Let's Learn Everything!

Is pointing rude? I'm sure it's a simple question with a simple answer that won't completely break our brains in rethinking all we take for granted about gesture. Also, what is Lauren’s holy grail lost media of gesture studies?Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:05:01) Is Pointing Rude?(00:48:11) Questions for Lauren(01:25:26) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Diverse but incredibly niche interests is the sweet spot, studying the holes in emoji, Tom wasn’t a rude pointer child like Ella, the Disney point, when you point you don’t direct to the end of your finger - you psychically project forward, dogs and horses are great points - cats not so much, we are the only primate that points in the wild, you likely pointed before you spoke, ITS CALLED THE INDEX FINGER BECAUSE IT POINTS LIKE AN INDEX, non index pointing, “that is one lens through which we could consider this”, lip pointing in Encanto, travel guides will simplify to pointing is rude because it’s complex and nuanced where it’s rude, we haven’t even gotten to rainbows, taboos for pointing at specific things, who dude watch where you’re pointing it’s threatening, what if hypothetically a host just went to japan and pointed a lot, Japan is often on the linguistics bingo card, pointing is the pronoun system in ASL, spacial pronoun tracking, you can be a better pointer than someone, gesture and speech have different strengths, Tom’s gestures are more honest than his words to his cohosts, pointing was some of the earliest emoji, “medieval illuminated manuscript marginalia creators would be disappointed with you Ella”, the finger pointing came before the arrow, “we had hands before we had writing”, gesture studies is still new and very interdisciplinary, the way you study gesture is every way, you gesture bigger in loud environments, computers are good at reading hands but not hands in context, the only thing Tom can correct Lauren on is that it was Just Dance not DDR, gesture is ephemeral to study, a huge reason we have gesture study now is video exists, the holy grail lost tapes of gesture, using gesture studies to prove the nazis wrong, are gestures are both for you and the person you’re talking to, I’m not analyzing your gestures if what you’re saying is interesting, metaphorical gesture space, we move ideas around like little apples, you’ll never be able to watch a ted talk again, the archery V myth, exploiting the ambiguity of gesture, we’ve been gesturing with communicating for so long and only reading and writing so recently - so of course we yearn for emoji, “we’re adding the body straight back in the moment we get the chance to”, the rate of literacy is weird, Lauren insisted no emotion on the head shake emoji because it’s not universally negative, sign language has gesture, for the Aymara language the future is behind you - i cant see whats going to happen, iconic resources, cognitive linguistics is obsessed with our meat puppets, we all experience the same gravity and that influences how we think, part of the joy is being the meat puppet.

How strange are octopuses really? We're going to be debunking some claims, then rebunking them with some real, amazing facts about our fellow earthlings. And what the history of the paralympics? What can we learn from its attempts and its failures and its importance in sports?See Tom's Science Game Show in NYC!Things we Talk About:Octopus Virus DiagramSnail Nervous System DiagramOctopus Maze ImageVideo of Octopus Opening a JarVideo of Octopus CamouflageParalympics AdTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:56) Octopuses(00:55:08) The Paralympics(01:41:44) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Censoring octopussy, 3 science communicators get rabid over a dubious study, octopi are so smart they could only have come about from fertilized eggs aboard an asteroid, cephalopods evolved a central nervous system independently with ganglia, the “head” of an octopus is where there other organs are, octopi don't have 5 brains but they do have a lot of distributed neurons, each sucker is a finger-nose-tongue that can make decisions on its own, octopi have terrible hand eye coordination but can learn to be better at it, Ella thinks “man this would be a great topic for the podcast”, octopi are aliens in the metaphorical sense - and maybe it’s a bad metaphor, I’m not a playing I’m developing flexible behavioral strategies, octopuses play pully downy rather than keepy uppy, the criteria of play, we thought Ella was going to compliment Tom but of course that wasn’t it, octopus cities have populations between 2 and 11, Ella’s gerrymandering octopus city, its more about shared resources and cheaper rent than grand designs, octopus color changing is way more than just pixel cells, but… octopuses are colorblind, their sucker opsins sense color and send directly to chromatophores, octopuses can know a color without seeing it, these are amazing earthling behaviors, Ella was looking for a simple un-nuanced not heavy misc topic, the first Stoke Manderville games, fuck you we’re doing our games on the same day, the organizer of that first game had uhhhhh bad views on disabled people, the Paralypics grew really fast because there was a huge demand for it, Ella loves murderball, goalball and boccia are Paralympic unique sports, the classification system of the Paralympics, the work that goes into the classification system and the flaws and harms it can sometimes have on the athletes, as human as it is to run fast it’s human to cheat, the Spanish ID baseball scandal halted ID sports for 10 years, how the Paralympics and the public views the Paralympians, Ella unfortunately doesn’t solve ableism by the end of the topic, I hear enough of Tom on the show already.Sources:The Infamous Octopuses from Space PaperLive Science: Octopi are Not AliensSciAm: Are Octopuses Smart?Octopus NeuroecologyHow Octopuses Control their BodyDiscover Mag: Octopus IntelligenceThe Amazing Octopus Maze StudyOPB: Octopus IntelligenceConvergent Evolution of BrainsExperimental Evidence for Spatial Learning in OctopusesSciAm: The Mind of an OctopusOctopus Problem SolvingPlay in OctopusesOctopus City StudyBBC: Octopus CityNeural Control of Cephalopod CamouflageOctopus Camouflag StudyOctopus Aging and Evolution Paper---Sage: Deaf History of SportOlympedia: George EyserWiki: George EyserOlympics: Oliver Halassy Paralympic.org: History International Wheelchair & Amputee Sports Federation: Paralympic Games 1960 - 1992Paralympic.org: Paralympic GamesBBC: Stoke Mandeville GamesParalympic.org: Who We AreParalympic.org: Paris 2024 SportsWashington Post: Wheelchair Rugby Top End Sports: Discountinued Paralympic SportsSBS News: Sports that Don't Have an Olympic EquivalentOlmypics: BocciaParalympic.org: ClassificationBBC Inside Science: ClassificationBAA.org: Parathletics DivisionsBBC: Tully Kearney Paralympics GB: ClassificationBBC: Spain ID Basketball and ID in ParalympicsThe Conversation: When Paralympic Atheletes Fake the Extent of their DisabilityVice: Spain ID Basketball (translanted)The Conversation: Why somne Disabled People are Critical of the Paralympics Dis(Empowering) Paralymoics Histories by Danielle PeersGuardian: Channel 4 Superhuman AdGuardian: Channel 4 New AdBlog: Paralympics, Good or Bad for Disabled People

