Inside Exercise

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Associate Professor Rasmus Østergaard Nielsen from Aarhus University who is an expert on the affect of training load and shoes on running-related injuries. This is the second of a series of podcast episodes on running injuries (See Prof Irene Davis’s episode). Rasmus went from an overweight gamer to an injured runner to a exercise researcher! His research focuses on injury prevention, especially the importance of training load. Need to make slow changes. Seems don’t need motion control shoes for those with “excess pronation”. His main point is that one needs to give the body enough time to adapt or the likelihood of injury is increased. So don’t suddenly change things. This includes speed, distance, shoes, terrain etc. How gradual is gradual though? There tend to be different injuries from running long vs running fast (and when returning to running one should consider the cause of the original injury). What do in leisure time affects the total load. Shoes and running injuries. Very interesting stuff.0:00. Introduction3:05. Rasmus focuses on injury prevention4:50. The importance of training load with injuries8:10. Went from overweight gamer to runner to exercise researcher15:12. “Excessive pronation” doesn’t increase injuries20:20. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.21:38. Injury rates23:50. Don’t suddenly change things25:00. Should increase 5-10% a week?26:35. Injury from one session vs more chronic effects30:20. Running speed, distance and load32:40. Stride length and stride rate36:00. Gradual changes are very important40:08. Different injuries when run long vs fast43:02. Don’t do too much too soon (change shoes, different terrain etc)48:45. Generally the body can adapt if give it time50:40. Might be good to have different shoes if used to them53:50. How gradual is gradual though?59:20. What do in leisure time affects the total load1:02:27. Rearfoot vs forefoot strike and injuries1:07:08. Evolution and running shoes, fan of minimalist shoes?1:10:35. Training load needs to be considered in injury research1:16:43. Quantifying load per stride etc1:21:00. Recovery from injury (plantar fasciitis)1:24:02. Shoes and running injuries1:27:05. “Super shoes” and injury risk1:28:48. Recovery from achilles tendon recovery1:31:32. Running and knee osteoarthritis1:33:53. Strength training and running injuries1:39:00. Aging, stretching and running injuries1:42:37. Sex differences and running injuries1:44:23. Takeaway messages1:46:26. OutroInside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Irene Davis from the University of South Florida who is a top running injuries researcher and the current president of the American College of Sports Medicine. She makes the argument that we were born to run and have evolved to land on the ball of the foot during running and this reduces impact load compared with landing on the heel. Modern running shoes tend to increase the likelihood of landing on one’s heel. She is a fan of minimalist shoes, which tend to result in landing on the forefoot not the heel. She also believes that neutral shoes are best rather than the commonly advised shoes that attempt to minimize pronation. In addition, she also believes that if one has stubborn injuries and have tried other rehabilitation retraining your running gait may be helpful. Not a huge fan of orthotics. I was actually blown away by the chat and very motivated by it. Really fun stuff. Twitter: @IreneSDavis 0:00. Introduction to podcast/Irene Davis 3:05. How Irene got into exercise research 6:43. Running injuries took off when started running shoes 13:30. Variability of loading results in less injuries 18:50. Rear foot landers have weak calves 19:54. Born to run 22:00. Calves vs tibialis anterior/shin splints 23:00. Running boom and padded running shoes 27:00. Landing on the ball of the foot reduces impact load 32:15. Cushioned shoes tended to cause heel landing 33:40. Tarahumara Mexican tribe use minimalist type shoes 35:30. Tibial shock when running on different surfaces 36:55. Running barefoot and with minimalist shoes 40:45. Training in cushioned shoes then racing in flats 42:40. The recent more efficient plated shoes 46:55. Flared shoes and greater pronation 49:40. Should change running gait? 53:50. Retraining running gait 1:02:18. Should change to minimalist shoes to land on ball of foot? 1:06:40. Should use orthotics? 1:10:10. Preparing to run with minimalist shoes 1:18:50. This is, however, controversial 1:28:32. Microtears in muscle/stress fractures 1:30:06. Warming up, stretching, ice useful? 1:35:10. Body weight and injuries 1:36:47. Can anyone run? 1:39:00. Q angle and leg length running injuries 1:42:00. Taping the patellar tendon 1:42:45. What % should increase running per week? 1:43:55. Listen to your body 1:45:00. Irene: her running and injuries etc 1:50:00. Not a fan of super shoes 1:52:17. Need to minimize pronation? 1:53:48. Retraining gait 1:56:07. Sex differences 1:57:00. Age 1:58:35. Her prestigious role as President of ACSM 2:02:02. Takeaway messages 2:03:10. Never too late to change to minimalist shoes 2:03:55. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all. The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University. He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9). Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at: Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1 Instagram: insideexercise Facebook: Glenn McConell LinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460 ResearchGate: Glenn McConell Email: glenn.mcconell@gmail.com Subscribe to Inside exercise: Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHL Apple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRU YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexercise Anchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercise Google Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHI Anchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercise Podcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218 Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Dr David Martin. David has a remarkable and varied background starting off as a research scientist at the Australian Institute Sport and then National Sports Science Coordinator at Cycling Australia. He then became Director, Performance Research and Development at the Philadelphia 76ers. He is currently Chief Scientist, Director of Performance at Apeiron Life, San Francisco where he works to improve the healthspan of high net worth individuals. