Lex Fridman

Dave Smith is a comedian, libertarian, political commentator, and the host of Part of the Problem podcast. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep464-sb See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Dave's X: https://x.com/ComicDaveSmith Dave's YouTube: https://youtube.com/DSmithcomic Dave's Instagram: https://instagram.com/theproblemdavesmith Dave's Website: https://comicdavesmith.com/ Part of the Problem Podcast: https://partoftheproblem.com/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Call of Duty:* First-person shooter video game. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/call_of_duty-ep464-sb *Tax Network USA:* Full-service tax firm. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/tax_network_usa-ep464-sb *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep464-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep464-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep464-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Episode highlight 1:26 - Introduction 1:45 - Libertarianism 3:00 - Ron Paul 6:13 - Military–industrial complex 13:06 - War on Terror 25:25 - China and Taiwan 33:13 - Just war theory 40:22 - Israel and Gaza 57:49 - Douglas Murray 1:05:42 - Hamas 1:22:01 - Hitler and Stalin 1:24:15 - Darryl Cooper 1:33:27 - Antisemitism 1:47:00 - World leaders 1:59:34 - Jeffrey Epstein 2:07:37 - Sam Harris 2:20:21 - Ukraine and Russia 2:39:46 - Joe Rogan 2:52:15 - Conspiracy theories 3:10:06 - Hope *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Douglas Murray is the author of On Democracies and Death Cults, The War on The West, and The Madness of Crowds. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep463-sb See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Douglas's X: https://x.com/DouglasKMurray Douglas's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@douglasmurray Douglas's Instagram: https://instagram.com/douglaskmurray Douglas's Website: https://douglasmurray.net On Democracies and Death Cults (book): https://amzn.to/4jahsxL The War on the West (book): https://amzn.to/38L7B36 *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Call of Duty:* First-person shooter video game. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/call_of_duty-ep463-sb *Oracle:* Cloud infrastructure. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/oracle-ep463-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep463-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep463-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Episode highlight 0:24 - Introduction 2:38 - War in Ukraine 6:24 - Trump and Zelenskyy 20:54 - Putin 41:47 - Peace 52:32 - Zelenskyy 1:06:17 - Israel-Palestine 1:17:04 - Hamas 1:31:37 - Corruption 1:34:47 - Gaza 1:55:25 - Benjamin Netanyahu 2:12:36 - Hate 2:37:06 - Iran 2:47:55 - Interview advice 3:02:19 - War *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Ezra Klein is one of the most influential voices representing the left-wing of American politics. He is a columnist for the NY Times and host of The Ezra Klein Show. Derek Thompson is a writer at The Atlantic and host of the Plain English podcast. Together they have written a new book titled Abundance that lays out a set of ideas for the future of the Democratic party. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep462-sb See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Abundance (new book): https://amzn.to/4iZ1S8J Ezra's X: https://x.com/ezraklein/ Ezra's Instagram: https://instagram.com/ezraklein Ezra's YouTube: https://youtube.com/EzraKleinShow The New York Times: https://nytimes.com/by/ezra-klein Derek's X: https://x.com/dkthomp Plain English (podcast): https://www.theringer.com/podcasts/plain-english-with-derek-thompson The Atlantic: https://theatlantic.com/author/derek-thompson/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Call of Duty:* First-person shooter video game. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/call_of_duty-ep462-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep462-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep462-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep462-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Episode highlight 3:08 - Introduction 6:37 - Left-wing vs right-wing politics 15:58 - Political leaders on the left and the right 40:34 - Internal political divisions 43:34 - AOC 54:54 - Political realignment 1:06:37 - Supply-side progressivism 1:13:47 - Wealth redistribution 1:23:54 - Housing problem 1:40:13 - Regulation and deregulation 1:56:47 - DOGE, Elon, and Trump 2:55:50 - Sam Harris 3:05:28 - Future of America *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