Blood! We all have it, but how much do we know about it? And more importantly, what was the journey of understanding to get there? And just how deep can the history of these peculiar percussion instruments go? Well we'll be criss-crossing across the planet today to find out!Images we Talk About:The QuijadaSon Jarocho Quijada VideoThe ClapperThe Clapper in PerformanceTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:01:35) Understanding Blood(00:49:38) Peculiar Percussion(01:24:41) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: 5 liters of blood over 60,000 miles, humoral theory, phlegm - yellow bile - black bile - blood, I’m from house sanguine - our fire is strongest in our season of spring, humoral theory was around for 1500 YEARS, blood letting, a leeches detour just for Caroline, very few leeches actually suck blood, the exportation of leeches for blood letting made them endangered, we nearly killed the leeches in nearly killing us, leeches are sometimes used today after reconstructive surgery for their enzymes, Nafis’ circulatory system would not be believed for 400 YEARS, these time skips are killing me, Harvey was ALSO NOT BELIEVED, we stan Harvey cause he got witches acquitted, the government and church’s ban on blood transfusions, 1818 was the first recorded successful transfusion, 1658 Jan Swammerdam first saw “oval particles” but this was 7 years before the word “cell” was used, pop quiz on what the parts of blood do, don’t draw your blood while driving, blue and green blood in crustaceans and leeches, antigens and antibodies, “I hope this will be of some use to mankind”, sodium citrate helped blood stay fresh for transfusion, god medicine fucking rules, we reinvented humors with blood personality types, the humors are stored on the antigens obviously, “do you know what my blood type is, for no reason, I’m fine, it’s a podcast thing”, Tom has a slumdog millionaire moment because he was working on another video, there are 48 recognized blood groups each with dozens of antigens, having your own bloodtype means having your own bespoke horoscope, we’re averaging one blood group discovered a year, the journey of understanding blood is the journey of science, it’s hard to tell if rocks were used for a cup song routine, Caroline & Ella fall in love with the quijada, it’s a literal death rattle, “play my bones when I die”, make a jawbone that won’t break, the much sillier vibraslap can still sound good, vibraslap on All Along the Watchtower, the whip/clapper/slap stick, comedia dell’arte, the slap stick was a literal stick to make a slap sound, the christmas rise in slapsticks, the armenia alchemist Avedis Zildjian, since we were working with metal we went listen to this taaah tah tah taaah, a perfeclty clear cymbal is just a bell, a cymbal is crafted chaos to sound good, mmm this wine is very trash but not pingy, now we know Ella’s partner wasn’t just making shit up about cymbal sounds, confirming our sources for this wild Zildjian story, what do you think about this instrument?? I can’t stop making chocolate cymbals! Ringo made people want to drum, finding out Sabian is from the Zildjian family is like finding out Wendy’s last name is McDonald, a percussionist can literally touch history from all across the world, it’s about the reviews we don’t read.Sources:Science Museum: BloodJ Thromb Haemost: Discovery of the Cardiovascular SystemContagion - CURIOSity Digital Collections: Humoral TheoryMedicineNet: Is Bloodletting Still Used Today?Fresh Water Habitats Press Release: Medicinal Leech BreedingThe New Yorker: The History of BloodNCBI Book: The ABO Blood groupsAnnals of Clinical and Laboratory Science: The Discovery of Blood CellsRed Cross Blood Services: History Of Blood Transfusions 1628 To NowNCBI Bookshelf: Blood and the Cells it ContainsThe Conversation: Essays on blood: why do we actually have it?Blood at 70: its roots in the history of hematology and its birthPMC: A Brief History of Human Blood GroupsJapan Experience: Blood Types in JapanThe Conversation: More Blood Types than you ThinkCBS News: New Blood TypeThe Conversation: Gwada-negative---Kabeleh Bah Playing the QuijadaSalsa Blanca on the QuijadaJohn Jeremiah Sullivan on the QuijadaSon Jarocho Quijada VideoHistory of the VibraslapBoston Symphony Orchestra on Shostakovich’s Cello Concerto No 2Britannica on Slapstick's EtymologyThe AMNH's Slap StickThe Cymbal Test VideoNPR on Zildjian's HistoryNYT on Zildjian's History

Chances are you know what a placebo is, but... how does it really work? And what can its evolution teach us about science, medicine, and ethics? And how much art can fit a tiny postage stamp? Well enough to fill a whole history of debate, drama, and ducks.Images we Talk About:Drafts of England's First StampSydney Views StampThe Train Stamp2025 Duck Stamp WinnersMcBroom's Spite DuckTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:20) The Evolution of Placebos(00:57:13) Postage Stamp Art(01:41:17) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The word placebo has escaped academic containment, fake mourners saying “I will please the lord”, placebo paint on birds wings, placebo as sham, The Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism, not that kind of animal magnetism, placebo as psychology, is this going to be a running bit, defining placebo not in reference to something else, “a person’s psychological response to being treated”, things like healing through time or pressure to answer are Not placebo effects, placebo effects are tricky to study, animals can get the placebo effect, goo goo ga ga am I in the contwal gwoup? conditioning rats that a smell means reduced pain, the internal and external factors of placebo, the placebo effect is actually doing things in your brain, of course we talked about that before on episode TWENTY EIGHT, Ella loves brain action, you can consciously fail a placebo but unconsciously pass it, the nocebo effect, it may be just in your head but your head is a lot of things, the murky ethics of placebos, doctors are mostly prescribing harmless placebos when patients ask for one, Caroline & Ella’s sleeping pill and recovery position placebos, HOLY SHIT PLACEBO EVOLVED INTO CHARIZARD HELL YEAH, some placebos work when you tell people it’s a placebo, placebo pills take 2 twice daily, wait is this actually just about the importance of transparent and accessible and trustworthy medical care?? the American Philatelic Society, Tom used stamps as stickers, Ella’s friend’s giant mimic stamp, the public was aroused by post office reform - not just us! every contestant of the first stamp contest was revoked, it took 4 artists to design the first stamp, no monarch stamps unless they’re hot, the Universal Postal Union is the second oldest international organization, the absolutely HATED train stamp, philatelic propaganda, Operation Cornflakes, the Citizen Stamp Advisory Committee’s incredible process, so you’re saying we can’t make an Iraq War stamp, so you’re saying the UK can make a 9/11 stamp, stamps are of the most visible pieces of art, the duck stamp is the only art competition sponsored by the government,  the super bowl of wild life art, are you a celebrity if oyu haven’t won a DEGOT? stamp advisors with reduction glasses, duck stamp royalty, Broome’s incredible spite art, stamps didn’t have to be art - but we’re glad they are.Sources:The Americal Philatelic SocietyThe Postal Museum London: The Penny BlackSwiss National Museum: StampsWiki: Postage Stamp DesignLinns Stamps: New South Wales Pictorial StampSmithsonian Postal Museum: International PhilatelyUniversal Posta Union2011 Book: Book of History of the Postage Stamps of the United States of AmericaUS Postal Service: Creating U.S. Postage StampsThe Postal Museum London: Stamp DesignWWT: Duck StampsScientific America: The Duck StampFish and Wildlife Service: 2024 Duck Stamp WinnerMillion Dollar Duck Video- Taylor and McBroom RivalryNew York Times: Rising to Glory on the Wings of DucksPrint Magazine: The Extraordinary Design Journey of a Stamp—From Quasi-Secret Society to Perforated PerfectionImage: The First Stamp Design EvolutionImage: 1869 Pictorial Stamp- 3 Cent Train Stamp2024 Duck Stamp EntriesImage: McBroom: Comrade Tim Taylor---Etymology of Placebos & Placebo HistoryPlacebo ReviewWikipedia Placebo in HistoryBeecher's The Powerful PlaceboThe Powerful Placebo: Fact or Fiction?Nature Overview: Placebo - Honesty FakeryTextbook Chapter: Placebo Analgesia in RodentsThe Neuroscience of Placebo EffectsBenedetti's Great 2 Placebos ExperimentNPR on Prescribing PlacebosGuardian on Prescribing PlacebosKaptchuk's Great Open Label Placebo StudyFinniss et al. Placebo Review