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Australian Catholic University. We talked about all of this with a focus on the importance of belief systems in sports performance, how placebo effects are real, the use of placebos/belief effects in sports etc. A really interesting chat. I learned a lot. Twitter: davidtmartin0:00. Introduction to podcast and David Martin3:20. Testing Lance Armstrong and Cadel Evans8:00. Thermoregulation, Heat susceptibility9:10. Derek Clayton10:35. Amy Gillett Foundation11:40. Physiological attributes vs belief for exercise performance18:05. Cycling selection camps based on combat selection23:00. Belief effect25:20. Placebo effect of altitude training33:25. Does EPO (Erythropoietin) have its own effects on perf etc?38:00. Placebo effects on pain and depression etc42:00. The “I went to Harvard” /credentials etc effect45:05. Lying to win and Belief vs evidence47:05. How handle if mismatch between belief and evidence53:20. Real physiological effects of placebos1:01:40. How much of perf effect of CHO ingestion is belief effect1:03:10. Believable vs well informed people in sports team1:05:40. Importance of belief in the coach1:09:40. Physiological needs of the specific sport1:13:40. David and the Philadelphia 76ers1:19:00. NBA and trust/protection/managing1:23:53. His ideas and finishing up at the Philadelphia 76ers1:26:20. Regretted not going fully into academia?1:28:22. Rather fight 1000 x 1lb chickens or 1 x 1000 lb chicken?1:30:24. Balancing S&C needs and the coaches needs1:32:55. Reducing injuries in team sports1:34:55. Importance of pre-season conditioning1:35:40. Balance of winning vs how much money can make1:38:40. Lower body strength in NBA vs track cyclists1:41:18. Improving healthspans of high net worth individuals1:53:10. A focus on healthspan rather than lifespan1:58:55. Evidence base re supplements2:03:45. Miss the adrenaline of working with athletes?2:05:12. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Mark Haykowsky from the University of Alberta, Canada and remarkable heart transplant recipients Dwight Kroening, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Elmar Sprink, Cologne, Germany. Dwight was very fit before a heart defect resulted in his heart transplantation (HT) way back in 1986. Elmar was an endurance athlete who suffered a series of cardiac arrests before his HT 12 years ago. They have undertaken Ironman triathlons and more. Both had VO2 maxes in the high 50s! (ml/kg/min). They embody the importance of exercise. Really motivating stuff, incredible. I loved this chat with these three remarkable people. Twitter: @mhaykows 0:00. Introduction 5:40. How Mark got into this area of research 8:40. History of heart transplantation (HT) 10:00. The age of the heart donors/recipients 11:15. The transplanted heart doesn’t perform as well 15:45. Reinnervation of the heart 16:45. Heart rate during exercise after HT 18:55. Dwight before the HT 26:00. Matching donor/ recipient 30:00. Time from donor death until HT 32:20. Matching/rejection/immunosuppression 35:10. Elmar before HT 46:35. Elmar’s resting lactate was 11mmol/l 52:20. Time from diagnosis to transplant 54:00. Vascular and skeletal muscle impacts 56:00. Dwight’s heart donor 58:05. Dwight belief in exercise after HT 1:04:15. Importance of being fit before HT 1:05:25. Dwight’s VO2 max 1:06:30. Very high O2 extractions 1:07:25. Dwight motivated Mark to exercise! 1:10:50. Elmar’s exercise journey after HT 1:13:15. Delay in heart rate increases during exercise 1:15:10. Triathlon 1 yr, Ironman 2 yrs after HT 1:18:00. Cape Epic in South Africa 1:20:00. Elmar better than before heart issues! 1:23:20. They can hold the same HR for hours that most HT recipients can hold for 1 min 1:25:40. Most HT recipients don’t ex train 1:27:30. Muscle issues after transplant 1:30:00. World transplant games 1:32:10. Doctor loved being wrong about exercise 1:33:10. HT recipients and HR delay 1:35:10. These guys push the importance of exercise! 1:38:30. Max HR with age after HT 1:39:50. Reinnervation after HT 1:42:40. Heart stiffer after HT 1:44:02. Ex training and cardiac output/left ventricle adaptations 1:47:10. Most adaptations to training in HT are peripheral 1:49:20. These 2 the fittest HR recipients ever 1:51:18. Exercise the key to longevity 1:52:24. Dwight feels poorly when doesn’t exercise 1:53:20. Go back to old new normal/legacy effect 1:55:10. Their prognosis 1:57:10. Dwight: More to life than the physical 2:02:10. Takeaway messages 2:07:10. They are much more than only HT recipients 2:10:32. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Associate Professor Chris Fry from the University of Kentucky, USA. Joint injury causes muscle weakness and atrophy (reductions in muscle size) due to the the inactivity but also separately due to the injury itself. Substances are released from muscle to help repair the joint/bone. Prehab is important before surgery. There can be residual effects long after joint injury. We also discussed hypertrophy and aging and the importance of having a lot of muscle capillaries as age to obtain the optimum response to resistance training. Lots more. We had a really great chat. Chris has a very pleasant manner. I enjoyed it a lot. Twitter: @ChrisFryPhD0:00. Introduction and welcome3:09. How Chris got into exercise research6:10. ACL injuries and muscle wasting /weakness9:05. Joint injuries and the risk of arthritis10:05. The effects of the inactivity vs the injury itself13:55. Protein synthesis vs breakdown after an ACL injury19:30. Why in evolutionary sense does joint injury result in muscle atrophy22:50. What are the signals to cause muscle atrophy24:00. Myostatin release after joint injury26:55. Acute vs chronic injury28:15. Other joint injuries to joints (other than ACL)29:25. Atrophy in different muscle fibre types31:15. Best way to prepare