltage drop, we want to make sure we're doing it under load, NOT on startup. Voltage drops that happen on startup can be mitigated with more suitable infrastructure (including larger wires) or soft starts.  Undersized conductors don't have sufficient cross-sectional area for the applied load. To avoid voltage drop due to undersized conductors, we should size conductors based on minimum circuit ampacity (MCA), not breaker size (MOCP). Poor connections can also cause resistance to jump, which reduces voltage; we need to pay attention to the connection design (including torque specs and proper lugging) to avoid making mistakes. Long wires don't cause overheating by themselves, but they still contribute to voltage drop and cause reduced performance (including drawing higher current on startup).   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this enlightening presentation, Alex Meaney breaks down the fundamental concepts of airflow in HVAC systems using practical analogies and real-world examples. Rather than diving straight into complex mathematics, Alex focuses on helping technicians and contractors understand what's actually happening inside ductwork and why traditional design methods may be falling short in modern residential systems. Alex begins by addressing one of the most critical yet misunderstood aspects of ductwork: the exponential relationship between duct size and airflow capacity. He explains that the difference between a 6-inch and 7-inch duct isn't just 17% more capacity—it's actually 36% more, because airflow is determined by cross-sectional area (which increases geometrically) rather than linear measurements. This fundamental misunderstanding leads to significant underperformance in many HVAC installations. The presentation tackles the confusion surrounding pressure terminology in the HVAC industry, where the single word "pressure" is used to describe four distinct concepts: static pressure, velocity pressure, pressure loss, and external static pressure. Alex uses creative analogies, including a memorable demonstration with an inflatable tube dancer (referencing the "used car lot" in his title), to illustrate how static pressure and velocity pressure are always in balance—when one increases, the other decreases proportionally. A major focus of the discussion centers on why the traditional 0.1 inches of water column per 100 feet friction rate, long considered standard in residential duct design, is no longer adequate for modern systems. Alex explains that today's homes have evolved significantly: they're larger, use more restrictive filters for air quality, have more complex coil designs, and often place equipment in suboptimal locations. These factors combine to create much higher system resistance than the 0.1 standard was designed to handle. He advocates for using lower friction rates (like 0.06) and emphasizes that proper duct sizing is more critical than ever. The presentation concludes with practical insights about system design philosophy, emphasizing that while homeowners may not complain about poorly performing systems, HVAC professionals should use objective measurement tools rather than customer satisfaction as the primary indicator of system performance. Alex stresses that craftsmen in the field will make systems work regardless of design flaws, but this shouldn't excuse poor initial design practices. Key Topics Covered Duct Sizing Fundamentals The geometric relationship between duct diameter and airflow capacity Why linear measurements can be misleading when calculating system performance The critical importance of proper duct sizing in modern installations Pressure Concepts Demystified Static pressure vs. velocity pressure and their inverse relationship How pressure and friction work together in ductwork systems External static pressure as a measure of fan capability The role of pressure in airflow generation and control Friction and Resistance in Ductwork Understanding friction as the primary enemy of airflow How fittings create equivalent lengths of straight duct The impact of direction changes and system components on airflow Comparing flex duct vs. metal duct friction characteristics Modern System Design Challenges Why traditional 0.1 friction rates no longer work effectively The evolution of residential systems: larger homes, better filters, complex coils Equipment placement strategies and their impact on system performance The "war on sensible" and "war on blowers" affecting modern HVAC design Measurement and Verification Methods Tools for measuring static pressure and velocity pressure The importance of using objective measurement tools over customer satisfaction Available static pressure calculations and their practical applications Manual D design principles and their real-world limitations Practical Design Philosophy Working backwards from blower capacity rather than arbitrary friction rates Balancing system performance with budget constraints The importance of central equipment placement for optimal airflow Professional standards vs. "good enough" mentality in system design   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android  