Just how complicated can animal mating rituals be, and why did they even evolve them at all? And why is true crime Everywhere, and what can we learn from breaking down what makes it feel so icky?Also see Tom's new Game Show in NYC this Sunday! www.OurFindingsShow.comThings we Talk About:Deathwatch BeetleRed-Winged BlackbirdHouse FinchLesser Florican VideoDance Analysis Video 1Dance Analysis Video 2Cruell Step-DamesCarolina Buddies Murder BalladTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:04) Mating Rituals(01:03:01) True Crime(01:46:08) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: the adorable death watch beetle, the deep sea “ah fuck it - you’re here” approach, of course the man on the podcast thinks reproduction is easy, why are people on hinge so picky, hermaphrodite sea bunnies, there’s plenty of fish in the sea and the sea is fucking huge, sexual ornaments, peacock feathers made Darwin SICK, sexual ornaments to identify you’re doing it with the right species, you can hang your sexual ornaments all year long for other purposes, finch dating shows, carotenoids from skilled foraging make a brighter pigment is an indicator trait, or just go to a tanning salon, going to the gym is the same - false muscles, active at night - gives you a fright - active at day - wants to get laid, wow flies give eye contact during courting - that’s better than a lot of humans, the fly cha cha slide, drosophila simlish, nuptial gifts, Women! Want! Regurgitated Nutrient Liquid! the arms race of jumping birds, the “I’ll have what she’s having theory”, dancing mannequins, intermediate level of asymmetric arm movement, if anything the study shows how comical it is to try to boil down human mating, the famous shirt smelling study, what are you trying to show with a human mating study? we shouldn’t be reductive for human mating or for animal mating either, ascribing the gender binary to worms, there is no one easy tip to dating in nature, a double banger for nuance, early crime tabloids like Illustrated Police News, Jack the Ripper was dubbed by the press after all, the prison chaplain’s broadsides, nature’s cruel step-dames or matchless monsters of the female sex, I can’t stop myself from coming up with names fro these murders, true crime lit was a best seller at public hangings, some broadsides sold 30x more than the news, the unmissable attraction of La Morgue de Paris, American Murder Ballads didn’t need you to be literate, true crime as an indicator of media trends, the vicious cycle of true crime consumption, icky entertainment motivations, working against the wishes of survivors, if only the victim had had our sponsor - simply safe, the commodification of people’s suffering, what stories do we choose not to tell, true crime seems to say there is “right” kind of victim, but true crime isn’t irredeemable.Sources:Combermere Abbey: A Hard Day’s Night For The BeetlesPadi: Sea BunnySea Slug Courtship and Reproduction1978 Paper: Ultraviolet reflection and its behavioral role in the courtship of the sulfur butterflies 1972 Paper: The Role of the Epaulets in the Red-Winged Blackbird, (Agelaius phoeniceus) Social SystemAudubon: Are Brightly Colored Males Really the Best Mates?Scientific America: Why are male birds more colorful than female birds?National Science Foundation: Bright colors in the animal kingdom: Why some use them to impress and others to intimidate2019 Paper: Facial masculinity does not appear to be a condition-dependent male ornament and does not reflect MHC heterozygosity in humansYale News: Yale study reveals mating tip for bird species: You should be dancingThe Guardian: Dinosaurs performed dances to woo mates, according to new evidenceNorthumbria University: Study identifies high quality female dance movements1995: MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans2023 Paper: Do humans agree on which body odors are attractive, similar to the agreement observed when rating faces and voices?2017 Paper: Humans as a model species for sexual selection research2009 Paper: Dance dance attribution: exploring the relationship between dance and attractiveness in intial perceptions 2020 Paper: Mutual mate choice and its benefits for both sexes---Podcast.co: How Many True Crime PodcastsCrime Reads: The Rise of the True Crime PodcasterJSTOR: The Bloody History of the True Crime GenreHenry Goodcole: Nature’s Cruel Steppe DamesNYT: The Bloody History of True Crime LitWellcome Collection: Paris MorgueJSTOR: The Paris Morgue Provided Ghoulish EntertainmentJSTOR: The Murder Ballad Was the Original True Crime PodcastPsychology Today: Why the True Crime Audience Is Predominantly FemaleSAGE article: Why women are drawn to tales of rape, murder and serial killersNYT: Is Our True-Crime Obsession Doing More Harm Than Good?Gawker: True Crime is Rottnig Our BrainsTIME: The Human Cost of Binge-Watching True Crime SeriesReclamation: The Fascination With All That is Morbid and MacabreBinghamton University: True Crime Adaptations and How the Public SurveilsUniversity of Oregon: The true crime genre is popular, but is it ethical?

Listeners voted for their favorites topics of the past year, so join us as we chat and relearn the best of everything!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!The best awards in podcasting that feature hosts named Tom, Ella and Caroline, the best cohost award is a tie (for Charlie and Teddy) actually introducing ourselves again, Tom is the hot one and the funny one, everyone loves dinosaurs, satisfying questions I never thought to ask, no one at the Igs knows Tom, the nuanced story of the propoganda of the propaganda, hey they happen to be some great topics we’re talking about, I had to put jokes about how bad we are so that we could compliment each other later, you can go back and discover Ella’s, we love an experimental episode as well as a classic episode, we love the quirky younger sibling of things, the World Games are coming up soon - get hype! 

