PsychEd: educational psychiatry podcast

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers Antipsychotic Side Effects with our very own expert Dr Alex Raben, a staff psychiatrist in chronic care at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto. Dr. Raben graduated from medical school and completed residency at the University of Toronto. His academic interests include teaching and medical education scholarship with a particular interest in novel modalities of knowledge translation within the field of psychiatry. He is a founding member and Executive Director of PsychEd, this educational psychiatry podcast which aims to empower medical learners to seek out current knowledge from mental health experts to share with their colleagues around the world. The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, the listener will be able to… Outline the side effects of antipsychotics and their known/potential mechanisms Discuss management options for the different side effects Identify which antipsychotics are more likely to cause certain side effects Guest: Dr Alex Raben Hosts: Angad Singh and Kate Braithwaite Audio editing by: Angad Singh Show notes by: Angad Singh and Kate Braithwaite Interview Content: Introduction - 0:00 Primer on antipsychotics - 1:54 Anti-dopamine side effects - 5:04 Drug potency as it relates to side effects - 38:46 Anticholinergic side effects - 41:37 Antiadrenergic side effects - 47:30 Metabolic side effects - 50:29 Sedation - 56:46 Please note that this episode does not include a discussion of the life threatening side effects of antipsychotics. These include neuroleptic malignant syndrome, torsades de pointes, laryngospasm, and seizure. Resources: PsychEd Episode 10: Treatment of Schizophrenia Part II with Dr. Albert Wong — PsychEd Podcast PsychEd Episode 60: Metabolic Psychiatry with Dr. Cindy Calkin – Psyched Podcast AIMSExtendedSample - YouTube Anticholinergic Mnemonics: Toxicology Mnemonic Challenge • LITFL • Toxicology Conundrum References: de Silva VA, Suraweera C, Ratnatunga SS, Dayabandara M, Wanniarachchi N, Hanwella R. Metformin in prevention and treatment of antipsychotic induced weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC psychiatry. 2016;16:1-0. Migirov A, Datta AR. Physiology, Anticholinergic Reaction. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546589/ Miller DD. Atypical antipsychotics: sleep, sedation, and efficacy. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;6(Suppl 2):3-7. PMID: 16001094; PMCID: PMC487011. Roerig JL, Steffen KJ, Mitchell JE. Atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: insights into mechanisms of action. CNS drugs. 2011;25:1035-59. Stahl SM. Stahl's essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. Cambridge university press; 2021. Stroup TS, Gray N. Management of common adverse effects of antipsychotic medications. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(3):341-56. For more PsychEd, follow us on Instagram (@psyched.podcast), Twitter (@psychedpodcast), and Facebook (PsychEd Podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers an introduction to forensic psychiatry with Dr. Amina Ali, a forensic psychiatrist at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto, Canada. Dr. Ali joined the Forensic Division at CAMH in 2018. She is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto. Prior to joining CAMH, Dr. Ali received her Doctor of Medicine at the American University of the Caribbean, completed her Psychiatry residency at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York, and fellowship in Forensic Psychiatry at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dr. Ali's leadership experience includes serving as Chief resident during her residency, for which she was bestowed a Residency Leadership Award from the Bronx Lebanon Hospital Center. She is a Competence By Design coach to residents and serves on the Psychiatry Competency Committee and as a CaRMS file reviewer for the University of Toronto General Psychiatry Residency Program. She is also a supervisor for forensic residents and sits on the subspecialty resident committees. Within the forensic division, Dr. Ali has contributed to the organization and implementation of the Summer Studentship in Forensic Psychiatry Program and is our Medical Education and Wellness Lead. Internationally, Dr. Ali was appointed to serve on the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Education Committee and most recently recruited to Chair their Civil Commitment and Consent to Treatment Working Group. The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, the listener will be able to… Describe the role of forensic psychiatry and its relation to the Ontario Review Board. Outline the criteria for fitness to stand trial. Describe the function and possible outcomes of a treatment order. Outline the criteria for not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder. Distinguish between the disposition options available under the Ontario Review Board. Demonstrate an enhanced ability to advocate for and support patients in navigating the forensic psychiatric system. Guest: Dr. Amina Ali Hosts: Alexander Simmons (PGY3), Kate Braithwaite (MD), and Rhys Linthorst (PGY5) Audio editing by: Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Show notes by: Alexander Simmons (PGY3) References: Crocker, A. G., Nicholls, T. L., Seto, M. C., Charette, Y., Cote, G., Caulet, M. (2015). The National Trajectory Project of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder in Canada. Part 2: the people behind the label. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(3), 106-116. Prpa, T., Moulden, H. M., Taylor, L., Chaimowitz, G. A. (2018). A review of patient-level factors related to the assessment of fitness to stand trial in Canada. International Journal of Risk and Recovery, 1(2), 16-22. Carroll, A., McSherry, B., Wood, D., & Yannoulidis, LLB, S. (2008). Drug‐associated psychoses and criminal responsibility. Behavioral sciences & the law, 26(5), 633-653. Watts, J. (2013). Updating toxic psychosis into 21st-century Canadian: Bouchard-Lebrun v. R. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 41(3), 374-381. Crocker, AG, Nicholls, TL, Seto, MC, Cote, G, Charette, Y, Caulet, M. The national trajectory project of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder in Canada, Part 1: Context and methods. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015;60(3):98-105. Schneider, RD. Mental health courts. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2008;21:510-513. https://www.orb.on.ca/scripts/en/about.asp#dispositions For more PsychEd, follow us on X (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode introduces the field of metabolic psychiatry, with a focus on patients with severe mental illness and metabolic syndrome. Our guest is Dr. Cindy Calkin, an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neuroscience at Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia. Dr. Calkin has been a pioneer in the field of metabolic and neuroendocrine disorders in patients with bipolar disorder. Her research interests include examining the effects of obesity, insulin resistance and type II diabetes on the clinical course and outcomes in bipolar disorder. The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, the listener will be able to…  Describe the burden of metabolic syndrome in the population with severe mental illnesses Explain reasons for the comorbidity between metabolic syndrome and severe mental illness Identify biopsychosocial strategies to prevent or treat metabolic conditions in this population Guest: Dr. Cindy Calkin Hosts: Angad Singh, Gaurav Sharma, and Sara Abrahamson Audio editing by: Gaurav Sharma Show notes by: Sara Abrahamson & Gaurav Sharma  Conflicts of interest: Neither our guest nor hosts for this episode have declared any conflicts of interest related to this topic. Interview content: 0:00 - Introduction 00:54 - Learning objectives 01:37 - Dr. Calkin’s career trajectory 9:45 - Describing the burden of metabolic syndrome in severe mental illness 14:16 - What is the relationship between metabolic syndrome and severe mental illness 25:23 - Why is metabolic syndrome underdiagnosed in severe mental illness 27:56 - How to measure and monitor insulin resistance in clinical practice 32:44 - How stigma impacts treatment of metabolic syndrome in the mentally ill 34:02 - Lifestyle interventions for metabolic syndrome in the mentally ill 37:06 - Medication interventions for metabolic syndrome in the mentally ill 39:44 - Directions for future research in the metabolic psychiatry 41:48 - Episode summary References: Bai, Y.-M., Li, C.-T., Tsai, S.-J., Tu, P.-C., Chen, M.-H., & Su, T.-P. (2016). Metabolic syndrome and adverse clinical outcomes in patients with bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 448–448. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1143-8 Calkin, C., Kamintsky, L., & Friedman, A. (2022). Reversal of insulin resistance is associated with repair of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and remission in a patient with treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Bipolar Disorders, 24(5), 553-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.13199 Calkin, C. V., Ruzickova, M., Uher, R., Hajek, T., Slaney, C. M., Garnham, J. S., ... & Alda, M. (2015). Insulin resistance and outcome in bipolar disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(1), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152850 Giménez-Palomo, A., Gomes-da-Costa, S., Dodd, S., Pachiarotti, I., Verdolini, N., Vieta, E., & Berk, M. (2022). Does metabolic syndrome or its component factors alter the course of bipolar disorder? A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 132, 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.026 Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., Mak, A., & Ho, R. C. (2014). Metabolic syndrome in psychiatry: advances in understanding and management. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 20(2), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.113.011619 Leboyer, M., Godin, O., Llorca, P. M., Aubin, V., Bellivier, F., Belzeaux, R., Courtet, P., Costagliola, D., Dubertret, C., M’Bailara, K., Haffen, E., Henry, C., Laouamri, H., Passerieux, C., Pelletier, A., Polosan, M., Roux, P., Schwan, R., Samalin, L., … Etain, B. (2022). Key findings on bipolar disorders from the longitudinal FondaMental Advanced Center of Expertise-Bipolar Disorder (FACE-BD) cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders, 307, 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.053 Stogios, N., Humber, B., Agarwal, S. M., & Hahn, M. (2023). Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain in Severe Mental Illness: Risk Factors and Special Considerations. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25(11), 707-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01458-0 Vancampfort, D., Vansteelandt, K., Correll, C. U., Mitchell, A. J., De Herdt, A., Sienaert, P., Probst, M., & De Hert, M. (2013). Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Rates and Moderators. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12050620 Ventriglio, A., Gentile, A., Stella, E., & Bellomo, A. (2015). Metabolic issues in patients affected by schizophrenia: clinical characteristics and medical management. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9, 297–297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00297 For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the field of critical psychiatry with Dr. Elia Abi-Jaoude and Lucy Costa. Dr. Abi-Jaoude is a staff psychiatrist at The Hospital for Sick Children and Assistant Professor and Clinician Investigator in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto in Toronto, Canada. Lucy Costa is Deputy Executive Director of the Empowerment Council, a voice for clients of mental health and addiction services primarily at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto.   While this topic could be very philosophical and expansive, we are going to focus our discussion by considering the practical implications of this field on psychiatric practice. What do you need to know about critical psychiatry as a trainee, and how might it impact your clinical practice?   