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with Adam and Matt to tackle one of the most misunderstood aspects of HVAC system design: return air systems. The conversation dives deep into the common myths surrounding returns, particularly the widespread belief that adding returns to rooms will automatically improve comfort and air mixing. The hosts explore why returns are often seen as mysterious - sometimes helping when added to a room, sometimes making things worse - and work to clarify the actual science behind how returns function versus how many technicians think they work. The discussion reveals a fundamental misunderstanding in the industry about the difference between supply and return air behavior. While supply air creates significant mixing effects through entrainment and the Coanda effect, returns have a much more limited impact on room air patterns. According to Manual T, laboratory tests show that return air intake influence is limited to just a few feet around the grille, even at high velocities. This leads to the key insight that returns serve primarily as pressure relief mechanisms rather than air mixing devices, which explains why their placement and sizing strategies differ significantly from supply air design principles. The hosts examine real-world scenarios, including Matt's experience with a two-story home where the homeowner requested an additional return on the second floor despite having adequate return pathways. They discuss the Manual D recommendation for returns on each floor while sharing field experiences where single central returns have successfully maintained temperature differentials within two degrees across multiple floors. The conversation emphasizes that proper system design, including accurate load calculations and right-sized equipment, often eliminates the need for complex return strategies. A significant portion of the discussion focuses on the practical considerations of passive versus active returns. The hosts lean toward passive return strategies (transfer grilles, jumper ducts, and door undercuts) for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reduced ductwork requirements. However, they acknowledge the challenges of proper sizing - passive returns must be significantly larger than their active counterparts since they rely on minimal pressure differentials rather than mechanical assistance. The conversation also addresses privacy concerns with transfer grilles and the benefits of oversized jumper ducts for noise attenuation. Key Topics Covered Common Return Myths Debunked The belief that adding returns automatically improves room comfort Misconceptions about returns mixing air effectively The difference between supply air entrainment and return air influence Pressure Relief vs. Air Mixing Returns function primarily for pressure balancing, not air circulation How to measure pressure problems using flow hoods and micromanometers The impact of door closure on supply air delivery Manual D Guidelines and Field Reality Manual D recommendations for returns on each floor Real-world examples of successful single central return systems When to follow guidelines versus when field conditions allow flexibility Passive Return Strategies Transfer grilles, jumper ducts, and door undercuts as alternatives to active returns Proper sizing considerations for low-resistance return pathways Privacy and noise concerns with different passive return methods System Design Fundamentals The importance of accurate load calculations in reducing return requirements How right-sizing equipment reduces airflow and pressure management challenges The relationship between static pressure and airflow changes Zoning Considerations Whether to add dampers to returns in zoned systems Potential depressurization issues when zones are closed Passive solutions for zoned system return air management Practical Installation Tips Avoiding short-cycling by maintaining proper supply-to-return distances The risks of undersized return pathways Balancing damper selection and sealing strategies Advanced Concepts Destratification strategies using ceiling fans versus high returns The impact of conditioned versus unconditioned return air pathways Energy efficiency considerations in return system design   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

If you're a fan of fans, this is the podcast for you! In this short podcast episode, Bryan shares how installing ceiling fans can be a smart HVAC design strategy (even though he wasn't a fan of fans!). Ceiling fans break the "don't blow air on people" rule we usually refer to in duct design, but they can solve quite a few basic comfort problems, especially in homes with lower loads than we've historically seen. They're great for creating high-velocity airstreams and mixing air. Low-load homes have systems with lower tonnages; they don't move as much air and could use a little bit of help from a ceiling fan. Air mixing is also poor in homes that have a greater distance between the air and the ceiling. Stratification of the air causes comfort problems due to temperature differences, and hot or cold surfaces can also contribute to these issues for similar reasons. Moisture and eventual growth are also concerns when we allow rooms to have those temperature differences (especially on the ceiling, as water vapor is lighter than air). Ceiling fans disrupt the stratification of air and water vapor. They solve air mixing problems while they dispel odors and maintain more consistent dew points throughout the air. Modern fans with ECMs can also run at a low speed without taking a large energy efficiency hit. Ceiling fans are great and relatively inexpensive solutions that can solve comfort and IAQ problems in high-performance homes.