How many eyes do these animals have, and more importantly what are they doing with them? And how long has copyright piracy been around, and would YOU download a car? Also Ella finally drops her fake british accent.Images we Talk About:Bullfrog Parietal EyeBumble Bee OcelliScallop EyesScallop Eye MirrorsThe Home Taping is Killing Music LogoTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:01) Eyevolution II(00:56:16) Digital Piracy(01:45:06) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: How many jingles does this man have up his sleeve?? 2 eyes or not 2 eyes, what do you need glasses for - to see boobs? why have an odd number of eyes when it’s a BOGO deal developmentally, even more amazing than his eye of agamoto - Dr Strange has 2 camera eyes, “I grow fearful of the untrue eye”, bull frogs can’t doom scroll, the pineal eye is a skylight to the pineal gland, ommatidia means little eye, each compound eye only sees one image from the thousand of ommatidia, this is Caroline’s first eyevolution rodeo - we can’t answer all the questions, now you can be annoying correcting people about bug vision, ocelli are also called little eyes, triangular ocelli flight stabilization, Robobee, ocelli are useful because they’re auxiliary, they’re a fast different readout, there are so many more interesting sci fi choices for eyes, maybe they evolved ocelli to not crash when they see a sexy bug, having zero eyes would be going to far, oh wait nevermind, where we’re going we don’t need eyes, “not the implications”, well I’ll answer one of those questions, what do you need eyes for looking at boobs? YEAH I DO ACTUALLY, he complex eyes like a telescope of scallops, THEY DON’T EVEN HAVE A BRAIN, have we gone too far? the living square mirrors in scallop eyes, no one believed scallop TV would work, fair use and fair dealings, early book sellers were book copiers, authors did not make profits on early copies, Martial was the first person to be reposted on 9gag, the library of alexandria operated like OpenAI, book publishers after the printing press were like Universal Music Group - concerned over their rights - not artists, crown approved ABC books, the mid 1600s is the first use of piracy of intellectual property, ruining vinyl records with the cassette tape skull and crossbones, the 2013 Hugh Jackman Oscars performance, Napster’s origins and Metallica’s not so metal killing of it, Piracy was a technical and social phenomenon, YOU WOULDN’T STEAL A FONT, video game antipiracy that reminds you of the creative mind behind the product, none of this is legal advice, the cost of piracy is easy to calculate but the benefit is impossible to measure.Sources:The Parietal EyeCompound EyesHolger Krapp's Fantastic Paper on Ocelli2022 Paper on OcelliOtacilia KhezuThe Scallop's EyesScallop TVEd Yong on Scallop Eyes---Book: In Stock or Special OrderCoda: A Short History of Book PiracyBook: A History of Intellectual Property in 50 ObjectsBob Leggitt: The Threat of the Audio Cassette2025 Paper: Digital Piracy2009 Abstract: Understanding Online Piracy: The Truth about Illegal File SharingThe Guardian: Going for a song: the hidden history of music piracyFrontier Economics: Will piracy make us walk the plank?Viaaccess: The evolving attitudes of Millennials and Generation Z to video piracyHuck: Piracy in the UK: the failed war on illegal contentVideo- Piracy, It's a CrimeImage- Home Taping Kills MusicBBC: Getting inside a downloader's headSlate: Goodbye to PiracyYoutube Video: Mary Spender- The Birth of Music PiracyBritannica: intellectual-property lawPlagatismToday: How a Reverse Copyright Filled the Library of AlexandriaWiki: Napster2010: Digital piracy among consumers in a developing economy: A comparison of multiple theory-based modelsForbes: The Unwilling Digital Pirate: A Multi-Billion Dollar Opportunity

Vote for your favorite topics at LetsLearnEverything.com/bestof before Sunday June 8th!!!

What is it about harmonies in music that just sounds so good? Can science (and our amazing musical guest David Bennet) help us get to the bottom of it?Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:06:24) Why do we like Harmony?(00:56:10) Our Music Theory Questions(01:24:04) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Listening to Carly Rae Jepsen academically, the musical expert said Caroline has good music taste, I’m down hereeeeee, harmony is just the interaction of any two notes, Tom thinks about high school choir harmony all the time, even babies like harmony, even the oldest flutes have the same holes in them, octaves are so similar we call them the same note, watchmojo ranking of intervals, Carly Rae Jepsen - It Has Many Notes!, a spicy dissonant interval can be good in moderation - like a spicy seasoning in food, Tom is just grinning getting to ask these music questions, we invited you as a guest and you bring this dissonance to our home?? the messy sounding tones match to messy looking ratios, why can we even distinguish pitch? we use pitch in communication so much, animal sounds are the only things that make pitch, animals can recognize intervals, we call bird song song - but to them it’s probably more like language, it sounds cheesy - but in every human voice there’s a harmony, we’re asking the question backwards - we needed to understand harmony to be able to decipher a pitch, hearing the difference between notes IN YOUR HEAD, what we hear in our head is different than the world around us, harmonies are audio cheesecake - something we evolved to enjoy pumped to the max, “we can make cheesecake with our mouths”, cheesecake is just molecules, did you not have to learn human evolution in music school? oh my guilty pleasures are Tchaikovsky’s later works, Ella humble bragging about her spotify wrapped, this is going to come off as hostile but hasn’t enough already been said about the Beatles, how different generations experience the Beatles, more like DavidLegoStopMotion, it took 5 years after a dissertation on how to have a career as a musician on youtube, try song ideas and listen to them later, music theory is Descriptive not Prescriptive, liking technical music, the only way you’ll practice is if you enjoy it, the dopamine hit from the cheesecake of practice, can you send that advice to my mom 10 years ago, but you did practice… yeah, teenagers are good at learning instruments because they have free time, start learning music with the music that you love, learning sheet music at the same time as playing is like learning to write as you’re learning to speak, you learn to write after you’ve practiced speaking for years, you’re full of good ideas David who knew.

Can trees talk to each other? And how does that personifying metaphor square with the actual science behind it? And what can we learn from the stories of art on trading cards throughout history?Images we Talk About:  Trade Cards3 Modern Trading CardsYuka Morii's CardsTerrorHyalopterus LemurePreposterous ProportionsTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:08) Tree Talk(00:52:16) Trading Card Art(01:33:47) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!The answer is yes maybe sometimes and no, talking tree folklore, communication as transferring information, The Secret Life of Trees, Caroline WAS vegan, plants feel pain - GOOD, tree self defense, secondary metabollites, you got me AND Ella to write that down, tannin defense mechanism, volatile organic compounds, giraffes avoiding nearby leaves after eating, maybe trees are eavesdropping, mycorrhizal networks, could it be diffusion or a baby tree suckling on its mother, do a stanford prisoner experiment for trees, that tree is giving mother, mother trees - altruistic fungi - and the perils of plant personification, literally talking to trees, your first priority shouldn’t be to not be boring - maybe second, respect for the organisms that are fundamentally unlike us - their unfathomable lives, the modern boom of trading cards, trade cards, mass produced color images were cool and novel, how many credits for that chromo?  absurd advertising from the 1800s, anthropomorphic fruits and veggies were all the rage, trade cards were a microcosm of marketing-invention-and collecting, Ella’s baseball impression, looking at a mainstream sport through the nerdiest lens imaginable, cigarette baseball cards, Doug McWilliams photographed 8% of all major league baseball players, oh right photography is an art, and so is building relationships with players, cards began to stand on their own, Richard Garfield wanted baseball cards for nerds, Magic and Pokemon credit their artists - but YuGiOh does not, Yuka Morii’s sculpture cards, Adam Rex’s Terror, Richard Thomas’ Hyalopterous Lemure, Julie Baroh flipping off her classmates, companies screwing over artists, it’s still art in spite of being a piece of cardboard.Sources:2010 Paper: Explaining evolution of plant communication by airborne signalsNew York Times: The Social Life of ForestsBook: The Secret Life Of PlantsNational Geographic: Plants can talk. Yes, really. Here’s how.2025 Pape: Shrub anti-herbivore defenses exhibit non-linear and varied responses to increased herbivore density1990 Paper: Acacia Tree Kills AntelopeBook: Ethylene in Plant BiologyBBC News: Plants send SOS signal to insectsTED ED: Can Plants Talk to Each Other?2015 Paper: Inter-plant communication through mycorrhizal networks mediates complex adaptive behaviour in plant communities1997 Paper: Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field2008 Paper: Hydraulic redistribution of water from Pinus ponderosa trees to seedlings: evidence for an ectomycorrhizal pathwayScientific America: Do Trees Really Support Each Other through a Network of Fungi?2023 Paper: Positive citation bias and overinterpreted results lead to misinformation on common mycorrhizal networks in forests2024 Paper: Mother trees, Altruistic Fungi, and the Perils of Plant PersonificationFacts or Fairy Tales? Peter Wohlleben and the Hidden Life of TreesVideo: Project gives 200-year-old Dublin tree ‘a voice’[Scientific America: The Idea That Trees Talk to Cooperate Is Misleading](The Idea That Trees Talk to Cooperate Is Misleading | Scientific American)Article: The World’s First Talking Tree Helps Young People Reconnect with NatureSmithsonian: Do Trees Talk to Each Other?---Cornell University on History of Trade CardsHistory of ChromolithographyAmerican Antiquarian Society on Trade CardsPBS on Trade CardsBaseball Card Photography HistoryDoug McWilliams via Baseball Hall of FameDoug McWilliams Interview with SABRDoug McWilliams NYTimes InterviewRichard Garfield on Magic's CreationYuka Morii's Pokemon Card ArtMagic Artist Julie Baroh's InterviewMagic Artist Donato Giancola's Points Against Artist PoliciesMagic Artist Melissa Benson's Artist Advice