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, the listener will be able to… Define the term critical psychiatry and describe how the field has evolved over time Review core principles of critical psychiatry and apply them to a clinical situation Understand the potential benefits and harms of critical psychiatry and where the field is headed   Guests: Dr. Eila Abi-Jaoude and Lucy Costa   Hosts: Dr. Gaurav Sharma (PGY5), Dr. Nikhita Singhal (PGY5), Dr. Monisha Basu (PGY2), and Saja Jaberi (IMG)   Audio editing by: Gaurav Sharma   Show notes by: Gaurav Sharma and Nikhita Singhal   Conflicts of interest: Neither of our guests nor hosts have declared any conflicts of interest related to this topic. Interview content: Introduction - 00:13 Learning objectives - 02:35 Defining critical psychiatry - 03:33 How our experts got involved in critical psychiatry and incorporate it into their work - 04:50 What are some of the questions critical psychiatry tries to answer? - 15:07 Why care about critical psychiatry and “holding truths lightly”? - 23:55 Principles of critical psychiatry - 24:55 Applying critical psychiatry principles to a case - 32:40 Potential benefits and harms of a critical psychiatry approach - 41:49 Future directions for critical psychiatry - 58:29 Review of learning objectives and summary - 1:01:30 End credits - 1:03:17   Resources: Critical Psychiatry Textbook Restoring Study 329  Psych Debate 14 | Critical Psychiatry and Diagnosis   References: Barkil-Oteo A. Collaborative care for depression in primary care: how psychiatry could "troubleshoot" current treatments and practices. Yale J Biol Med. 2013 Jun 13;86(2):139-46. Craddock N, Mynors-Wallis L. Psychiatric diagnosis: impersonal, imperfect and important. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;204(2):93-95. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.133090 Kirsch I. The emperor's new drugs: medication and placebo in the treatment of depression. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2014;225:291-303. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44519-8_16 Middleton H, Moncrieff J. Critical psychiatry: a brief overview. BJPsych Advances. 2019;25(1):47-54. doi:10.1192/bja.2018.38 O'Donoghue T, Crossley J. A critical narrative analysis of psychiatrists' engagement with psychosis as a contentious area. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020 Nov;66(7):724-730. doi: 10.1177/0020764020934516 Samara MT, Dold M, Gianatsi M, et al. Efficacy, Acceptability, and Tolerability of Antipsychotics in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(3):199–210. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2955   Important figures in the history of anti-psychiatry and critical psychiatry (discussion edited from episode for length): Anti-Psychiatrists: R. D. Laing (UK) Thomas Szasz (USA) Michel Foucault (France)   Critical Psychiatrists: Joanna Moncrieff (UK) Suman Fernando (UK) Sami Tamini (UK) Pat Bracken (UK) Derek Summerfield (UK) Sandra Steinguard (USA) Critical Psychiatry Network  (International Email List)   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers depression in children and adolescents with Dr. Darren Courtney, a scientist with the Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression and the Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth and Family Mental Health and a staff psychiatrist in the Youth Addictions and Concurrent Disorders Service at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto. He is also an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto.   Dr. Courtney earned his MD in 2004 at Queen’s University and completed psychiatry residency in 2009 at the University of Ottawa. He was the clinical director of the Youth Inpatient Unit at the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre from 2009 to 2014 and moved to Toronto in 2014, where he worked on the Concurrent Youth Inpatient Unit at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health until 2017 and where his clinical work with concurrent disorders continues now with outpatient youth.   Dr. Courtney's research focus is on the treatment of adolescent depression through the use of an integrated care pathway — a collaboratively developed treatment algorithm based on high-quality clinical practice guidelines. Through his research, he works on identifying quality practice guidelines and corresponding multi-disciplinary care pathways to facilitate evidence-based and measurement-based care for adolescents with depression. He has also participated in a systematic review and quality appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Additionally, he has an interest in the management of concurrent disorders, where young people are affected by both primary psychiatric disorders and substance use disorders.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Outline the prevalence and risk factors for depression in children and adolescents Explain how children and adolescents with depression present in clinical practice Discuss the use of screening tools for depression in this population Describe an approach to the management of depression in children and adolescents Outline the management of an adolescent with suicidal thoughts or behaviours   Guest: Dr. Darren Courtney Hosts: Kate Braithwaite (MD) and Nikhita Singhal (PGY5) Audio editing by: Nikhita Singhal Show notes by: Kate Braithwaite and Nikhita Singhal   Interview Content: Introduction - 0:00 Learning objectives - 02:11 Prevalence of depression in youth - 03:11 Risk factors for depression in youth - 06:25 Diagnosing depression in youth - 08:30 Screening tools - 14:24 Approach to taking a history from youth - 19:45 Management of depression in youth - 30:12 Psychotherapies - 33:20 Medications - 37:37 Assessing and managing suicidality in youth - 44:00 Measurement based care - 51:00 Final thoughts - 55:10   Resources: Previous PsychEd episodes: PsychEd Episode 1: Diagnosis of Depression with Dr. Ilana Shawn PsychEd Episode 2: Treatment of Depression with Dr. Sidney Kennedy PsychEd Episode 18: Assessing Suicide Risk with Dr. Juveria Zaheer ICHOM Set of Patient-Centered Outcome Measures for Children & Young People with Depression & Anxiety Screening tools/rating scales: Revised Children's Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) NICE guideline: Depression in children and young people: identification and management NICE guideline: Self-harm: assessment, management and preventing recurrence The CARIBOU Pathway by CAMH: A youth-centered program for the treatment of depression Includes links to download free clinician-specific and youth-specific resources co-developed with youth and mental health clinicians Clinical Innovations and Tools | Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression | CAMH Includes links to various tools for health care providers, researchers, youth, and other stakeholders (such as teachers and family members) informed by research evidence   References: Bennett K, Courtney D, Duda S, Henderson J, Szatmari P. An appraisal of the trustworthiness of practice guidelines for depression and anxiety in children and youth. Depress Anxiety. 