for surgery after an injury34:05. How quickly start rehab after surgery35:45. Are there residual effects long after joint injury?39:55. Bone vs joint injury43:30. Muscle reactive oxygen species/ mitochondria after injury46:05. Aerobic capacity of muscle still reduced after rehab47:05. Should take anti inflammatories after injury?49:20. Vitamin D and muscle injury52:15. Does joint injury affect muscle in the non injuried limb?54:45. What can do to slow atrophy after injury?55:55. Does muscle size and strength go hand in hand after injury57:15. Time since injury/trauma and surgery58:55. Sex difference and joint injury1:00:20. Age and joint injuries1:01:10. Hypertrophy and aging1:02:05. Aging: inactivity vs training response1:03:00. More capillaries in muscle increases response to resistance training1:05:00. Aerobic pre conditioning can help with hypertrophy1:08:30. Anabolic resistance and aging1:12:25. Connective tissue and training responses with aging1:15:20. Satellite cells and muscle growth1:17:45. Takeaway messages1:19:01. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Assistant Professor Kevin Murach who is a rising star from the University of Arkansas, USA. Kevin is an expert on muscle, muscle growth, adaptation to exercise training, “muscle memory”, the regulation of muscle growth and muscle memory and the effect of aging etc. Muscle memory definitely seems real (especially in slow muscle fibers). Looks like epigenetics involved more than changes to muscle fibers nuclei. But more work needs to be done, especially in humans. We had a really great chat. I enjoyed it a lot. A very smart chap. Twitter: @KevinMurachPhD0:00. Introduction and welcome2:16. How Kevin got into exercise research6:53. What is “muscle memory”.9:15. Human evidence of muscle memory13:58. Mice models to investigate resistance training19:30. Training, detraining and retraining20:35. Comparing rodents and human re their different lifespans22:30. Evidence for muscle memory in mice after ex training31:05. Mouse model that has both endurance and strength effects33:25. Voluntary wheel running: matching the training35:45. 10% greater hypertrophy with retraining39:25. Mice slow postural muscles didn’t detrain!44:45. Mechanisms: epigenetics49:50. Muscle nuclei and exercise training/muscle memory1:02:00. Muscle memory and epigenetics in the nuclei1:05:40. MicroRNA and muscle memory1:07:30. Epigenetics1:08:35. Exercise training and each bout of exercise1:11:20. MicroRNA and muscle memory1:16:20. Balance of protein synthesis and breakdown1:20:20. Muscle memory: Endurance vs resistance training1:21:35. Time course of muscle memory1:23:55. How much training need to get muscle memory1:25:18. Specificity of ex training muscle memory1:26:40. Nature and nuture1:27:25. Dutch famine and epigenetics1:28:18. Age and muscle memory1:29:38. Biological sex and muscle memory1:30:40. Common misconceptions: use it or lose it1:31:38. Identical twins1:32:25. Don’t need to go hard or go home.1:33:05. Research experts vs influencers etc1:37:15. Takeaway messages1:39:44. Do health benefits have a memory too?1:41:45. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Dr Nicola Guess from Oxford University, England and Professor Jonathan Little from the University of British Columbia, Canada. Nicola is a dietitian researcher with many years of expertise including the importance or otherwise of glucose “spikes” or excursions and the pros and cons of continuous glucose monitor use. Jonathan is an expert on exercise metabolism who is coming onto the podcast for the second time after speaking previously about keto diets and exercise. A major point is the difference between having chronically elevated blood glucose levels such as in diabetes (pathology) versus having normal increases in glucose ("spikes") in response to a meal. Also increases in glucose before and during very intense exercise is normal physiology and not a concern. There was also a clear message that the use of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) have both pros and cons and that need to be considered. A very interesting chat. Twitter: @DrJonLittle0:00. Introduction and welcome3:20. What are glucose “spikes”/excursions4:45. Hyperglycemia in diabetes is very different to “spikes”6:20. Glucose spikes in type 2 diabetes7:19. Why is chronically elevated glucose a problem?12:20. Confusion about glucose levels 2hrs after a meal15:29. Underlying insulin resistance the problem not spikes19:08. Fasting glucose and insulin measures21:10. Meal tests and oral glucose tolerance tests24:55. Be careful not to make the underlying pathology worse26:15. Keto diets: T2D, weight loss, exercise32:10. Glucose even in diabetes is not as important as we think35:00. Are CGMs useful?38:30. Too much focus on glucose than more important things41:00. CGMs very important for people with T1D42:05. CGMs and anxiety43:25. CGMs and higher cholesterol44:00. Misunderstanding of pre-diabetes re CGMs46:00. Metabolic flexibility47:40. “Nervous normals”49:42. Is how loses weight important?53:41. What about CGMs in type 1 diabetes?54:15. CGMs, diabetes, diet, behaviour change and exercise57:40. Glucose metabolism during exercise59:55. Exercise and insulin sensitivity1:02:15. Effect of exercise on glucose spikes from a meal1:04:10. Intense exercise can increase blood glucose levels1:07:10. Normal to have elevated glucose after intense exercise1:09:50. Influencers misinterpreting data re glucose spikes etc1:12:10. Misunderstanding glucose cut offs1:13:10. Takeaway messages etc1:14:00. Weight loss diet strategies1:17:50. Amino acids and insulin secretion1:24:40. Should everyone use CGMs?1:26:30. Keep it simple re diet and exercise1:27:40. OutroInside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Associate Professor from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA. Jill is an expert on the brain and exercise. We discussed the effect of acute (one bout) and chronic physical activity/ exercise on cognitive function, brain blood flow (BBF), dementia/Alzheimer’s disease risk and progression etc. A very interesting chat. Twitter: @Barnes_Lab0:00. Introduction and welcome2:01. How Jill got into exercise research4:25. Studying with Hiro