What is the most boring element, and just how boring could it possibly be? Turns out: VERY! And how can we decipher what Shakespeare sounded like, and who among us can lay claim to his accent?Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:52) The Most Boring Element(00:48:53) Solving Shakespeare's Accent(01:26:37) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We’re not going for the easy sappy answer, what makes something boring? all the oxygen stans updating wikipedia, the most boring is obviously bohrium, thulium is used in lasers and x-rays, about 24 grams of astatine per planet, shout out Sir Martin Poliakoff, the 4 elements that came from pitchblende, Caroline stop anthropomorphizing protactinium, the isotope brevium, you could have been called abracadabra and instead your legal name is Actinium’s dad, wow what a fascinating [Rn]5f 26d7s2 ground state electron configuration! give me more random letters and numbers Tom! protactinium is there if your smoke detector is old, the global ocean conveyor belt, THC (Thermal Haline Circulation), that’s the ocean bit- anyway here’s something completely different about protactinium, paleoclimatology sounds a lot like protactinium, Ella realizes the turn, HE DID IT, whoa Caroline doing thumbs up to climate change, they’re de-extincting William Shakespeare, where better to waste my time pursuing this than Let’s Learn Everything, shakespeare is typically performed in received pronunciation, wait this is secretly a UK vs US topic! I’m surprised it took you 3 years to figure out we just keep you for your American accent, Americans have vestigial roticity, the universal beauty of two dudes yapping, what a strange elitism to claim to have Elizabethan English, Appalachian claims of shakespearean accents as a way to boost image, if you want to know what people sounded like back then… look at what people wrote about it! more one to one spellings like “philome” for film, we can deduce the accent from rhymes and puns, I loov this topic, Tom’s accent gets miscalibrated, an open midback is really stylish these days, open mid back unrounded vowel, Ella can move your tongue with her mind, I see why this gameshow didn’t make it to television, don’t wast a reem on a droom, the Rorscach test of the Original Pronunciation created by David and Ben Crystal, flecks of every dialect, “it’s a sound that reminds people of the accent of their home, and so they ten to listen more with their heart than their head”, “American English simply isn’t good enough for Shakespeare”, the Sundry Boroughs of New York baby! the language of Shakespeare is dead but alive in English everywhere, Shakespeare was meant to be played for the public - so it should be spoken like the public, Shakespeare's accent belongs to all of us!Sources:Amazing paper from Nature Chemistry: "The Most Boring Chemical Element"HPS on ProtactiniumLos Alamos Laboratory on ProtactiniumPeriodic Videos on ProtactiniumMining Website on Protactinium's HistoryBritannica on PitchblendeNature Chemistry: "Peculiar Protactinium"NOAA on the Global Ocean Conveyor BeltNOAA on PlanktonEOS on Protactinium for PaleoclimatologyProtactinium/Thorium in Paleoclimatology TextbookCarbonbrief's Climate Tipping PointsThorium Protactinium DatingYu, Francois, and Bacon's first paper on Protactinium Ocean Current Dating---Wiki: British colonisation of the AmericasWiki: Early Modern EnglishHistory of English: Early Modern EnglishBBC: How Americans preserved British EnglishThe Historical Linguist Blog: American English – The language of Shakespeare?Dialect Blog: Shakespearean vs. Modern EnglishNational Geographic: Tangier IslandBBC: The Tiny Island with a British accentLanguage Myths BookDavid Crystal’s Original Pronunciation evidencePaper: Early Modern English PhonologyOxford Dictionary: Early modern English: grammar, pronunciation, and spellingUniversity of Toronto: Early Modern English PhonologyNPR: How Did the Bard Really SoundYoutube: Shakespeare: Original pronunciation

What laws are there to worry about in the moon? And what does space law teach us about Earth law? And what can we learn about societies throughout history from the lens of stuffing dead animals?Images we Talk About:Orbiting Space DebrisFallen Space DebrisHanging Christian CrocodileHanging Christian CrocodileTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:02) International Space Law(01:03:25) Taxidermy(01:46:48) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: The splash zone of intro to astronomy, space NCIS, the bedrock of 1967 outer space treaty, the first earthling in space (2 tortoises), countries are responsible for their damage and no WMDs, that big tangible moon in the sky, unprecedented lunar traffic this year, potential water ice on the moon could be the next big space race, there’s no moon water regulation, no nation can own the moon, buuuut can an individual - former ventriloquest and used car salesman own the moon?? god don’t call it “untapped resources on the moon”, you can’t own the moon but can you own its resources, there’s a legal officer for the UN officer of outer space affairs! we can allll frack the moon (except no one signed the treaty anyway), we can’t even agree to share moon resources One Day, only “safe and sustainable” space mining allowed, it doesn’t have to be legally binding to make countries want to follow it, a radio telescope on the far side of the moon would be SICK, sorry about all the space junk us 3 put up there, 90 metric tons of re-entry, suing nasa over space debris, if it launched from florida and hit florida it’s actually local state space law, satellite light pollution, satellites don’t die they just crash into a farm upstate, starlink burnt 120 satellites in 1 month alone, there’s no laws about safely deorbiting - no one has to do this, how we treat space is a microcosm of how we treat earth, space law is real, why can’t we bring our optimism from space back to earth instead of the other way around? Ella’s mouse doing drugs, the art of skin arranging, apologies to our ancient Egyptian listeners, the various techniques of Egyptian preservation, arresting from decay, Frederik Ruysch’s wet specimens, crocodiles make a lot of sense for the first taxidermy cause they’re big and leathery - anyway it was hanging in a church…, Tom loses his mind about A SECOND TAXIDERMIED CROCODILE IN A CHURCH, a croc that’s at least from 1623, The Great Italian Taxidermy Crocodile Road Trip, about one third of the british population went to the 1851 great exhibition, the telescope and taxidermy exhibition sounds like a trap for Caroline and Ella, “whimsy and anthropomorphism in taxidermy of the Victorian era”, anthropomorphic taxidermy was considered grotesque, taxidermy didn’t die we just stuffed it back up, environment taxidermy requires knowing an animal inside and out (pun intended), the degrees of ethical taxidermy, ethical is not a binary, it depends on your personal code of ethics, taxidermy as a lens of moral feelings through history.Sources:UNOOSA: Outer Space TreatyUN: International Space Law ExplainedRoyal Museums Greenwich: Who Owns the Moon?Lunar Embassy: Buy Some MoonPolitico: Who Owns the MoonGuardian: Moon ResourcesJet Propulsion Laboratory: Moon ResourcesNASA Moon Mining ContractsBusiness Insider: Mining Disrupting Science on the MoonNASA Artemis AccordsESA Space Environment StatisticsSpaceWatch: SatellitesNatural History Museum: Space JunkGuardian: Florida Family Sues NASAScientific American: Samantha Lawler, Space X DebirsJournal of Space Safety Engineering: Uncontrolled Re-entryUNOSSA: United Nations 2007 Space Debris Mitigation GuidelinesESA Space Environment Report 2024Rolling Stone: Space TrashFCC: Deorbiting Satellites RuleScientific American: Space Junk Polluting Stratosphere---Britannica: Taxidermy2019 Paper: Animal Bodies between Wonder and Natural HistoryBBC: Ancient Egyptian mummification 'recipe' revealedBook: Practical Taxidermy2020 Paper: The Animal Body As Medium: Taxidermy And European Expansion, 1775–1865Museum of Idaho: A brief, Gross History of TaxidermyAtlas Obscura: Crocodile at the Santuario Madonna delle Lacrime ImmacolateUniversity of Dayton: Crocodile Hunting in the Marian LibraryWandering Italy: Grazie, Italy and the Crocodile Church2006 Paper: The History of Taxidermy: Clues for PreservationJournal of Antiques and Collectables: Taxidermy: Exploring one of the Most Complicated CollectiblesThe Royal Parks: The Great Exhibition of 18512012 Thesis: The Shock Proved Fatal: Whimsy and Anthropomorphism in Taxidermy of the Victorian Era, 1851-1899Cardiff University: Frequently Asked Questions in TaxidermySmithsonian: Why Taxidermy Is Being Revived for the 21st CenturyHorniman Museum: Ethical TaxidermyGuardian: Inside the Female-Led World of Ethical TaxidermySussex Wildlife Trust: Putting the Ethical in Taxidermy