ThePrimeagen (aka Michael Paulson) is a programmer who has educated, entertained, and inspired millions of people to build software and have fun doing it. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep461-sb See below for timestamps, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* ThePrimeagen's X: https://twitter.com/ThePrimeagen ThePrimeagen's YouTube: https://youtube.com/ThePrimeTimeagen ThePrimeagen's Twitch: https://twitch.tv/ThePrimeagen ThePrimeagen's GitHub: https://github.com/theprimeagen ThePrimeagen's TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@theprimeagen ThePrimeagen's Coffee: https://www.terminal.shop/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Invideo AI:* AI video generator. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/invideoai-ep461-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep461-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep461-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep461-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep461-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 0:42 - Love for programming 10:15 - Hardest part of programming 12:31 - Types of programming 20:08 - Life story 30:12 - Hardship 31:44 - High school 37:30 - Porn addiction 47:16 - God 1:02:59 - Perseverance 1:12:55 - Netflix 1:25:23 - Groovy 1:30:27 - Printf() debugging 1:36:49 - Falcor 1:46:19 - Breaking production 1:49:04 - Pieter Levels 1:53:34 - Netflix, Twitch, and YouTube infrastructure 2:05:36 - ThePrimeagen origin story 2:20:52 - Learning programming languages 2:29:55 - Best programming languages in 2025 2:34:50 - Python 2:35:30 - HTML & CSS 2:36:20 - Bash 2:37:00 - FFmpeg 2:43:42 - Performance 2:46:15 - Rust 2:51:03 - Epic projects 3:04:27 - Asserts 3:13:41 - ADHD 3:21:49 - Productivity 3:26:13 - Programming setup 4:01:43 - Coffee 4:08:47 - Programming with AI 4:51:31 - Advice for young programmers 5:03:03 - Reddit questions 5:10:35 - God *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Narendra Modi is the Prime Minister of India. This episode is available in English, Hindi, Russian (and soon other languages). Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided (for the main episode video on YouTube) in English, Hindi, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed-language version, please select the Hindi (Latin) audio track. The default is English overdub. To switch between languages on the main episode YouTube video, click: Settings (Gear Icon) ... Audio Track ... Choose Language. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep460-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/narendra-modi-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EXTRA FILES FOR EPISODE:* If you need captions or videos with audio tracks for clips etc, go here: https://lexfridman.com/narendra-modi-files *HOW TO SWITCH BETWEEN LANGUAGES:* This episode is available in English, Hindi, Russian (and soon other languages). Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided (for the main episode video on YouTube) in English, Hindi, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed-language version, please select the Hindi (Latin) audio track. The default is English overdub. To switch between languages on the main episode YouTube video, click: Settings (Gear Icon) ... Audio Track ... Choose Language. *EPISODE LINKS:* Narendra Modi's X: https://x.com/narendramodi Narendra Modi's Instagram: https://instagram.com/narendramodi Narendra Modi's YouTube: https://youtube.com/narendramodi Narendra Modi's Website: https://narendramodi.in/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Brain.fm:* Music for focus. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/brainfm-ep460-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep460-sb *MasterClass:* Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-ep460-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep460-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep460-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep460-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - In this episode... 3:07 - Introduction 9:19 - Fasting 21:38 - Early life 33:33 - Advice to Young People 39:16 - Journey in the Himalayas 50:45 - Becoming a monk 52:33 - RSS and Hindu nationalism 1:00:17 - Explaining India 1:04:27 - Mahatma Gandhi 1:16:23 - Path to peace in Ukraine 1:19:37 - India and Pakistan 1:25:16 - Cricket and Football 1:29:41 - Donald Trump 1:40:51 - China and Xi Jinping 1:47:56 - Gujarat riots in 2002 2:03:33 - Biggest democracy in the world 2:13:48 - Power 2:18:34 - Hard work 2:21:42 - Srinivasa Ramanujan 2:23:48 - Decision-making process 2:31:35 - AI 2:41:50 - Education 2:52:06 - Learning and focus 2:57:56 - Mantra 2:59:41 - Meditation 3:05:38 - Lex visiting India 3:10:04 - Siddhartha *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Dylan Patel is the founder of SemiAnalysis, a research & analysis company specializing in semiconductors, GPUs, CPUs, and AI hardware. Nathan Lambert is a research scientist at the Allen Institute for AI (Ai2) and the author of a blog on AI called Interconnects. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep459-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/deepseek-dylan-patel-nathan-lambert-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Dylan's X: https://x.com/dylan522p SemiAnalysis: https://semianalysis.com/ Nathan's X: https://x.com/natolambert Nathan's Blog: https://www.interconnects.ai/ Nathan's Podcast: https://www.interconnects.ai/podcast Nathan's Website: https://www.natolambert.com/ Nathan's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@natolambert Nathan's Book: https://rlhfbook.com/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Invideo AI:* AI video generator. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/invideoai-ep459-sb *GitHub:* Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep459-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep459-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep459-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep459-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 3:33 - DeepSeek-R1 and DeepSeek-V3 25:07 - Low cost of training 51:25 - DeepSeek compute cluster 58:57 - Export controls on GPUs to China 1:09:16 - AGI timeline 1:18:41 - China's manufacturing capacity 1:26:36 - Cold war with China 1:31:05 - TSMC and Taiwan 1:54:44 - Best GPUs for AI 2:09:36 - Why DeepSeek is so cheap 2:22:55 - Espionage 2:31:57 - Censorship 2:44:52 - Andrej Karpathy and magic of RL 2:55:23 - OpenAI o3-mini vs DeepSeek r1 3:14:31 - NVIDIA 3:18:58 - GPU smuggling 3:25:36 - DeepSeek training on OpenAI data 3:36:04 - AI megaclusters 4:11:26 - Who wins the race to AGI? 4:21:39 - AI agents 4:30:21 - Programming and AI 4:37:49 - Open source 4:47:01 - Stargate 4:54:30 - Future of AI *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Marc Andreessen is an entrepreneur, investor, co-creator of Mosaic, co-founder of Netscape, and co-founder of the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep458-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/marc-andreessen-2-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Marc's X: https://x.com/pmarca Marc's Substack: https://pmarca.substack.com Marc's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@a16z Andreessen Horowitz: https://a16z.com *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Encord:* AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep458-sb *GitHub:* Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep458-sb *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep458-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep458-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep458-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 1:09 - Best possible future 10:32 - History of Western Civilization 19:51 - Trump in 2025 27:32 - TDS in tech 40:19 - Preference falsification 56:15 - Self-censorship 1:11:18 - Censorship 1:19:57 - Jon Stewart 1:22:43 - Mark Zuckerberg on Joe Rogan 1:31:32 - Government pressure 1:42:19 - Nature of power 1:55:08 - Journalism 2:00:43 - Bill Ackman 2:05:40 - Trump administration 2:13:19 - DOGE 2:27:11 - H1B and immigration 3:05:05 - Little tech 3:17:25 - AI race 3:26:15 - X 3:29:47 - Yann LeCun 3:33:21 - Andrew Huberman 3:34:53 - Success 3:37:49 - God and humanity *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Jennifer Burns is a historian of ideas, focusing on the evolution of economic, political, and social ideas in the United States in the 20th century. She wrote two biographies, one on Milton Friedman, and the other on Ayn Rand. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep457-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/jennifer-burns-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Jennifer's X: https://x.com/profburns Jennifer's Website: https://www.jenniferburns.org Jennifer's Books: Milton Friedman biography: https://amzn.to/4hfy1HO Ayn Rand biography: https://amzn.to/4afr3A0 *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Brain.fm:* Music for focus. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/brainfm-ep457-sb *GitHub:* Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep457-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep457-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep457-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep457-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 0:48 - Milton Friedman 15:41 - The Great Depression 29:58 - Schools of economic thought 41:05 - Keynesian economics 48:53 - Laissez-faire 56:43 - Friedrich Hayek 1:02:01 - Money and monetarism 1:16:46 - Stagflation 1:21:39 - Moral case for capitalism 1:25:35 - Freedom 1:30:34 - Ethics of competition 1:34:20 - Win-win solutions 1:36:09 - Corruption 1:38:33 - Government intervention 1:44:53 - Conservatism 1:51:16 - Donald Trump 1:53:52 - Inflation 1:58:21 - DOGE 2:03:40 - Javier Milei 2:08:46 - Richard Nixon 2:16:00 - Ronald Reagan 2:19:07 - Cryptocurrency 2:34:23 - Ayn Rand 2:42:01 - The Fountainhead 2:53:41 - Sex and power dynamics 3:09:47 - Evolution of ideas in history 3:17:15 - Postmodernism 3:28:16 - Advice to students 3:36:32 - Lex reflects on Volodymyr Zelenskyy interview *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Volodymyr Zelenskyy is the President of Ukraine. This episode is available in English, Ukrainian, and Russian. Captions and voice-over audio tracks are provided in English, Ukrainian, Russian, and the original mixed-language version, with subtitles available in your preferred language. To listen to the original mixed language version, please select the English (UK) audio track audio track. The default is English overdub. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep456-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/volodymyr-zelenskyy-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* President Zelenskyy's X: https://x.com/ZelenskyyUa President Zelenskyy's Instagram: https://instagram.com/zelenskyy_official President Zelenskyy's Website: https://www.president.gov.ua/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep456-sb *GitHub:* Developer platform and AI code editor. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/github-ep456-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep456-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep456-sb *Eight Sleep:* Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep456-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep456-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 3:29 - Introductory words from Lex 13:55 - Language 23:44 - World War II 40:32 - Invasion on Feb 24, 2022 47:07 - Negotiating Peace 1:07:24 - NATO and security guarantees 1:20:17 - Sitting down with Putin and Trump 1:39:47 - Compromise and leverage 1:45:15 - Putin and Russia 1:55:07 - Donald Trump 2:05:39 - Martial Law and Elections 2:17:58 - Corruption 2:26:44 - Elon Musk 2:30:47 - Trump Inauguration on Jan 20 2:33:55 - Power dynamics in Ukraine 2:37:27 - Future of Ukraine 2:42:09 - Choice of language 2:51:39 - Podcast prep and research process 3:00:04 - Travel and setup 3:05:51 - Conclusion *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Adam Frank is an astrophysicist studying star systems and the search for extraterrestrial life and alien civilizations. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep455-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/adam-frank-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Adam's Website: https://adamfrankscience.com Adam's X: https://x.com/adamfrank4 Adam's Instagram: https://instagram.com/adamfrankscience Adam's Books: The Little Book of Aliens: https://amzn.to/3OTX1rP Light of the Stars: https://amzn.to/4iMKC6C The Blind Spot: https://amzn.to/4gOCe4K The Constant Fire: https://amzn.to/3ZVnxX4 *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Encord:* AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep455-sb *Eight Sleep:* Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep455-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep455-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep455-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep455-sb *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep455-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep455-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep455-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 1:58 - Planet formation 7:08 - Plate tectonics 14:30 - Extinction events 18:41 - Biosphere 21:39 - Technosphere 25:53 - Emergence of intelligence 32:06 - Drake equation 36:20 - Exoplanets 39:04 - Habitable zones 42:06 - Fermi Paradox 51:04 - Alien civilizations 1:00:32 - Colonizing Mars 1:12:48 - Search for aliens 1:29:13 - Alien megastructures 1:35:19 - Kardashev scale 1:40:32 - Detecting aliens 1:47:14 - Warp drives 1:53:21 - Cryogenics 1:56:39 - What aliens look like 2:05:24 - Alien contact 2:16:29 - UFO sightings 2:28:14 - Physics of life 2:54:05 - Nature of time 3:10:29 - Cognition 3:14:53 - Mortality *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Saagar Enjeti is a political journalist & commentator, co-host of Breaking Points with Krystal and Saagar and The Realignment Podcast. He is exceptionally well-read, and the books he recommends are always fascinating and eye-opening. You can check out all the books he mentions in this episode here: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep454-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/saagar-enjeti-2-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Saagar's Book Recommendations: https://lexfridman.com/saagar-books Saagar's Substack (where he recommends more books): https://saagarenjeti.substack.com/ Saagar's X: https://x.com/esaagar Saagar's Instagram: https://instagram.com/esaagar Breaking Points: https://youtube.com/@breakingpoints The Realignment Podcast: https://www.youtube.com/@therealignment Saagar's Linktree: https://linktr.ee/esaagar *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Eight Sleep:* Temp-controlled smart mattress cover. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep454-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep454-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep454-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep454-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep454-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep454-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 5:06 - Why Trump won 10:07 - Book recommendations 13:44 - History of wokeism 21:13 - History of Scots-Irish 27:51 - Biden 31:54 - FDR 33:55 - George W Bush 36:18 - LBJ 41:35 - Cuban Missile Crisis 49:07 - Immigration 1:21:06 - DOGE 1:47:46 - MAGA ideology 1:50:58 - Bernie Sanders 1:59:20 - Obama vs Trump 2:16:19 - Nancy Pelosi 2:19:34 - Kamala Harris 2:35:19 - 2020 Election 2:59:08 - Sam Harris 3:10:15 - UFOs 3:16:06 - Future of the Republican Party 3:22:43 - Future of the Democratic Party 3:30:41 - Hope *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Javier Milei is the President of Argentina. This episode is available in both English and Spanish. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep453-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Update: 3rd Audio Track with Original Audio:* I've added a 3rd audio track with the original audio, with Lex speaking English and Javier Milei speaking Spanish. To listen to it, please choose "English (United Kingdom)" audio track, by clicking on: Settings (Gear Icon), Audio Track, Choose: English (United Kingdom). So, "English (US)" is the fully english dubbed track, and "English (UK)" is the original bilingual track. For the latter, you can turn on subtitles as well. For now, this is the best I can do. I will work with the YouTube team to figure out a better solution. I tried really hard to make this conversation as accessible as possible to people who speak only English or Spanish. I'll keep trying to figure out how to do this better. Your feedback is deeply appreciated. Thank you for listening. I love you all! ❤ *Corrections/Clarifications in Translation:* - The English translation at 23:23 says "fiscal deficit" when it should say "fiscal balance". We fixed the captions, transcript, and will try to fix the audio soon 🙏 - A few times "liberal" is mentioned. In most of the world (except US) that means "classical liberal" which in US is better understood as "libertarian". *Switch between English & Spanish Versions:* This podcast is translated and dubbed into Spanish. To switch between English & Spanish, click: Settings (Gear Icon) , Audio Track , Choose Language. Thank you to ElevenLabs for their amazing help with translation & dubbing 🙏' *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/javier-milei-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Javier Milei's X: https://x.com/JMilei Javier Milei's Instagram: https://instagram.com/javiermilei Javier Milei's Facebook: https://facebook.com/JavierMileiEconomista *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Eight Sleep:* Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep453-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep453-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep453-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep453-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep453-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 3:27 - Economic freedom 8:52 - Anarcho-capitalism 18:45 - Presidency and reforms 38:05 - Poverty 44:37 - Corruption 53:14 - Freedom 1:07:26 - Elon Musk 1:12:54 - DOGE 1:14:56 - Donald Trump 1:20:56 - US and Argentina relations 1:28:05 - Messi vs Maradona 1:36:58 - God 1:39:05 - Elvis and Rolling Stones 1:42:45 - Free market 1:49:46 - Loyalty 1:52:23 - Advice for young people 1:53:49 - Hope for Argentina *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Dario Amodei is the CEO of Anthropic, the company that created Claude. Amanda Askell is an AI researcher working on Claude's character and personality. Chris Olah is an AI researcher working on mechanistic interpretability. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep452-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/dario-amodei-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Claude: https://claude.ai Anthropic's X: https://x.com/AnthropicAI Anthropic's Website: https://anthropic.com Dario's X: https://x.com/DarioAmodei Dario's Website: https://darioamodei.com Machines of Loving Grace (Essay): https://darioamodei.com/machines-of-loving-grace Chris's X: https://x.com/ch402 Chris's Blog: https://colah.github.io Amanda's X: https://x.com/AmandaAskell Amanda's Website: https://askell.io *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Encord:* AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep452-sb *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep452-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep452-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep452-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep452-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 3:14 - Scaling laws 12:20 - Limits of LLM scaling 20:45 - Competition with OpenAI, Google, xAI, Meta 26:08 - Claude 29:44 - Opus 3.5 34:30 - Sonnet 3.5 37:50 - Claude 4.0 42:02 - Criticism of Claude 54:49 - AI Safety Levels 1:05:37 - ASL-3 and ASL-4 1:09:40 - Computer use 1:19:35 - Government regulation of AI 1:38:24 - Hiring a great team 1:47:14 - Post-training 1:52:39 - Constitutional AI 1:58:05 - Machines of Loving Grace 2:17:11 - AGI timeline 2:29:46 - Programming 2:36:46 - Meaning of life 2:42:53 - Amanda Askell - Philosophy 2:45:21 - Programming advice for non-technical people 2:49:09 - Talking to Claude 3:05:41 - Prompt engineering 3:14:15 - Post-training 3:18:54 - Constitutional AI 3:23:48 - System prompts 3:29:54 - Is Claude getting dumber? 3:41:56 - Character training 3:42:56 - Nature of truth 3:47:32 - Optimal rate of failure 3:54:43 - AI consciousness 4:09:14 - AGI 4:17:52 - Chris Olah - Mechanistic Interpretability 4:22:44 - Features, Circuits, Universality 4:40:17 - Superposition 4:51:16 - Monosemanticity 4:58:08 - Scaling Monosemanticity 5:06:56 - Macroscopic behavior of neural networks 5:11:50 - Beauty of neural networks *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Rick Spence is a historian specializing in the history of intelligence agencies, espionage, secret societies, conspiracies, the occult, and military history. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep451-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/rick-spence-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Rick's Website: https://www.uidaho.edu/class/history/faculty-staff/richard-spence Rick's Courses: https://bit.ly/40dIZbw *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep451-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep451-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep451-sb *MasterClass:* Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-ep451-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep451-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 0:37 - KGB and CIA 14:54 - Okhrana, Cheka, NKVD 30:26 - CIA spies vs KGB spies 37:02 - Assassinations and mind control 43:56 - Jeffrey Epstein 50:48 - Bohemian Grove 1:02:42 - Occultism 1:13:53 - Nazi party and Thule society 1:54:11 - Protocols of the Elders of Zion 2:27:16 - Charles Manson 2:54:03 - Zodiac Killer 3:04:57 - Illuminati 3:12:21 - Secret societies *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Bernie Sanders is a US Senator from Vermont and a two-time presidential candidate. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep450-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/bernie-sanders-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Bernie's Website: https://berniesanders.com Bernie's X: https://x.com/BernieSanders Bernie's Instagram: https://instagram.com/berniesanders Bernie's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@BernieSanders Bernie's Facebook: https://facebook.com/berniesanders Bernie's Books: It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism: https://amzn.to/4fiIqS3 Where We Go from Here: https://amzn.to/4eUSJMj Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution: https://amzn.to/3YkVAa4 Our Revolution: https://amzn.to/40cIbnf Outsider in the White House: https://amzn.to/3BSfD8u *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Eight Sleep:* Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep450-sb *Saily:* An eSIM for international travel. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/saily-ep450-sb *Ground News:* Unbiased news source. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ground_news-ep450-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep450-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep450-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 1:40 - MLK Jr 4:33 - Corruption in politics 15:50 - Healthcare in US 24:23 - 2016 election 30:21 - Barack Obama 36:16 - Capitalism 44:25 - Response to attacks 49:22 - AOC and progressive politics 57:13 - Mortality 59:20 - Hope for the future *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Graham Hancock a journalist and author who for over 30 years has explored the controversial possibility that there existed a lost civilization during the last Ice Age, and that it was destroyed in a global cataclysm some 12,000 years ago. He is the presenter of the Netflix documentary series "Ancient Apocalypse", the 2nd season of which has just been released. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep449-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/graham-hancock-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Graham's Website: https://grahamhancock.com/ Ancient Apocalypse (Season 2): https://netflix.com/title/81211003 Graham's YouTube: https://youtube.com/GrahamHancockDotCom Graham's X: https://x.com/Graham__Hancock Graham's Facebook: https://facebook.com/Author.GrahamHancock Fingerprints of the Gods (book): https://amzn.to/4eM3QXC *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep449-sb *Riverside:* Platform for recording podcasts and videos from everywhere. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/riverside-ep449-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep449-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep449-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep449-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 1:34 - Lost Ice Age civilization 8:39 - Göbekli Tepe 20:43 - Early humans 25:43 - Astronomical symbolism 37:11 - Younger Dryas impact hypothesis 55:31 - The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx of Giza 1:16:04 - Sahara Desert and the Amazon rainforest 1:25:25 - Response to critics 1:49:31 - Panspermia 1:56:58 - Shamanism 2:20:58 - How the Great Pyramid was built 2:28:17 - Mortality *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Jordan Peterson is a psychologist, author, lecturer, and podcast host. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep448-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/jordan-peterson-2-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Peterson Academy: https://petersonacademy.com Jordan's X: https://x.com/jordanbpeterson Jordan's YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@JordanBPeterson Jordan's Website: https://jordanbpeterson.com Jordan's Books: We Who Wrestle with God: https://amzn.to/485Dz4a Beyond Order: https://amzn.to/3T4LRBw 12 Rules for Life: https://amzn.to/3c4sqYF Maps of Meaning: https://amzn.to/3A1Ods2 *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Eight Sleep:* Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep448-sb *Ground News:* Unbiased news source. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ground_news-ep448-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep448-sb *LMNT:* Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep448-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 0:08 - Nietzsche 7:49 - Power and propaganda 12:55 - Nazism 17:55 - Religion 34:19 - Communism 40:04 - Hero myth 42:13 - Belief in God 52:25 - Advice for young people 1:05:03 - Sex 1:25:01 - Good and evil 1:37:47 - Psychopathy 1:51:16 - Hardship 2:03:32 - Pain and gratitude 2:14:33 - Truth *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Aman Sanger, Arvid Lunnemark, Michael Truell, and Sualeh Asif are creators of Cursor, a popular code editor that specializes in AI-assisted programming. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep447-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/cursor-team-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Cursor Website: https://cursor.com Cursor on X: https://x.com/cursor_ai Anysphere Website: https://anysphere.inc/ Aman's X: https://x.com/amanrsanger Aman's Website: https://amansanger.com/ Arvid's X: https://x.com/ArVID220u Arvid's Website: https://arvid.xyz/ Michael's Website: https://mntruell.com/ Michael's LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/3zIDkPN Sualeh's X: https://x.com/sualehasif996 Sualeh's Website: https://sualehasif.me/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Encord:* AI tooling for annotation & data management. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/encord-ep447-sb *MasterClass:* Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-ep447-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep447-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep447-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep447-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 0:59 - Code editor basics 3:09 - GitHub Copilot 10:27 - Cursor 16:54 - Cursor Tab 23:08 - Code diff 31:20 - ML details 36:54 - GPT vs Claude 43:28 - Prompt engineering 50:54 - AI agents 1:04:51 - Running code in background 1:09:31 - Debugging 1:14:58 - Dangerous code 1:26:09 - Branching file systems 1:29:20 - Scaling challenges 1:43:32 - Context 1:48:39 - OpenAI o1 2:00:01 - Synthetic data 2:03:48 - RLHF vs RLAIF 2:05:34 - Fields Medal for AI 2:08:17 - Scaling laws 2:17:06 - The future of programming *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Ed Barnhart is an archaeologist and explorer specializing in ancient civilizations of the Americas. He is the Director of the Maya Exploration Center, host of the ArchaeoEd Podcast, and lecturer on the ancient history of North, Central, and South America. Ed is in part known for his groundbreaking work on ancient astronomy, mathematics, and calendar systems. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep446-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/ed-barnhart-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Ed's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@archaeoedpodcast Ed's Website: https://archaeoed.com/ Maya Exploration Center: https://mayaexploration.org Ed's Lectures on The Great Courses: https://thegreatcoursesplus.com/edwin-barnhart Ed's Lectures on Audible: https://adbl.co/4dBavTZ 2025 Mayan Calendar: https://mayan-calendar.com/ *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *MasterClass:* Online classes from world-class experts. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/masterclass-ep446-sb *Shopify:* Sell stuff online. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep446-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep446-sb *AG1:* All-in-one daily nutrition drinks. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep446-sb *Notion:* Note-taking and team collaboration. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/notion-ep446-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 1:39 - Lost civilizations 8:43 - Hunter-gatherers 12:16 - First humans in the Americas 22:07 - South America 27:36 - Pyramids 34:40 - Religion 47:44 - Shamanism 49:41 - Ayahuasca 55:54 - Lost City of Z 1:00:48 - Graham Hancock 1:07:51 - Uncontacted tribes 1:13:51 - Maya civilization 1:29:40 - Mayan calendar 1:44:57 - Flood myths 2:13:25 - Aztecs 2:30:52 - Inca Empire 2:48:52 - Early humans in North America 2:54:50 - Columbus 2:59:26 - Vikings 3:03:35 - Aliens 3:08:02 - Earth in 10,000 years 3:24:12 - Hope for the future *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman

Vivek Ramaswamy is a conservative politician, entrepreneur, and author of many books on politics, including his latest titled Truths: The Future of America First. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep445-sb See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. *Transcript:* https://lexfridman.com/vivek-ramaswamy-transcript *CONTACT LEX:* *Feedback* - give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey *AMA* - submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama *Hiring* - join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring *Other* - other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact *EPISODE LINKS:* Truths (new book): https://amzn.to/3XPgZJF Vivek's X: https://x.com/VivekGRamaswamy Vivek's YouTube: https://youtube.com/@VivekGRamaswamy Vivek's Instagram: https://instagram.com/vivekgramaswamy Vivek's Facebook: https://facebook.com/VivekGRamaswamy Vivek's Rumble: https://rumble.com/VivekRamaswamy Vivek's LinkedIn: https://bit.ly/4e5g0uv Vivek's other books: Woke, Inc.: https://amzn.to/4eqiDqs Nation of Victims: https://amzn.to/3Tu4259 Capitalist Punishment: https://amzn.to/3XOwi5c *SPONSORS:* To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: *Saily:* An eSIM for international travel. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/saily-ep445-sb *BetterHelp:* Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep445-sb *NetSuite:* Business management software. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/netsuite-ep445-sb *Ground News:* Unbiased news source. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/ground_news-ep445-sb *Eight Sleep:* Temp-controlled smart mattress. Go to https://lexfridman.com/s/eight_sleep-ep445-sb *OUTLINE:* 0:00 - Introduction 2:02 - Conservatism 5:18 - Progressivism 10:52 - DEI 15:45 - Bureaucracy 22:36 - Government efficiency 37:46 - Education 52:11 - Military Industrial Complex 1:14:29 - Illegal immigration 1:36:03 - Donald Trump 1:57:29 - War in Ukraine 2:08:43 - China 2:19:53 - Will Vivek run in 2028? 2:31:32 - Approach to debates *PODCAST LINKS:* - Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast - Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr - Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 - RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ - Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 - Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips *SOCIAL LINKS:* - X: https://x.com/lexfridman - Instagram: https://instagram.com/lexfridman - TikTok: https://tiktok.com/@lexfridman - LinkedIn: https://linkedin.com/in/lexfridman - Facebook: https://facebook.com/lexfridman - Patreon: https://patreon.com/lexfridman - Telegram: https://t.me/lexfridman - Reddit: https://reddit.com/r/lexfridman