O. Tanaka6:00. Researching with Michael Joyner7:45. How measure brain blood flow (BBF)10:00. Blood vessels that supply the brain and blood flow19:16. What would look at if had unlimited funding?20:32. BBF vs glucose use in the brain21:30. Regional blood flow in the brain22:40. Does BBF increase during exercise?24:40. Blood pressure and regulation of brain blood flow29:00. Effect of exercise intensity in BBF32:25. Hypnosis/anticipatory rises in BBF34:30. BBF distribution has not been examined much during exercise37:00. Cognitive tests and BBF38:00. Why does BBF decrease during very intense exercise?41:00. Central fatigue and BBF42:30. Exercise training and BBF45:00. BBF and cognitive function46:20. How quickly does BBF increase with exercise?47:25. Fitness and BBF at rest49:55. Cognition and exercise/lifestyle51:44. Exercjse intensity and the brain53:10. Resistance training and cognitive function55:07. Exercise and brain endothelial function57:10. Exercise and the risk of stroke59:35. Exercise and the risk of dementia/Alzheimers disease1:02:14. Exercise and mental health1:03:45. Diet and BBF/brain health1:06:15. Sex differences in BBF1:12:57. Age and BBF1:15:20. Fitness/strength and cognition etc1:16:10. Erythropoietin, hemoglobin and cognitive function.1:18:48. Exercise and myokines, BDNF, exosomes1:21:10. Neurogenesis and exercise1:22:20. Exercise, cognition and hypertension/diabetes1:25:00. Prevention of Alzheimer’s disease/dementia1:27:00. Exercise intensity and mode of exercise1:29:55. BBF during resistance exercise1:31:20. Controversies in the field1:34:52. Keep things simple re exercise1:37:00. Takeaway messages1:39:57. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Margie Davenport from the University of Alberta, Canada. She is an expert on exercise and pregnancy. We discussed the effect of pregnancy on the health (including pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes) and exercise performance of the mother and on the health of the fetus during pregnancy and the offspring after pregnancy. It became very clear that there needs to be more focus on the beneficial effects of exercise before and during pregnancy on both the mother and the fetus/offspring. A very interesting chat. Twitter: @ExercisePreg0:00. Introduction2:09. How Margie went from top athlete to exercise researcher6:15. History of thinking on exercise and pregnancy8:49. What intensity of exercise should do during pregnancy?12:28. Fetal heart rate during mothers exercise14:10. HIIT exercise during pregnancy15:55. Monitoring the baby during exercise research19:50. Contraindications for exercise during pregnancy20:38. Different types of exercise21:49. Effect of the initial fitness of the mother24:15. Heavy lifting during pregnancy29:00. Effect of exercise on placenta blood flow30:03. Animal studies: effect of exercise on the fetus33:25. Health outcomes better when exercise during pregnancy35:45. Reduced pre-eclampsia when exercise during pregnancy44:25. Effect of exercise during pregnancy in elite athletes45:40. Exercise during pregnancy and offspring health49:07. Effect of pregnancy trimester/stage on exercise52:40. Contraindications for exercise during pregnancy55:05. Speaking with health care provider57:13. Miscarriage levels during the first trimester and exercise1:01:26. Individualized approach to exercise during pregnancy1:03:15. Relaxin and pregnancy1:04:20. Exercise during pregnancy and birth weight1:06:15. Gestational diabetes and exercise1:10:05. Exercise reduces gestational diabetes1:11:55. Exercise before pregnancy vs during vs both1:15:10. Exercise during pregnancy and mental health1:19:05. Athletes and returning to sport after pregnancy1:25:35. “Pregnancy advantage” from childbirth?1:29:05. Diet during pregnancy and sport1:32:09. Effect of the age of the mother1:34:30. Research controversies in the field1:36:50. Insufficient research in women/pregnancy1:38:39. Misinformation in the area on social media etc1:41:50. Takeaway messages etc1:45:48. OutroInside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Darren Candow from the University of Regina. Saskatchewan, Canada. He is an expert on creatine (Cr) and the effects of creatine supplementation on resistance exercise and other exercise. He is also examining the role of creatine in bone metabolism and cognitive function.Get greater increases in strength than muscle mass when supplement with Cr during resistance training. Vegetarians/vegans have lower muscle but not lower brain Cr. Need to exercise to get benefits of Cr on muscle. Lots more. A very interesting chat. Twitter: @darrencandow0:00. Introduction1:40. How Darren got into exercise research4:15. The early pioneers of creatine and other exercise research7:30. What is creatine (Cr) and where get it from?9:30. Do people need Cr and other supplements?11:50. Effects of Cr supplementation on muscle Cr14:10. Cr vs creatine phosphate (ATP and H+ buffering)20:12. How Cr/creatine phosphate effects exercise performance23:30. Cr supplementation and resistance training26:30. Vegetarians/vegans and Cr28:15. Aging and Cr29:40. Mechanisms that Cr effects exercise performance33:44. Does Cr increase strength/muscle more if control volume?40:10. Pre print means not reviewed/published42:15. Cr causes cell swelling but need exercise43:40. Use it or lose it45:10. Cr suppl: how much?50:40. Cr transporter and muscle creatine levels52:40. Does age or biological sex affect Cr levels?54:30. What % increase with Cr suppl during resistance training55:40. Dissociation of muscle mass and strength1:00:15. Cr suppl has no effect on fat mass1:01:15. Cr suppl timing/anti-inflammatory effects1:05:15. Keep it simple and food first1:06:45. Top sprinters, vegetarians/vegan and Cr1:09:00. Time for Cr to decrease after stop Cr suppl1:10:10. Side effects of Cr suppl?1:12:00. Sarcopenia, resistance training and Cr1:14:40. Bone and Cr suppl1:20:12. The brain and Cr suppl1:27:00. If brain is compromised Cr suppl may be beneficial1:28:55. Who can Cr suppl benefit1:31:50. Do untrained vegetarians/vegans need Cr suppl?1:35:50. Need to exercise for Cr suppl to have any effect1:40:10. Caffeine and creatine may interfere with eachother1:43:40. Can put Cr suppl in coffee?1:44:12. CHO (insulin) and protein can increases Cr uptake1:45:19. Volume of resistance training and Cr suppl1:46:10. Depression and creatine1:47:08. Surprises with Cr research1:48:15. Controversies in the field1:51:15. Need to be careful with info on social media1:53:42. Takeaway messages1:54:46. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Associate Professor Nisha Charkoudian from the US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA. She is an expert on the effects of extreme environments on exercise capacity. We talked about dehydration, electrolytes, effects of humid vs dry environments etc. We also discussed the importance of considering sex as a biological variable. This included including both sexes in studies even if underpowered to examine both. We then discussed the importance of conducting more studies on thermoregulation and blood pressure with aging. A very interesting chat.0:00. Introduction3:45. What is the definition of extreme environments?5:05. Who gets the hottest/has the most issues with heat?9:00. Effects of humid vs dry environments and hydration12:05. Should drink until urine is clear before a race?16:10. Should people worry about electrolytes?20:44. Sex as a biological variable. Women not more fragile etc23:30. Sex differences in heat acclimation25:20. No difference in risk of heat stroke between the sexes25:50. If no difference then just study one sex?27:38. Need to include women even if small sample32:34. Even if underpowered it’s ok to include both sexes40:20. Gender vs sex, binary vs non binary etc42:00. Women and blood flow/blood pressure/heat etc49:05. Body surface area and heat/cold52:01. Progesterone and body core temperature54:25. Aging and thermogerulation57:35. Takeaway messages1:00:44. OutroInside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Associate Professor from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He is an expert on the effect of beta2-agonist asthma bronchodilator medications (like Ventolin) on muscle and exercise performance. We talked about what is asthma/exercise induced bronchoconstriction, can you train your lungs?, the increased prevalence of asthma in endurance athletes, can asthma limit aerobic capacity, what are beta2-agonists?, acute and chronic effects of beta2-agonists on muscle mass, sprinting, strength and endurance, side effects of beta2-agonists and negative effects of beta2 agonists on endurance exercise. Beta2-agonists should only be used for asthma treatment. A very interesting chat. Twitter: @morten_hostrup.0:00. Introduction2:12. Morten’s very good excuse for postponing coming on5:15. What is asthma?6:50. Lungs in endurance athletes vs general population1:11:15. Increased asthma in endurance athletes13:58. Why more asthma in endurance athletes?17:20. Asthmatic athletes can be very successful19:50. VO2 max etc not effected by asthma24:18. Beta2-agonists can have negative effects on VO2 max26:30. Sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems29:06. What are Beta2-agonists and what do they do?31:30. Inhaled medications can get into the blood32:40. Different beta2-agonists35:23. Legitimate and illegitimate use of beta2-agonists40:30. Up to 90% of some cohorts take beta2-agonists42:30. Legal limits of beta2-agonists use43:40. Acute effects on muscle mass/ sprinting49:02. Mechanisms of effect on muscle53:13. How limit misuse?56:39. Chronic effects on muscle1:02:50. Hypertrophy from chronic beta2-agonists1:06:15. Prevalence of use in body builders1:07:40. Combined use of drugs in body builders1:10:00. Effect of combining with corticosteroids1:16:30. Normal doses have small effects on muscle1:17:10. Side effects1:21:00. Mechanisms of chronic beta2-agonists on muscle1:23:30. Muscle mass and insulin sensitivity1:27:22. Potency vs anabolic steroids etc1:29:35. Competition with beta blockers1:31:55. Cycling on and off beta2-agonists?1:32:35. Effects during exercise1:37:04. Anti-diabetic effects?1:38:15. Maintains muscle mass during weight loss1:39:30. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease1:40:55. Sex differences1:42:40. Age effects1:43:40. Does exercise training affect beta2 receptors?1:44:45. Negative effects on endurance exercise1:47:02. Increase muscle mass but not so much strength1:50:20. Controversies in the field1:52:30. Some claim beta2 agonists have no systemic effects1:58:00. Takeaway messages1:59:28. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Luc van Loon from Maastricht University, The Netherlands. He is an expert with a wealth of knowledge on the role of physical activity/exercise and nutrition on muscle adaptation. A lot of his research focuses on protein and protein synthesis. He applies these studies to young healthy individuals, the aged and also has conducted important experiments on people in ICU. He makes it clear that most people, especially athletes, get enough protein in their diet so do not need to take supplements. Are there really non responders to exercise training? Anabolic resistance with aging is due to inactivity. Lots more. A very interesting chat. 0:00. Introduction 2:09. How Luc got into exercise research 6:30. Moving into protein metabolism 8:05. Using tracers to determine exercise metabolism 11:40. How much protein do we need? 16:35. Protein rich foods after exercise 17:00. Generally don’t need supplements. 18:20. Food vs supplements 19:35. Effects of lower protein intakes 23:50. Protein turnover in some organs higher than muscle 28:00. Optimal protein intake/additional protein 31:00. Athletes eat more so likely don’t need extra protein 34:00. Exercise increases protein uptake for up to 48hr 38:40. Increased protein synthesis doesn’t necessarily mean increased muscle mass 42:37. Protein needs of strength vs endurance athletes 44:45. “Protein supplementation” just means above normal diet 49:30. Misunderstanding of research findings re translation 50:43. Need consistent exercise to adapt 56:43. Plant vs animal proteins: not a big issue 1:03:40. We are recycling a lot of protein each day 1:05:33. Exercise stimulus and individual variations of adaptations 1:07:50. Are there really non responders to exercise training? 1:11:09. Re-sensitizing muscle by changing the stimulus 1:12:42. Anabolic resistance with age (due to inactivity?) 