Welcome to the (preview for the) Lab Rat Games! The GAME show where we compete to learn anything and everything interesting! We love putting games into our topics, so what happens when we make a whole show of them, with each of us hosting their own section! Plus! We're joined by friend of the show and competitive chaos combatant, Sabrina Cruz!Support us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!

How can scientist's unravel the mystery of what dinosaurs ate? Well the clues are right in front of our eyes, or should I say their teeth! And poop! And listener you may already know what a podcast is, but how did proto-podcasts in a chicken coop give us the DNA for what we love, and how did podcasts even happen?Images we Talk About:First Iguanadon ToothPuffer Fish TeethFish TeethsIncisivosaurusSaurolophusDinosaur Stomach Contents FossilHam ComicSybil's Baby's Radio RebutTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro
(00:04:33) Dinosaur Diet Detectives
(01:00:51) Support our Show!
(01:04:27) Proto-Podcasts
(02:02:49) Bonus Content!
(02:07:24) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Deep Dive Discovering Dino Diets, dinosaur time, imagining us discovering a new animal, well we know it doesn’t eat nerds, Ella describes teeth perfectly - “is that what you meant to say Tom?”, the mouth is the first stomach, we found the teeth of the first herbivorous dinosaur before the body - and before we had the word for dinosaur, cinderella/goldilocks teeth, dental microwear, food print, the topography of a grasshopper’s mandible, teeth can be more indicative than stomach content, maybe you just tried in and out for the first time when you got captured by aliens, dinosaur teeth are the old coins of ancient civilizations, egg eating oviraptors, it’s not just us but experts that are confused about oviraptaurs teeth, reconstructing the crime scene of a bit mark, this case has been closed for 70 million years! the tarbosaurus seems to have separated the chicken leg to make eating easier, a tyrannosaur leaving a tooth in the scene of the crime, they not only got bit but lived to tell the tale, this proves tyranosaurs hunted living animals - and weren’t just scavengers, hard foods stay in the stomach longer, some dinosaurs used Gastrolith rocks as stomach teeth, rocks natures teeth, Bromalite can be regurgitalite or coprolite, 580 million year old worm poop, we didn’t think grass was that old then we found it in dinosaur poop,  we put dinosaur poop in a particle accelerator, we’re not looking at poop - we’re constructing the foodchain of dinosaurs, an ancient egyptian podcast, podcasting is NOT an oral tradition, the chicken coop boys, Sybil’s Little Ham Radio Show 20 years before a woman on proper radio, the Titanic sinking sped along radio restrictions, Tom skipped over the cassette before because its science impact was small but its misc impact was huge, explaining cassette tapes at a high frequency so it doesn’t hurt old people to hear, Lou Otten, the syrian cassette archive, mixtapes, Caroline’s family mix CDs, Tom’s custom Jack’s Mannequin Mix CDs, Pacific Horticulture Magazine being delighted that someone’s interested, Tom’s Magic Corner, I knew it was some journalist doing their thing, apple didn’t come up with podcasting - not even the name, journey back to 1999, the dream of RSS, what’s that facebook shaped cloud on the horizon? the dream of hosting your own feed, somehow podcast RSS survived, podcasts are the Horshoecrab of the internet, “wherever you get podcasts” is amazing, The Lab Rat Games!Sources:NHM London: Iguanodon TeethNHM London: Beyond Jurassic World- What We Really Know About Dinosaurs and HowNHM London: The Seven Greatest Dinosaur Discoveries of the Last 200 YearsBritish Ecological Society: What do Grasshoppers Eat?Phys.Org: Cutting Edge Teeth StudyNPR: Dental Detectives: What Fossil Teeth Reveal About Ancestral Human DietsUniversity of Tokyo: Dinosaur Teeth Reveal What They Didn’t EatBBC: Dinosaur Teeth Reveal Feeding HabitsIncisivosaurus2022 Paper: Incisivosaura Bite ForceUniversity of Pennsilvania: What Fossils Tell Us About the Dining Habits of DinosaursNHM London: Dinosaur Eating Habit Insights from Stegosaurus stenops2010 Paper: New information on scavenging and selective feeding behaviour of tyrannosauridsDave Hone's Archosaur Musings2012 Paper: Physical evidence of predatory behavior in Tyrannosaurus rexSave Our Seas: What Tools do Biologists use to Tell What is on the Menu for Wild Animals?Scientific America: Tyrannosaur’s Stomach Contents Have Been Found for the First Time2023 Paper: Exceptionally preserved stomach contents of a young tyrannosaurid reveal an ontogenetic dietary shift in an iconic extinct predatorSN Explores: Fossil Stomach Reveals a Dinosaur’s Last MealNHM London: CoproliteThe Bristol Dinosaur Project: The Grass DivideNPR: Over 500 Fossilized Poops Show How Dinosaurs Came to Rule the EarthAmerican Museum of Natural History: How Does Studying Dinosaurs Benefit Humanity?---MET on Memory Boards and Luba Oral TraditionsOED Broadcast EtymologyThe Chicken Coop Ham RadioSybil's Little Hame Radio ProgramNYTimes on Titanic's Impact on Radio LawLibrary of Congress on Recorded RadioNPR On Lout Otten and the Cassette TapeWired on Cassette HistoryNPR on the Syrian Cassette ArchiveBerkeley Audio Tape RetrospectiveCarl Malamud on Asynchronous Internet RadioThe Earliest Mention of Podcasts in the GuardianTwo-Bit History on the History of RSSKevin Werbach's Vision of the Future of RSS and the InternetTechCrunch: Rest in Peace RSS