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan Orr sits down with Roman Baugh, a leading VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) specialist and co-host of the VRF Tech Talk podcast, for an in-depth exploration of VRF system maintenance. The conversation begins with some lighthearted back-and-forth before shifting to the technical realities of maintaining VRF equipment. Roman immediately addresses a common misconception: the idea that VRF systems are “maintenance free.” He explains that, contrary to some marketing claims, these systems require regular, specialized attention to ensure longevity and reliable performance. Roman shares real-world stories that highlight the consequences of poor installation and lack of serviceability. He describes situations where VRF units are installed in hard-to-reach locations—like cabinets or hard-lid ceilings—making even basic maintenance a costly and invasive process. This lack of foresight often leads to significant expenses for property owners, especially when major repairs require extensive drywall work just to access failed components. Roman emphasizes that proper maintenance starts with ensuring that systems are accessible and serviceable, a step too often neglected during installation. The discussion delves into the specifics of VRF maintenance, moving beyond the basics of filters and drain lines. Roman explains how improper drain line installation can lead to persistent error codes and system shutdowns, particularly when condensate pumps are forced to exceed their design limitations. He goes on to detail the critical role of temperature sensors (thermistors), which are prone to failure from corrosion, moisture, and environmental factors—especially in challenging locations like laundry rooms. These sensor failures can cause misleading error codes and even compressor damage if not addressed promptly. Roman recommends regular sensor checks, especially as components age past their typical five-year lifespan. A significant portion of the episode is dedicated to electronic expansion valves (EEVs), which are susceptible to rust, dried grease, and mechanical binding. Roman advocates for proactive inspection and, when necessary, preemptive replacement of EEVs to prevent catastrophic compressor failures. He introduces tools developed by technicians for technicians, such as the EEV Mate and custom EEV magnets, which allow for manual manipulation and diagnostics of expansion valves in the field. These innovations help HVAC professionals quickly triage and resolve issues, minimizing downtime and protecting expensive system components. The episode wraps up with a strong endorsement for ongoing education, technician communities, and the use of specialized tools and software to ensure VRF systems are maintained to the highest standard. Topics Covered: Debunking the “maintenance-free” VRF myth Access and serviceability challenges in VRF installations Proper drain line design, installation, and common failure points The role and failure modes of temperature sensors (thermistors) Environmental impacts on sensor and component reliability Electronic expansion valve (EEV) maintenance and troubleshooting Field-developed tools for EEV diagnostics (EEV Mate, EEV magnets) The importance of commissioning and using service software Application and installation quality as a foundation for long-term reliability Technician communities, podcasts, and resources for VRF learning and support This episode is essential listening for HVAC professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of VRF systems, avoid common pitfalls, and stay ahead with practical, field-tested maintenance strategies. For more insights, check out Roman Baugh’s VRF Tech Talk podcast and YouTube channel for additional resources on VRF technology and troubleshooting.   Check out the VRF Tech Talk podcast on YouTube HERE, or search for it on your favorite podcast app. Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this short podcast episode, Bryan explores the maintenance mindset. Maintenance procedures require a different skill set from troubleshooting, especially the customer service mindset and dedication to execution. Good maintenance is important, and it may be "boring" to some techs, but it provides value and is worth doing well. Clients purchase maintenance plans for better reliability and efficiency. Several also enjoy the health benefits of cleaner HVAC systems. The key to maintenance is having a "do no harm" mindset and a commitment to delivering value. A sales-oriented mindset should take a back seat to giving the equipment a thorough cleaning and making sure it's in proper working order; we don't want to upsell bolt-on IAQ products. Maintenance procedures are really about preventing problems and cleaning.  To give the equipment a thorough cleaning, you must pull the top off the condenser and wash it well. You may have to pull a blower wheel (which may be a quotable procedure). Good maintenance techs take pride in these types of cleaning procedures and ensure that they leave the equipment in better condition than they found it. Problem prevention is another aspect of the maintenance mindset. When you're thorough, you find things that can be fixed or adjusted to benefit the system, whether it's a wire rubout, a failing crankcase heater, a poorly fitted filter with significant bypass, or something else. Spotting and addressing these issues early requires technical expertise (just like troubleshooting) and is of excellent value to the customer.    Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android