1:16:50. Muscle loss with aging largely episodes of bed rest etc 1:20:17. Electrical stimulation prevents muscle loss in ICU 1:25:06. Normal response to resistance training with aging 1:34:22. Protein use during exercise 1:36:16. Protein synthesis occurs during exercise 1:40:00. Protein requirements when injuries/in bed 1:41:40. Does collagen supplementation have benefits? 1:45:20. What further studies would Luc like to do? 1:46:10. Personalized diet and exercise prescription 1:47:09. Sex differences, men and women studies etc 1:49:22. Takeaway messages 1:50:28. What’s most important, diet or physical activity? 1:51:55. Outro Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all. The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University. He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9). Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at: Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1 Instagram: insideexercise Facebook: Glenn McConell LinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460 ResearchGate: Glenn McConell Email: glenn.mcconell@gmail.com Subscribe to Inside exercise: Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHL Apple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRU YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexercise Anchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercise Google Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHI Anchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercise Podcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218 Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Michael Kjær from the Department of Clinical Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He is an expert on tendons and exercise. We chatted about muscle vs musculotendinous junction vs tendon, what structures get injured and why, tendon injuries: mechanisms, prevention, treatment, acute vs chronic/overuse tendon injuries, best to rest or exercise injured tendons?, whether diet, supplements or medicine can assist recovery from tendon injuries etc. We also discussed his earlier work on glucose metabolism during exercise. A very interesting chat.0:00. Introduction2:05. How Michael got into exercise research5:54. His glucose metabolism during exercise work11:20. Redundancy in physiology, animal vs human work13:45. His muscle work and movement into injury research etc16:20. His move into connective tissue/tendon research21:30. Taking a risk to move fields/finding collaborations23:30. Muscle vs musculotendinous junction vs tendon28:00. Why get muscle/tendon injuries31:45. Tendon stretches as muscle shortens33:05. Age and body weight effects on injury34:15. Interface between muscle and tendon37:10. Tendon overuse injuries41:40. What determines if injury occurs in muscle vs tendon44:20. Why tendon can feel better once warms up46:45. Water accumulation vs structural changes48:00. No evidence that exercising painful tendon increases rupture50:00. Development and turnover of tendons/circadian rhythm52:08. Blood vessels and flow in tendons at rest/during exercise55:00. Strength training and tendon size56:20. Best not to rest if injured tendon57:45. Need controlled loading of tendon to recover1:00:00. Supplements/surgery for tendon recovery?1:01:00. Can a tendon biopsy activate tendon repair?1:02:40. 3 x 10 reps per week may be enough1:04:50. Don’t need to focus on eccentric phase1:06:35. Need good shoes etc to reduce injury?1:09:00. What is a tendonopathy?1:10:00. RICE, anti inflammatories and cortisol shots etc?1:13:01. Collagen etc supplements and tendons1:15:10. Prevention of tendon injuries1:17:40. Signs of tendon injury1:20:20. Does warm up/ stretching reduce injury?1:23:18. Can a tendon torn off the bone recover without surgery?1:24:10. Age and tendon stiffness: inactivity vs age1:25:50. Fast twitch fibers and injuries1:27:35. Type 2 diabetes and tendon problems1:28:35. Can predict tendon injuries?1:29:18. Do tendons secrete molecules during exercise?1:30:00. Circadian rhythm, sleep and tendons1:32:17. Takeaway messages1:33:28. OutroInside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Sue Bodine from the Oklahoma Medical ResearchFoundation, Oklahoma, USA. She is an expert on muscle, in particular muscle atrophy with inactivity/aging. We chatted about how with age muscle size is reduced and this is associated with a reduction in muscle fiber size and also a loss of fast muscle fibers. Resistance training (and perhaps intense endurance exercise) can attenuate the rate of muscle atrophy. We discussed how much muscle atrophy is due to age per se and how much is due to inactivity. Anabolic resistance, protein synthesis, the importance of strength for balance etc. A very interesting chat.0:00. Introduction + how Sue got into exercise research5:25. What determines muscle strength7:20. What age do we start losing muscle mass and strength?8:40. Muscle atrophy and loss of fast muscle fibers13:10. Can exercise training reduce the loss of fast fibers with age?17:50. How muscle of muscle atrophy with age in inactivity?19:20. Anabolic resistance with age20:40. A role of hormones in muscle atrophy with age?22:30. Protein synthesis and turnover in muscle with aging26:46. How much exercise is needed to attenuate muscle atrophy?30:30. Aging vs inactivity vs immobilizing vs bed rest etc33:30. Importance of exercise after bed rest/immobilization37:27. Upper body atrophy in runners/cyclist etc39:55. Intense endurance exercise and slow muscle fiber size43:00. Need to actually work out not just turn up44:42. Exercise prescription with aging47:05. Balance with age/inactivity48:45. Diet and muscle atrophy50:00. Need a stimulus (ex training) not eating more protein54:52. Disease processes and muscle atrophy58:10. Mechanisms playing a role in muscle atrophy/hypertrophy1:08:53. Don’t need to break down muscle to build muscle1:10:40. Determining muscle quality/specific tension13:02. Are slow fibers really weaker than fast fibers?1:17:22. Takeaway messages1:18:53. Can very old people still get stronger/hypertrophy?1:19:50. Do females really hypertrophy less?1:22:00. OutroInside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Shona