2018 Jun;35(6):530-540. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22752 Courtney D, Bennett K, Henderson J, Darnay K, Battaglia M, Strauss J, Watson P, Szatmari P. A Way through the woods: Development of an integrated care pathway for adolescents with depression. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2020 Aug;14(4):486-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12918 Georgiades K, Duncan L, Wang L, Comeau J, Boyle MH; 2014 Ontario Child Health Study Team. Six-Month Prevalence of Mental Disorders and Service Contacts among Children and Youth in Ontario: Evidence from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study. Can J Psychiatry. 2019 Apr;64(4):246-255. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0706743719830024 Goodyer IM, Reynolds S, Barrett B, Byford S, Dubicka B, Hill J, Holland F, Kelvin R, Midgley N, Roberts C, Senior R, Target M, Widmer B, Wilkinson P, Fonagy P. Cognitive-behavioural therapy and short-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy versus brief psychosocial intervention in adolescents with unipolar major depression (IMPACT): a multicentre, pragmatic, observer-blind, randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Assess. 2017 Mar;21(12):1-94. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta21120 Hetrick SE, McKenzie JE, Bailey AP, Sharma V, Moller CI, Badcock PB, Cox GR, Merry SN, Meader N. New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 24;5(5):CD013674. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013674.pub2 MacQueen GM, Frey BN, Ismail Z, Jaworska N, Steiner M, Lieshout RJ, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, Milev RV, Parikh SV, Ravindran AV; CANMAT Depression Work Group. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 6. Special Populations: Youth, Women, and the Elderly. Can J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;61(9):588-603. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0706743716659276 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in children and young people: Identification and management NG134 [Internet]. London: NICE; 2019 Jun 25 [cited 2023 Sep 22]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng134. Parikh A, Fristad MA, Axelson D, Krishna R. Evidence Base for Measurement-Based Care in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2020 Oct;29(4):587-599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2020.06.001 Walter HJ, Abright AR, Bukstein OG, Diamond J, Keable H, Ripperger-Suhler J, Rockhill C. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Major and Persistent Depressive Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023 May;62(5):479-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.10.001 Wiens K, Bhattarai A, Pedram P, Dores A, Williams J, Bulloch A, Patten S. A growing need for youth mental health services in Canada: examining trends in youth mental health from 2011 to 2018. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2020 Apr 17;29:e115. https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS2045796020000281 World Health Organization. Mental health of adolescents [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Sep 22]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers HIV/AIDS psychiatry with special guests from two international settings to provide complementary perspectives on HIV psychiatry. Dr. Adriana Carvalhal, HIV Psychiatrist and Staff Psychiatrist at Scarborough Health Network in Canada and Dr. Leigh Van Den Heuvel, Psychiatrist and Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry, at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:  By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Understand the unique mental health needs of people living with HIV and the bidirectional relationship between HIV and mental health Identify HIV-specific mental health disorders and how to screen for these conditions Outline the overall approach to treatment for HIV patients with mental health disorders Guests: Dr. Adriana Carvalhal and Dr Leigh Van Den Heuvel Produced by: Saja Jaberi (MD), Kate Braithwaite (MD) and Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Hosts: Kate Braithwaite (MD) and Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Audio editing by: Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Show notes by: Saja Jaberi (MD) and Gaurav Sharma (PGY5) Conflicts of Interest: Neither of our guests nor hosts have declared any conflicts of interest related to this topic. Generic names are used for all medications referenced. Contents: Introduction - 0:19 Learning objectives - 3:52 The bidirectional relationship between HIV and psychiatric illness - 4:24 Prevalence of psychiatric illness in HIV - 9:56 Screening for psychiatric illness in HIV populations - 12:11 HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND) - 19:27 Diagnostic Criteria - 20:19 Clinical Presentation & Etiology - 23:03 Risk Factors - 26:56 Screening Tools - 32:06 Treatment - 36:59 HIV Psychiatry case example - 39:48 Navigating the differential diagnosis - 41:44 Initial management & addressing comorbidities - 44:30 Drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral and psychiatric medications - 48:04 Review of learning objectives & final thoughts - 52:04 Outro - 55:55   Resources: Clinical Care Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV in Ontario, Canada (occguidelines.com) Estimates of HIV incidence, prevalence and Canada’s progress on meeting the 90-90-90 HIV targets, 2020 - Canada.ca   HIV and Clinical Depression  https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/Professional-Topics/HIV-Psychiatry/FactSheet-Anxiety-2012.pdf  https://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Psychiatrists/Practice/Professional-Topics/HIV-Psychiatry/FactSheet-CognitiveDisorder-2012.pdf  International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) - Mental Health Screening - National HIV Curriculum (uw.edu)/ Liverpool HIV Interactions (hiv-druginteractions.org) References: Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ, Wright EJ, Brew BJ. New Potential Axes of HIV Neuropathogenesis with Relevance to Biomarkers and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:3-39. doi: 10.1007/7854_2019_126. PMID: 32040843. Angelovich TA, Churchill MJ, Wright EJ, Brew BJ. New Potential Axes of HIV Neuropathogenesis with Relevance to Biomarkers and Treatment. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:3-39. doi: 10.1007/7854_2019_126. PMID: 32040843. Awori V, Mativo P, Yonga G, Shah R. The association between asymptomatic and mild neurocognitive impairment and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among people living with human immunodeficiency virus. South Afr J HIV Med. 2018 Apr 12;19(1):674. doi: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.674. PMID: 29707383; PMCID: PMC5913780. Bloch M, Kamminga J, Jayewardene A, Bailey M, Carberry A, Vincent T, Quan D, Maruff P, Brew B, Cysique LA. A Screening Strategy for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders That Accurately Identifies Patients Requiring Neurological Review. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):687-693. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw399. Epub 2016 Jun 19. PMID: 27325690; PMCID: PMC4981762. Clinical Care Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents living with HIV in Ontario, Canada. Clinical Care Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents Living with HIV in Ontario, Canada (occguidelines.com) Core Concepts - Screening for Mental Health Conditions - Basic HIV Primary Care - National HIV Curriculum (uw.edu) Cysique LA, Casaletto KB, Heaton RK. Reliably Measuring Cognitive Change in the Era of Chronic HIV Infection and Chronic HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:271-298. doi: 10.1007/7854_2019_116. PMID: 31559600. EACS Guidelines version 11.1, October 2022. Joska JA, Witten J, Thomas KG, Robertson C, Casson-Crook M, Roosa H et al. A Comparison of Five Brief Screening Tools for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in the USA and South Africa. AIDS and behavior. 2016 Aug 1;20(8):1621-1631. doi: 10.1007/s10461-016-1316-y Kolakowska A, Maresca AF, Collins IJ, Cailhol J. Update on Adverse Effects of HIV Integrase Inhibitors. Curr Treat Options Infect Dis. 2019;11(4):372-387. doi: 10.1007/s40506-019-00203-7. Epub 2019 Nov 16. PMID: 33380904; PMCID: PMC7758219. Robbins RN, Scott TM, Gouse H, Marcotte TD, Rourke SB. Screening for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Sensitivity and Specificity. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:429-478. doi: 10.1007/7854_2019_117. PMID: 32677005. Rubin LH, Maki PM. Neurocognitive Complications of HIV Infection in Women: Insights from the WIHS Cohort. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:175-191. doi: 10.1007/7854_2019_101. PMID: 31396894. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society. Management of mental health disorders in HIV-positive patients. S Afr J HIV Med 2013; 14(4): 155 - 165  Thompson MA, Horberg MA, Agwu AL, Colasanti JA, Jain MK, Short WR, Singh T, Aberg JA. Primary Care Guidance for Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: 2020 Update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 6;73(11):e3572-e3605. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1391. Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 08;: Erratum in: Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 30;75(11):2052. PMID: 33225349. Turjanski, N., & Lloyd, G. (2005). Psychiatric side-effects of medications: Recent developments. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(1), 58-70. doi:10.1192/apt.11.1.58 Wang Y, Liu M, Lu Q, Farrell M, Lappin JM, Shi J, Lu L, Bao Y. Global prevalence and burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: A meta-analysis. Neurology. 2020 Nov 10;95(19):e2610-e2621. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010752. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PMID: 32887786.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers trauma and addictions with Dr. Gabor Maté, a retired physician who, after 20 years of family practice and palliative care experience, worked for over a decade in Vancouver’s Downtown East Side with patients challenged by drug addiction and mental illness. The bestselling author of five books published in thirty languages, including the award-winning In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction, Dr. Maté is an internationally renowned speaker highly sought after for his expertise on addiction, trauma, childhood development, and the relationship of stress and illness. For his groundbreaking medical work and writing he has been awarded the Order of Canada, his country’s highest civilian distinction, and the Civic Merit Award from his hometown, Vancouver. His fifth book, The Myth of Normal: Trauma, Illness and Healing in a Toxic Culture was released on September 13, 2022.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Understand the connection between trauma and the development of addictions and other mental illnesses Critically reflect on current diagnostic and treatment paradigms Apply principles of trauma-informed care to psychiatric assessment and the provision of mental health services   Guest: Dr Gabor Maté   Hosts: Sena Gok, Rhys Linthorst, Angad Singh, Nikhita Singhal, and Alex Raben   Audio editing by: Sena Gok   Show notes by: Nikhita Singhal   Interview Content: Introduction - 0:00 Learning objectives - 01:43 Defining trauma - 02:14 Current dominant views of addiction - 07:27 Defining addiction - 11:05 Relationship between trauma and addiction - 16:15 Neurobiology of addiction - 17:20 Brain development - 25:48 Genetic susceptibility - 36:10 Trauma-informed approach to treatment - 39:45 Importance of therapeutic relationships - 44:10 Societal barriers - 48:15 Harm reduction - 54:32 Closing comments - 01:00:14   Resources: Books: In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts (Gabor Maté) The Myth of Normal (Gabor Maté) The Body Keeps The Score (Bessel van der Kolk) The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions (Jaak Pansepp, Lucy Biven) Dr Gabor Maté’s website: https://www.drgabormate.com Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 More information on ACEs from Harvard University’s Center on the Developing Child: What Are ACEs? And How Do They Relate to Toxic Stress? Compassionate Inquiry (psychotherapeutic approach developed by Dr Gabor Maté)   References: Brown, T., Berman, S., McDaniel, K., Radford, C., Mehta, P., Potter, J., & Hirsh, D. A. (2021). Trauma-Informed Medical Education (TIME): Advancing Curricular Content and Educational Context. Academic medicine: journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 96(5), 661–667. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003587 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2014. (Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, No. 57.) Chapter 3, Understanding the Impact of Trauma. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK207191/ Colon-Rivera Hector, A., Aoun, E. & Vaezazizi, L. M. (2023). Addiction Psychiatric Medicine: A Comprehensive Board Review. Elsevier. Dugosh, K.L. & Cacciola J. (2022). Clinical assessment of substance use disorders. In J. A. Melin (Ed.), UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-assessment-of-substance-use-disorders Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American journal of preventive medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 Fundamentals of Addiction: Screening. CAMH. Retrieved from  https://www.camh.ca/en/professionals/treating-conditions-and-disorders/fundamentals-of-addiction/f-of-addiction---screening Michaels, T. I., Stone, E., Singal, S., Novakovic, V., Barkin, R. L., & Barkin, S. (2021). Brain reward circuitry: The overlapping neurobiology of trauma and substance use disorders. World journal of psychiatry, 11(6), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i6.222 Olsen Y. (2022). What Is Addiction? History, Terminology, and Core Concepts. The medical clinics of North America, 106(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2021.08.001 Panksepp J. (2011). The basic emotional circuits of mammalian brains: do animals have affective lives? Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 35(9), 1791–1804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.003 Powers, A., Petri, J. M., Sleep, C., Mekawi, Y., Lathan, E. C., Shebuski, K., Bradley, B., & Fani, N. (2022). Distinguishing PTSD, complex PTSD, and borderline personality disorder using exploratory structural equation modeling in a trauma-exposed urban sample. Journal of anxiety disorders, 88, 102558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102558 Shonkoff, J. P., Richter, L., van der Gaag, J., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2012). An integrated scientific framework for child survival and early childhood development. Pediatrics, 129(2), e460–e472. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0366 Volkow, N. D., & Li, T. K. (2004). Drug addiction: the neurobiology of behaviour gone awry. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 5(12), 963–970. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1539   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.  

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) and mental illness as a sequel to our previous episode on MAiD with our guest experts, Dr. Sonu Gaind and Dr. Jeffrey Kirby. This episode was originated by Dr. Urvashi Prasad for her Grand Rounds.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, the listener will be able to… Gain an understanding of the current state of Medical Assistance in Dying for primarily mental illness in Canada Evaluate the arguments in support of and against implementation of Medical Assistance in Dying for primarily Mental Illness  Understand next steps and future directions of Medical Assistance in Dying for primarily mental illness in Canada Discuss the possible impact that Medical Assistance in Dying might have on the profession of psychiatry    Guest Experts: Dr. Sonu Gaind who is a Professor in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto (U of T) and Chief of Psychiatry at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, and clinically works as a psycho-oncology consultant. As Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) policies have been evolving in Canada, Dr. Gaind has testified in front of numerous expert, parliamentary and senate committees on issues relevant to mental health and mental illness that need to be considered in the MAiD framework. Dr. Gaind chaired the time-limited Canadian Psychiatric Association Task Force on Assisted Dying, was selected to sit on the Council of Canadian Academies Expert Panel on Mental Disorders and Assisted Dying, was retained by the former Attorney General of Canada as an expert in the Truchon and Lamb cases, and chaired his former hospitals MAiD team.  He has spoken across the country and internationally on the subject.    Dr. Jeffrey Kirby is a (retired) Professor in the Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. He has an educational background and professional experience in medicine, philosophy and health care ethics. Dr. Kirby has published a set of academic papers in high-impact, international, bioethics journals on a variety of MAID-related topics including: assisted dying for suffering arising from mental health conditions, morally-relevant distinctions between paradigm and non-paradigm MAID circumstances, meso- and macro-level (MAID-related) health policy development, and organ donation after MAID and institutional conscientious objection to MAID. He made several, virtual and written, Bill C-7 related submissions to the Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs regarding matters/issues of relevance to the potential consideration of mental health disorders as sole-qualifying conditions for MAID in Canada. He is a former member of the Expert Panel on MAiD and Mental Illness.    Grand Rounds Presenter: Dr. Urvashi Prasad (PGY4) Produced by: Dr. Urvashi Prasad (PGY4) and Dr. Alex Raben  (staff psychiatrist) Hosts: Dr. Urvashi Prasad (PGY4) and Dr. Alex Raben (Staff Psychiatrist) Peer Reviewer: David Eapen-John (MS4) Audio editing by: Dr. Urvashi Prasad  (PGY4)  Show notes by: Dr. Urvashi Prasad (PGY4)   Resources:   Canada, Health. “Government of Canada.” Canada.ca, / Gouvernement Du Canada, 27 Mar. 2023, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/medical-assistance-dying.html. References: Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. “Medical Assistance in Dying.” Health Care Professionals - MOH, Government of Ontario, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 13 May 2021, https://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/pro/programs/maid/.  Tabitha Marshall. “Assisted Suicide in Canada.” The Canadian Encyclopedia, 3 Dec. 2021, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/assisted-suicide-in-canada.   Canada, Health. “Government of Canada.” Canada.ca, / Gouvernement Du Canada, 27 Mar. 2023, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/medical-assistance-dying.html.  