It’s not MaxFunDrive without a wild kickoff spectacular! Former real-life VJ and host of MTV's Spring Break 1999, Dave Holmes, takes your favorite MaxFun hosts through some wacky ‘90s- and Spring Break-themed mini games!!Featuring: Dave Holmes, Jeremy Bent, Oscar Montoya, Dimitry Pompée, Tom Lum, Ellen Weatherford, Alex Schmidt, Brenda Snell, Drea Clark, Alonso Duralde, Dan McCoy, Jordan Morris, Manolo Moreno, Ella Hubber, Caroline Roper, Ella McLeod, John-Luke Roberts, Justin McElroy, Clint McElroy, Mike Cabellon, Sierra Katow, Hal Lublin, Danielle Radford, John Moe, Christian Dueñas, Christian Duguay. Timestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:22) Tom, Ellen, Alex, and Brenda Trivia(00:32:47) Tom, Ellen, Manolo, and Jeremy on Party Animals(00:46:34) Caroline, Ella, Ella, and John-Luke on British Spring Break    

Host of Um Actually and nerd of many domains Ify Nwadiwe joins us as Tom helps him deconstruct the infamous Peasant Railgun from D&D. Could it actually work? And can we come up with something even more powerful using real science? We also dig into nerdery old and new, and see if Ify can convince Ella and Caroline to embrace their home country's greatest export: Warhammer.Images we Talk About:A Real Railgun FiringTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:06:05) The Peasant Railgun(00:43:07) Q&A/Nerding Out(01:12:19) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: After this black hole research I do appreciate my family more! we’re here to game, what is a peasant? stealing science experiments for DnD campaigns, Caroline and Ella are delighted to learn the Peasant Railgun for the first time, convincing peasants to hands across america, pandering to the audience telling them their smart, My Monster Manual is On the Origin of Species, a peasant message system/computer, let people accelerate things to the speed of light! I shouldn’t let my players do WHAT, and remember kids DONT use a bong because it gets you SO HIGH, I’m reading between the lines Gary would want us to do this, the real rail gun, UM ACTUALLY ITS A PEASANT COIL GUN, rail guns are more common in fiction, the strength of a rail gun tears itself apart and creates a fireball, Ify would make each peasant in the line roll, if your players try to make the railgun say yes then show them the picture, the peasants have the means of production and destruction - they should unionize, the fastest manmade object, the manhole cover isnt the fastest object recorded, mission to touch the sun, gravity slingshot, it’s not the mass of the planet its the orbit, its not a magnet - its a magnet on a bullettrain, DMs watch out for artificer space programs, the duke of musk keeps stealing our government funding, Morgan you’re welcome to play beyblades with Ify any time, marrying bratz and digimon, England’s main export is Warhammer, can Ify convince Ella to play Warhammer, should we do a separate zoom just talking about nerd stuff? online writing forums, audio books are real books, be mean in magic, playing DnD on stage vs at home, playing true to your character.Sources:First Edition D&D Player's HandbookKnight's Digest on Peasant Railgun OriginsEarliest Peasant Railgun MentionPCGamer on D&D 2024 Dungeon Master Guide UpdateIEEE Early Railgun ResearchVice "This Is Why the Navy Can’t Have Nice Railguns"USC on Railgun FeasabilityPopular Science Interview on Railgun TestJPL Chart of Fastest ObjectsCNET on Parker Solar ProbeNASA Gravity Assist Primer

Why is math both so easy and so hard for our brains, and how can the psychology of horses, babies, and mathematicians help answer that? And what wild journey did Sudoku take to become the popular puzzle that Ella adores?Things we Talk About:The Video of a Child Learning to CountThe Melencolia PaintingTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:04:59) The Psychology of Math(01:00:35) Sudoku(01:44:59) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: the Wonderful student, it’s not you - it’s math, “I did biology for a reason”, children can want a lot of complex things, it’s harder in the UK cause its Maths plural, Caroline & Ella’s math journeys, charlie solves the Riemann hypothesis, the horse the myth the legend - clever hans, clever hans was drafted into the military AS A MATHEMATICIAN, real horse math! so many animals seem to have Number Sense, counting is hard for kids, multiplication isn’t counting - it’s memorization and other strategies, Caroline doesn’t have a great Mental Blackboard, kick flipping a chair in our minds to brag to Caroline, overlapping waves, hot or not for equations, hahaha a taylor expansion?? in Lp?? ridiculous! there is no one math organ in the brain, don’t give up on math, “I don’t treat math as a monolith (I think statistics is the worst math)”, that surprises me because sudoko’s amazing and you’re wrong, the ancient mystical turtle’s magic square, a mathematical warding spell, “once something is proved true, it is eternally true”, HOW DID ELLA NOT REALIZE THIS WAS A MATH TOPIC, magic squares are unsolved, math divination, wow this is a math’s topic huh, maths in art, Melancholia, the magic square on La Sagrada Familia, wait Magic Squares AREN’T the precursor to sudoku?? I don’t know this child, if not sudoku why sudoku shaped? the Latin square originated in Korea before Euler, my parents are older than sudoku, it was originally called Number Place, even though we call it Sudoku - in Japan it’s often called Number Place for trademark reasons, the 2004 sudoku boom, sudoku is an infectious meme, this topic took so long (because Ella took sudoku breaks), figuring out the question of unique puzzles, so many ways to think about a square, advanced sudoku techniques, x-wing and swordfish, sudoku championships, of course Ella found speed running in this topic, Sudoku doesn’t seem to cure cognitive decline - but it’s also just fun to do! a beautiful sudoku poem, it’s how we learn and it’s calming - a little win, “I feel like I need to lie down”, let us know if you know the difference between 3 apples and 4 apples.Sources:Perfect Pitch StudyFeigenson et al. Core System of NumberThe Clever Hans Phenomenon RevisitedNYTimes Berlin's Wonderful HorseActual Horse Number Sense StudyNumber Sense in AnimalsRat Brain Number Sense StudyNPR Why Big Numbers Break our BrainsErikson Institute Video of Child CountingThe Development of Mathematical CognitionMath Expert Brain Activity StudyThe Beauty of Math StudyUniversity of MAryland on Math Brain ActivityKeith Devlin Stanford TalkKatie Steckles: What Do Mathematicians Do All Day?---Wikipedia: Magic SquareRoyal Institution: Magic SquareUniversity of Cambridge: Magic SquareMagic Squares in Islamic MathematicsWiki: SudokuThe Guardian: History of SudokuThe Science of Sudoku by BY JEAN-PAUL DELAHAYEPaper: There Is No 16-Clue SudokuAdvanced Sudoku Techniques:Wiki: World Sudoku ChampionshipsSudoku.com: The Fastest Sudoku PlayerSudoku.com: 4 Reasons that Sudoku is the Perfect Puzzle GameWorking MemoryBBC: Puzzle Slolving and Cognitive DeclineSudoku 15 year studyGlobal Council on Brain Health ReportSudoku Mental Fortitude