Halson from the Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia. We chatted about how much sleep athletes need compared with how much sleep they actually get. Night sleep vs naps vs total sleep in athletes vs non athletes. The importance of consistency of sleep. Caffeine, sleep and exercise performance. Is overtraining actually a lot less common than believed? Ice baths may reduce hypertrophy with resistance training but improve team sports/endurance. Effects of compression garments on recovery. The effects of mental fatigue on exercise performance. A very interesting chat. Twitter: @ShonaHalson0:00. Introduction + how Shona got into sports/exercise research3:45. Defining what we mean by recovery and fatigue5:40. How much sleep do athletes need/get?11:30. If athletes extend their sleep they do better13:05. Athletes night sleep vs total sleep per day (naps)15:10. Physical load vs mental load and sleep16:45. Sleep quality/architecture20:15. Is one night of reduced sleep a problem?21:15. Lack of sleep and perception of effort22:20. Importance of sleep consistency/regularity28:55. Does a lack of sleep reduce performance29:56. Best to prioritize sleep or exercise?34:27. Caffeine and sleep studies (hard to control)39:15. Caffeine: responders and non responders etc41:30. Genetics and sleep/can one sleep too much?43:12. Intensified training vs overreaching vs overtraining52:52. Ice baths/contrast baths, adaptations and recovery1:03:00. Water, hydrostatic pressure and blood flow1:05:25. Inflammation, anti-inflammatories and ice1:07:30. Physical fatigue vs mental fatigue1:11:00. Mental fatigue and exercise performance1:13:40. Are wearables useful for gauging recovery?1:16:24. Listening to your body1:17:50. Compression garments and recovery1:21:05. Menstrual cycling and sleep1:22:30. Takeaway messages1:23:30. Placebo effects1:24:49. Outro (9 seconds) Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Assoc Prof Andre La Gerche a world leading Sports Cardiologist from St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia. Acute exercise for long periods at a high intensity can result in abnormal right ventricle function. In addition, years of long, hard exercise training is associated with increased coronary artery calcium (CAC) levels and atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite this, Andre is a huge advocate of exercise across the population and generally even in these individuals. The evidence is that exercise training increase healthspan and reduces mortality rates despite some of these changes. A very important, interesting chat. Twitter: @ALaGerche0:00. Introduction + how Andre got into sports/exercise research5:30. Andre’s excellent marathon running7:32. Is exercise good for the heart?10:50. Media fear around ex and the heart13:45. Increased CAC and heart attack risk17:00. Exercise protective even if increased CAC18:56. Andre hasn’t had a CAC scan22:28. Plague build up in the coronary arteries23:50. Some people never have coronary issues24:50. Genetics and the heart26:55. Jim Fixx: died running27:40. How can exercise increase CAC?32:00. Get into exercise slowly33:30. Coronary “hot plagues” and heart attacks35:30. Exercise before a heart operation36:45. Exercise training increases hearts reserve with age37:33. 1969 marathon WR holder Derek Clayton: still amazing heart43:15. AF more common in endurance athletes45:43. Female endurance athletes have increased AF47:55. Generally if in doubt, keep exercising50:43. Women have relatively more stable hearts52:50. Cardiac screening of athletes55:55. Ventricular arrhythmias: continue sport or not?59:50. It's hard to estimate heart attack risk1:01:58. Right ventricle after long hard races1:08:10. Rare ventricular tachycardia in professional athletes1:11:34. The importance of seeing a sports cardiologist1:14:40. Big vs enormous hearts in top endurance athletes1:18:10. Genetics and the heart1:19:25. EPO, anabolic steroids, very hard training and the heart1:24:20. Resistance training, anabolic steroids and the heart1:28:15. Best exercise to do for the heart and health1:29:50. What’s the cutoff of ex for increased AF?1:33:50. Blood indicators of heart damage/recovery1:36:45. Right ventricle “fatigue” and recovery1:40:50. Heart failure/heart reserve and exercise (sex differences)1:44:00. Don't assume sudden death in athletes drug related1:45:45. Negative cardiac effects of the Covid19 vaccine in some people1:50:12. Takeaway messages1:52:38. Outro (9 seconds)Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Wim Derave from the Ghent University in Belgium. We talked about the different muscle fibres/fiber types in humans and his recent evidence that pure Type 2X muscle fibers may not really exist or maybe only in some sedentary individuals. He also made the point that muscle fiber type info is not used enough in sports contexts. He outlined some non invasive ways of estimating your muscle fibre types. Finally we discussed remarkable and important findings that antihistamines may reduce some exercise training adaptations. A very interesting, long chat. Twitter: @TeamDerave.0:00. Introduction and how Wim got into exercise research7:02. Different types of muscle fiber types10:10. Humans tend to be a slow fiber type species12:10. Humans hunt by wearing down our prey17:50. Can ex training change muscle fiber type?22:00. For sprinters the more fast fibers the better?24:00. The different types of muscle fibers26:58. He finds no type 2X muscle fibers in humans31:00. Some sedentary people may have a few type 2X fibers34:50. New methods to determine muscle fibre type37:20. Coexistence of more than one fiber type within a fiber?42:50. Slow twitch fibers are more efficient43:44. Sedentary/tapering and type 2X fibers46:30. More fast twitch fibers in insulin resistance50:51. Non invasive ways to estimate muscle fibre type57:20. Swimming vs muscle fiber type1:00:02. 