In this episode of the HVAC School podcast, Bryan welcomes back Brynn Cooksey from Air Doctors and HVAC U to discuss critical topics facing the HVAC industry today. Brynn brings his unique perspective as both a successful contractor in southeast Michigan and an industry educator who has made the transition to focusing primarily on workforce development and training. The conversation begins with a deep dive into indoor air quality (IAQ), where Brynn challenges the common industry approach of throwing products at problems without proper testing. He emphasizes that effective IAQ solutions start with comprehensive testing to identify specific issues like high particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or excessive carbon dioxide levels. Rather than relying on "magic bullet" products, Brynn advocates for a holistic approach that prioritizes ventilation strategies, source control, and proper filtration. He particularly stresses the importance of the "V" in HVAC, ventilation, which he believes is often overlooked in favor of flashier solutions. His company's protocol of testing on every customer visit, from first encounters to maintenance calls, has created a culture where technicians become comfortable discussing IAQ solutions based on actual data rather than assumptions. The discussion transitions into ethical sales practices, a topic that resonates strongly in an industry where pressure to sell can sometimes conflict with customer needs. Brynn defines unethical sales as pressuring customers into products that won't benefit them or failing to provide complete information about benefits and consequences. His approach centers on thorough customer surveys to understand actual problems and budget constraints, followed by tying specific solutions to identified issues. This methodology puts the customer in control of decisions while positioning the contractor as a trusted advisor rather than a high-pressure salesperson. Brynn argues that price alone doesn't determine ethics - rather, it's the intent behind recommendations and the transparency of communication that matters most. The final segment focuses on workforce development, an area where Brynn has found significant success. His company's registered apprenticeship program, developed through the Department of Labor, has become a competitive advantage in attracting talent while providing structured, in-house training. The program requires minimal cost beyond commitment to ethical treatment of apprentices and systematic tracking of their progress. Brynn's transition from contractor to educator demonstrates the growing need for comprehensive training programs that go beyond basic technical skills to include building science, customer service, and ethical business practices. His ongoing weekly training sessions focus on field trends and callback prevention, contributing to an impressive callback rate of less than 0.5%. Topics Covered Indoor Air Quality Testing and Assessment Using monitors like Air Advice for comprehensive IAQ evaluation Implementing testing protocols on every customer interaction Moving beyond product-focused solutions to holistic approaches Ventilation Strategies and Building Science The importance of mechanical ventilation and ERV systems Understanding the relationship between building envelope leakage and humidity issues Source control as the foundation of effective IAQ management Ethical Sales Practices Defining unethical sales and pressure tactics Customer survey techniques and solution-tying methodologies The concept of fiduciary duty in HVAC contracting Equipment Sizing and System Design The impact of oversized equipment on IAQ and comfort Proper load calculations and duct system design Static pressure testing and airflow optimization Workforce Development and Training Implementing registered apprenticeship programs Weekly training sessions focused on field trends and callback prevention Transitioning from contractor to educator and industry trainer Building Envelope and Duct System Integrity Air sealing strategies for improved humidity control The relationship between leaky envelopes and indoor air quality Duct modifications and system upgrades Customer Education and Professional Positioning Using testing data to support recommendations Overcoming price objections through professional credibility Building long-term customer relationships through transparency   Learn more about Brynn's work at hvactrain.com. You can also read his article in Forbes at https://www.forbes.com/sites/brynncooksey/2025/02/19/rescuing-children-from-traditional-post-k-12-school-paths/. Learn more about the GRIT Foundation at https://www.thegritfoundation.com/.   Have a question that you want us to answer on the podcast? Submit your questions at https://www.speakpipe.com/hvacschool. Purchase your tickets or learn more about the 7th Annual HVACR Training Symposium at https://hvacrschool.com/symposium. Subscribe to our podcast on your iPhone or Android. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Check out our handy calculators here or on the HVAC School Mobile App for Apple and Android