Why is the common fruit fly the perfect model organism, and the reason for 6 Nobel Prizes?? And what is the british fascination around the meal deal, lunchtime, and the sandwich?Images we Talk About:Map of the Fruit Fly BrainRat My Meal DealThe Sandwich FactoryTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:02:57) Drosophila Melanogaster(00:49:46) The British Meal Deal(01:37:48) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Ella’s former favorite fun fact, are 6 nobel prizes more impressive than long sperm? we need to pause, bolas, Ella’s Virgins, Dew Loving Black Belly, Dros Mel are human commensals - they migrated with us, “they’re undemanding guests”, first life intentionally put into space, maybe Jeff Goldblum became a fly so seamlessly because they share 60% of their DNA, Tom’s great Jeff Goldblum impression, they share a lot of disease related genes, Thomas Morgan - The Lord of the Flies, Morgan knew about genetics but not DNA yet, genetic redundancy, a fly geneticist’s swiss army knife, the varied list of nobel wins, are they cancelled? wait actually? guess that fly gene, “the inside jokes are becoming outside jokes”, the golden wild west era of the fruit fly may be over - but not all science, the beautiful fruit fly brain, we COULD end by talking about how this little organism has been so belovedly studied and helpful, Dros Mel has a mini bachelorette organ, the great british everything, is this a sincere answer? rating meal deals, fluctuations of lunch elitism, a beaver and a noonshine, capitalism made workers hours longer - workers rights made lunch, lunch was given by and for women, the earl of sandwich was too much of a gamer, we can’t re-litigate the cube rule, the “daring” true story of the sandwich, the sandwich storry isn’t about invention it’s about class, food elitism fads, ella invents soup in a tube, 1980s the first pre-packaged sandwich, units of sandwich (UOS), it’s almost like getting separated from the means of production…, the british sandwich association, take your lunch break! you won’t remember doing an extra bit of work - you’ll remember spending time with folks and making a bomb ass sandwich, short lunch breaks make meal deals make sense, drosophola and meal deals cancelled on this episode,Sources:Paper: Drosophila - Model Organism of ChoicePaper: Innate Immune Responses of Drosophila melanogaster Are Altered by SpaceflightNASA: Fruit Flies in SpacePaper: Drosophila – A Versatile Model in Biology & MedicinePaper: The Secret Lives of Drosophila FliesGuardian Article on DrosophilaPaper: Where are Drosphila FromPaper: Gal4 Swiss Army KnifeNobel Prize: DrosophilaNPR: Fruit Fly NamesNature News: Troublesome Names Get the BootPaper: Fly Brain MapFly Brain ImageUKRI: Fruit Fly Neuron MapPaper Drosophila Sperm Storage---Tribune: How Capitalism Stole Your LunchRate My Meal Deal InstagramBBC: Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner: Have We Always Eaten Them?BBC: Sandwich Celebrates 250th Anniversary of the SandwichThe Guardian: How The Sandwich Consumed BritainGreencore: ConvenienceFoodReport: The Sandwich FactoryUniversity of Manchester: What is the Environmental Impact of Your Lunch-Time Sandwich?Scottish Government: Shopping Behaviours and Meal Deals - Consumer Behaviours: Evidence BriefThe Guardian: Yoghurts in the Meal DealFinancial Times: The FreddoBBC: FreddoHubbub: Reuse Systems UnpackedTesco: The Nations Favourite Meal DealThe Independant: The Nations Favourite Meal Deal

What can we learn from the most modern - but overlooked form of pollution? And can mistakes in art be something actually... good?Images we Talk About:Navajo Rug Ch'ihónít’iRamses II StatueEcce HomoThe Original Ecce Homo3 Versions of Ecce HomoLincoln Memorial MistakeTimestamps:(00:00:00) Intro(00:03:25) Light Pollution(00:48:06) Mistaeks(01:37:02) OutroSupport us with a Max Fun Membership!Join our Discord!We also learn about: Auctioning topics, the origins of pollution, pollution is old but light pollution is from the 1960s, the great stink, the biggest light polluter is the sun, old gas street lights used to be more like beacons than lights, the world’s getting 10% brighter each year, 80% of North American can’t see the milky way, Light Trespass, Sky Glow, light pollution makes telescopes worse, Tom’s parents hearing him scream WHY IS THERE BREAST MILK, the strange lights after the 1994 LA earthquake, amateur astronomers are vital to astronomy, light trapped moths, a 1917 study on lighthouses and bird migration, birds waking up 5 hours earlier, turtles also use moonlight navigation, just move your telescope and evolve your species it’s not our fault, “he glistens you philistine”, the big beautiful glow worm woman in the sky, street lights are like sugar light to plants, light pollution isn’t the biggest issue - but that can make it easy to ignore - and it has some easy wins! it’s solvable at the community level, Tom’s buoyancy broken hand mistake, oops I mixed up my therapy and podcast topic list, the beatles anomalies list, Michelangelo’s beautiful complaint letter poem, we are our own worst critic, the ASMR mistake was just an anomaly, Kintsugi, “it treats breakage as a part of the object’s history rather than an error or a failure to be covered up”, what’s the japanese word for mud covered boots, only god can make perfect fun facts, Ch'ihónít’i, releasing the thoughts from an object - a way out, the journey of Caroline’s darned jumper, how can you tell an old mistake was a mistake? hieroglyphic typos, oh shit control ankh control ankh, revealing an ancient mistake by mistake, Philadelphia isn’t real it can’t hurt you, the Jesus that was… made an anomaly by Gloria Gimenez, the misremembered story of Ecce Homo, art is this emotional roller coaster, wow don’t take Tom’s summary Caroline, Lincoln memorial myths, 1000 years from now a museum in Neo Egypt will carve out the lincoln memorial fix, I know a great art restoration person in spain if you need one, most mistakes are just forgotten, you need mistakes to learn, the mistake of starting this podcast, verbal kintsugi, anomalous jesus, we didn’t learn today that Ella was a contrarian.Sources:Britannica: Light Pollution2020 Paper: A Chronology of Global Air QualityWikipedia: The Great StinkNHM London: Increasing Light Pollution is Drowning out the Stars2023 Paper: Light Pollution is SkyrocketingScientific America: Light Pollution is Dimming Our View of the Sky2009 Paper: Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light PollutionNational Parks Service: Connect with the Galaxy: A case for turning out the lightsCAPE 2023: What are the Effects of Artifical Light on Human Health? An Evidence Brief 2019 Paper: Effects of Light at Night on Laboratory Animals and Research Outcomes1918 Paper: The Destruction of Birds at the Lighthouses on the Coast of California2021 Paper: Characteristics of Light Pollution – A case study of Warsaw (Poland) and Fukuoka (Japan)1973 Paper: Light Pollution BBC: How light pollution disrupts plants' sensesDark Sky: Solutions to Light Pollution---The Beatles Anomalies ListMichelangelo's "Poem"KintsugiJill Ahlberg Yohe's Incredible Paper on Ch’ihónít’iPenn Museum's Ramses IIAncient Egyptian LiteracyNYTimes on Ecce HomoThe Guardian Ecce Homo CritiqueThe Art History of Ecce HomoAP on Ecce Homo a Year Later

As we plan out the new year, please enjoy a recast of one of my (Tom's) favorite guest appearances on Spellbound and Gagged, hosted by the wonderful friend of the show Ellen Weatherford!