30 second cycling sprint to estimate muscle fiber type1:05:10. Coaches and muscle fiber type1:07:10. Applying muscle fiber type info to sport1:09:20. Hamstring strains, overtraining, tapering and muscle fiber type1:17:45. Slow fibers barely fatigue1:19:30. Diet and muscle fiber type1:30:30. Non muscle cells needed for skeletal muscle training adaptations1:38:50. Antihistamines may reduce ex training adaptations1:46:20. Sex differences and muscle fibre type1:47:33. Age and muscle fibre type1:49:35. Takeaway messages2:00:51. Outro (9 seconds)Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor José Calbet from the University of Las Palmas de Gran, Canary Islands, Spain. José has a very strong research record and is a global leader in his field. He has done amazing invasive exercise studies in humans to determine the limiting factor(s) to VO2 max. We talked about what is VO2 max, the factors determining VO2 max, the limits to VO2 max, the effects of VO2 max on exercise performance, pseudoanemia, VO2 max in females, VO2 max in masters athletes etc. In general he is finding the oxygen delivery is the main limiting factor to VO2 max. A very interesting, long chat. Twitter: @GRHEFS_ULPGC 0:00. Introduction and how José got into exercise research4:55. Links with Bengt Saltin and University of Copenhagen9:12. What is VO2 max?10:59. Cardiac output and blood pressure14:15. Blood pressure can drop near VO2 max15:30. Maximum heart rate/ stroke volume17:50. Submaximal exercise in trained vs untrained19:06. Oxygen extraction during exercise24:40. Main limiting factor to VO2 max27:41. Capillaries and muscle mitochondria30:31. Hemoglobin concentration and oxygen delivery32:40. Athletes limited by oxygen delivery/temptation of EPO34:35. VO2 max in women: lower hemoglobin38:19. Pseudoanemia in endurance athletes45:42. How does high Hb mass improve submax performance?49:42. Role of genetics and ex training in VO2 max56:18. Responders and non responded to exercise training?58:50. Blood flow restraint to maintain blood pressure1:05:35. Masters athletes vs young untrained1:12:43. Ex training can slow the decease in max HR with age1:17:51. Does life long exercise slow the reduction in VO2 max?1:21:19. Loss of mitochondria with age vs inactivity1:24:40. David Costill. 70 ml/kg/min VO2 max enough?1:31:50. Sex differences in metabolism during exercise1:36:00. How does creatine supplementation reduce VO2 max?1:37:29. How know how close to VO2 max potential you are at?1:42:38. Hyperthermia, ventilation and blood flow1:45:41. Can increase VO2 max by giving vasodilators?1:48:05. Hypoxia doesn’t increase VO2 max1:49:44. Takeaway messages1:50:40. VO2 max and life expectancy1:53:00. José feels lucky/Bengt Saltin/University of Copenhagen1:54:32. Outro (9 seconds)Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice

Dr Glenn McConell chats with Professor Ylva Hellsten from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark. She is an authority on the effect of exercise on blood flow and cardiovascular function. We talked about heart rate before exercise and blood flow and blood pressure during and after exercise. She pointed out that muscle blood flow can increase by 100-fold during exercise! We discussed the effect of physical activity and aging/inactivity and menopause on the cardiovascular system. Also the protective effects of exercise training and the importance of doing the physical activity that you enjoy. A very interesting chat. Twitter: @CVgroupNEXS. 0:00. Introduction and how Ylva got into exercise research5:15. Eccentric exercise induced muscle damage6:45. Increases in heart rate before exercise7:35. Increases in blood flow during exercise11:15. Even passive movement of limbs can increase blood flow13:15. How does exercise increase blood flow?16:40. How much does muscle blood flow increase during exercise?18:35. Achieving adequate blood pressure and blood flow during exercise23:22. Are muscle capillaries all open even at rest?29:18. What happens to blood flow after exercise?31:00. Redundancy in regulation of blood flow during exercise36:01. Closing off blood flow to some areas during exercise38:24. Reduced blood pressure after exercise42:12. Blood flow and blood pressure during resistance exercise44:00. Blood flow restriction during contractions46:28. Fainting with prolonged standing, especially in the heat49:45. Exercise training reduces blood pressure52:30. Aging/inactivity and the cardiovascular system53:35. Optimal exercise to improve the cardiovascular system1:02:15. Blood vessel function declines with age are partly inactivity1:05:30. Menopause, exercise training and blood vessel function1:13:27. Long term activity and blood vessel function1:16:02. Effects of different types of exercise training1:17:50. Large muscle mass exercise1:19:30. Interval training/Do the physical activity that you enjoy1:20:55. Different ways to measure blood flow1:22:59. Blood flow during exercise in disease groups1:27:02. Isolated blood vessel cells from exercised muscle1:31:42. Ylva’s research: does she usually find what she expects?1:35:12. Takeaway messages1:38:21. Outro (9 seconds)Inside Exercise brings to you the who's who of research in exercise metabolism, exercise physiology and exercise’s effects on health. With scientific rigor, these researchers discuss popular exercise topics while providing practical strategies for all.The interviewer, Emeritus Professor Glenn McConell, has an international research profile following 30 years of Exercise Metabolism research experience while at The University of Melbourne, Ball State University, Monash University, the University of Copenhagen and Victoria University.He has published over 120 peer reviewed journal articles and recently edited an Exercise Metabolism eBook written by world experts on 17 different topics (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-94305-9).Connect with Inside Exercise and Glenn McConell at:Twitter: @Inside_exercise and @GlennMcConell1Instagram: insideexerciseFacebook: Glenn McConellLinkedIn: Glenn McConell https://www.linkedin.com/in/glenn-mcconell-83475460ResearchGate: Glenn McConellEmail: glenn.mcconell@gmail.comSubscribe to Inside exercise:Spotify: shorturl.at/tyGHLApple Podcasts: shorturl.at/oFQRUYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@insideexerciseAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexerciseGoogle Podcasts: shorturl.at/bfhHIAnchor: https://anchor.fm/insideexercisePodcast Addict: https://podcastaddict.com/podcast/4025218Not medical advice