Canada, Health. “Final Report of the Expert Panel on MAiD and Mental Illness” Canada.ca, / Gouvernement Du Canada, 13 May 2022, https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/corporate/about-health-canada/public-engagement/external-advisory-bodies/expert-panel-maid-mental-illness/final-report-expert-panel-maid-mental-illness.html#exe.  “Medical Assistance in Dying: An Update - Cpa-Apc.org.” Position Statement, https://www.cpa-apc.org/wp-content/uploads/2021-CPA-Position-Statement-MAID-Update-EN-web-Final.pdf.   APA Official Actions Position Statement on Medical Euthanasia. 2016, https://odbapa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Position-2016-Medical-Euthanasia.pdf.  The Fifth Estate. “Is It Too Easy to Die in Canada? Surprising Approvals for Medically Assisted Death -the Fifth Estate.” YouTube, 19 Jan. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=plinQAHZRvk&ab_channel=TheFifthEstate.  Wiebe K, Mullin A. “Choosing death in unjust conditions: hope, autonomy and harm reduction.” J Med Ethics. 2023 Apr 26:jme-2022-108871. doi: 10.1136/jme-2022-108871. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37100589. Gaind, KS. “What does “irremediability” in mental illness mean?” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Online first May 22, 2020. pp 1‐3. doi: 10.1177/0706743720928656 Kirby, J. (2022) Interpreting Irremediability When a Mental Health Disorder is the sole-Qualifying Medical Condition for MAiD. Peer-reviewed critical commentary. Canadian Journal of Bioethics 5(4): 83-88.  Kirby, J. (2021) Reconceptualizing ‘Psychiatric Futility’: Could Harm Reduction, Palliative Psychiatry, and Assisted Death Constitute a Three-Component Spectrum of Appropriate Practices? American Journal of Bioethics 21(7): 65-67.  Kirby, J. (2018) Balancing Competing Interests and Obligations in Mental Health-Care Practice and Policy. Bioethics 33(6): 699-707. Kirby, J. (2017) Medical Assistance in Dying for Suffering Arising from Mental Health Disorders: Could augmented safeguards enhance its ethical acceptability? Journal of Ethics in Mental Health 10: 1-17.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd - the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the relationship between cannabis and psychotic disorders, as well as the potential impact of cannabis legalization in Canada, with our special guest Dr. Nitin Chopra. This episode was originated by Dr. Luke Fraccaro for his Grand Rounds.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:  By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Briefly summarize the effects of cannabis on mental health and cognition, with a focus on psychosis. Appreciate the evidence for cannabis use as a potential cause of persistent psychotic disorders. Discuss the possible impact that recent cannabis legislation may have had on cannabis use and psychosis in Canada.   Guest Expert Dr. Nitin Chopra is an addictions psychiatrist at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto. He has an interest in concurrent disorders and is a staff psychiatrist on the Concurrent Addictions Inpatient Treatment Service and Concurrent Outpatient Medical and Psychosocial Addiction Support Service. Through his work on the Psychiatry Addictions Capacity Building and Consultation Service (PACCS) at CAMH and the Addiction Medicine and Psychosocial Addictions ECHO program, he is evolving into a leader in capacity building and education for addictions treatment. Furthermore, Dr. Chopra also works on the Early Psychosis Unit at CAMH and has extensive clinical experience working with patients experiencing psychosis, often with comorbid cannabis and other substance use.    Grand Rounds Presenter: Dr. Luke Fraccaro (PGY3)   Produced by: Dr. Luke Fraccaro (PGY3), Dr. Alex Raben (staff psychiatrist), and Josh Benchaya (MS4)   Hosts: Dr. Luke Fraccaro (PGY3), Dr. Alex Raben (staff psychiatrist), and Josh Benchaya (MS4)   Audio Editing by: Dr. Luke Fraccaro (PGY3)   Show notes by: Dr. Luke Fraccaro (PGY3)   Conflicts of Interest: There are no known conflict of interests to report   Topics: 0:00 - Introduction 2:50 - Objectives 3:55 - Case example 7:25 - Overview of cannabis effects of mental health 10:45 - Differentiating clinically between cannabis-induced psychosis and a primary psychotic disorder 13:11 - Cannabis causing acute psychotic symptoms 14:15 - Back to the case 16:05 - Overlapping risk factors for cannabis use and psychotic disorders 18:14 - Cannabis use as a potential cause of persistent psychotic disorders (Reviewing the evidence) 30:14 - Summary of the relationship between cannabis and psychosis and how to apply it clinically 35:20 - Cannabis legalization in Canada 39:45 - Canadian studies on potential impact of cannabis legalization on psychosis 44:33 - Brief review of American studies on potential impact of cannabis legalization on psychosis. 46:35 - Summary of potential impact of legalization 47:42 - Questions and discussion 1:06:15 - Summary and Outro   Resources: Canada’s Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guideline: https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/lrcug_professional-pdf.pdf Cannabis legalization and regulation in Canada: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/programs/engaging-cannabis-legalization-regulation-canada-taking-stock-progress/document.html    References:  American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2022.  Tourjman SV, Buck G, Jutras-Aswad D, Khullar A, McInerney S, Saraf G, Pinto JV, Potvin S, Poulin MJ, Frey BN, Kennedy SH, Lam RW, MacQueen G, Milev R, Parikh SV, Ravindran A, McIntyre RS, Schaffer A, Taylor VH, van Ameringen M, Yatham LN, Beaulieu S. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force Report: A Systematic Review and Recommendations of Cannabis use in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2022 Jun 16:7067437221099769. doi: 10.1177/07067437221099769. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35711159. Xue S, Husain MI, Zhao H, Ravindran AV. Cannabis Use and Prospective Long-Term Association with Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Can J Psychiatry. 2021 Feb;66(2):126-138. doi: 10.1177/0706743720952251. Epub 2020 Sep 10. PMID: 32909828; PMCID: PMC7918873. Broyd SJ, van Hell HH, Beale C, Yücel M, Solowij N. Acute and Chronic Effects of Cannabinoids on Human Cognition-A Systematic Review. Biol Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 1;79(7):557-67. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.002. Epub 2015 Dec 8. PMID: 26858214. Wilkinson ST, Radhakrishnan R, D'Souza DC. Impact of Cannabis Use on the Development of Psychotic Disorders. Curr Addict Rep. 2014 Jun 1;1(2):115-128. doi: 10.1007/s40429-014-0018-7. PMID: 25767748; PMCID: PMC4352721. Hindley G, Beck K, Borgan F, Ginestet CE, McCutcheon R, Kleinloog D, Ganesh S, Radhakrishnan R, D'Souza DC, Howes OD. Psychiatric symptoms caused by cannabis constituents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Apr;7(4):344-353. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30074-2. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32197092; PMCID: PMC7738353. Ksir, C., Hart, C.L. Cannabis and Psychosis: a Critical Overview of the Relationship. Curr Psychiatry Rep 18, 12 (2016). Ganesh S, D'Souza DC. Cannabis and Psychosis: Recent Epidemiological Findings Continuing the "Causality Debate". Am J Psychiatry. 2022 Jan;179(1):8-10. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21111126. PMID: 34974754. Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, Leweke FM, Strube W, Hoch E. Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jun;270(4):403-412. doi: 10.1007/s00406-019-01068-z. Epub 2019 Sep 28. PMID: 31563981. Petrilli K, Ofori S, Hines L, Taylor G, Adams S, Freeman TP. Association of cannabis potency with mental ill health and addiction: a systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022 Sep;9(9):736-750. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(22)00161-4. Epub 2022 Jul 25. PMID: 35901795. Buchy L, Perkins D, Woods SW, Liu L, Addington J. Impact of substance use on conversion to psychosis in youth at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2014 Jul;156(2-3):277-80. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.021. Epub 2014 May 14. PMID: 24837058; PMCID: PMC4082820. Gillespie NA, Kendler KS. Use of Genetically Informed Methods to Clarify the Nature of the Association Between Cannabis Use and Risk for Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 May 1;78(5):467-468. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3564. PMID: 33146687. Johnson EC, Hatoum AS, Deak JD, Polimanti R, Murray RM, Edenberg HJ, Gelernter J, Di Forti M, Agrawal A. The relationship between cannabis and schizophrenia: a genetically informed perspective. Addiction. 2021 Nov;116(11):3227-3234. doi: 10.1111/add.15534. Epub 2021 May 19. PMID: 33950550; PMCID: PMC8492483. Fischer, B., Lee, A., Robinson, T. et al. An overview of select cannabis use and supply indicators pre- and post-legalization in Canada. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 16, 77 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-021-00405-7 Myran DT, Imtiaz S, Konikoff L, Douglas L, Elton-Marshall T. Changes in health harms due to cannabis following legalisation of non-medical cannabis in Canada in context of cannabis commercialisation: A scoping review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2023 Feb;42(2):277-298. doi: 10.1111/dar.13546. Epub 2022 Sep 27. PMID: 36165188. Vignault C, Massé A, Gouron D, Quintin J, Asli KD, Semaan W. The Potential Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on the Prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder and Psychotic Disorders: A Retrospective Observational Study. Can J Psychiatry. 2021 Dec;66(12):1069-1076. doi: 10.1177/0706743720984684. Epub 2021 Feb 11. PMID: 33567893; PMCID: PMC8689454. Callaghan RC, Sanches M, Murray RM, Konefal S, Maloney-Hall B, Kish SJ. Associations Between Canada's Cannabis Legalization and Emergency Department Presentations for Transient Cannabis-Induced Psychosis and Schizophrenia Conditions: Ontario and Alberta, 2015-2019. Can J Psychiatry. 2022 Aug;67(8):616-625. doi: 10.1177/07067437211070650. Epub 2022 Jan 12. PMID: 35019734; PMCID: PMC9301152. D'Souza DC, DiForti M, Ganesh S, George TP, Hall W, Hjorthøj C, Howes O, Keshavan M, Murray RM, Nguyen TB, Pearlson GD, Ranganathan M, Selloni A, Solowij N, Spinazzola E. Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on cannabis, cannabinoids and psychosis. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2022 Dec;23(10):719-742. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2038797. Epub 2022 Mar 22. PMID: 35315315. Wang, G. S., Buttorff, C., Wilks, A., Schwam, D., Tung, G., & Pacula, R. L. (2022). Impact of cannabis legalization on healthcare utilization for psychosis and schizophrenia in Colorado. International Journal of Drug Policy, 104, 103685. Kim, H. S., & Monte, A. A. (2016). Colorado Cannabis Legalization and Its Effect on Emergency Care. Annals of emergency medicine, 68(1), 71–75. https://doi-org.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.01.004   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the Journey Through Stages of Sleep with Dr. Michael Mak, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto, and an Adjunct Research Professor at Western University.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   Understand the basics of sleep physiology, including the stages of sleep Recognize the clinical features of insomnia disorder using the ICSD-3 and DSM-5-TR criteria  Develop an approach to the assessment of insomnia  Identify the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia disorder    Guest: Dr. Michael Mak (Staff Psychiatrist)   Hosts: Dr. Vanessa Aversa (PGY4), Andreea Chiorean (CC4), Sena Gok (IMG)   Audio editing by: Sena Gok   Show notes by: Sena Gok   Contents: Introduction:  0:16 Learning Objectives:  01:49 Definition and  Clinical features of insomnia (ICSD-3 and DSM-5-TR criteria):  02:39 Insomnia prevalence, cost effects:  05:25 Sleep physiology:  10:05 Stages of Sleep:  11:37 Changes in Sleep stages during Insomnia:  14:35 Melatonin/Orexin systems:  15:45 Assessment and diagnosis of Insomnia:  21:00 Risk Factors of Insomnia:  30:12 CBT for Insomnia (CBT-I):  31:35 Relaxation-based techniques:  40:25 Contraindication for Insomnia:  42:15 Pharmacological treatments of insomnia:  45:15 Summary:  1:11:10 Resources: 1. Wainberg M, Jones SE, Beaupre LM, Hill SL, Felsky D, Rivas MA, et al. Association of accelerometer-derived sleep measures with lifetime psychiatric diagnoses: A cross-sectional study of 89,205 participants from the UK Biobank. PLOS Med. 2021 Oct 12;18(10):e1003782.  2. Morin CM, Vallières A, Guay B, Ivers H, Savard J, Mérette C, et al. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Singly and Combined With Medication, for Persistent Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 2009 May 20;301(19):2005–15. : 3. Crescenzo FD, D’Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Franco VD, Watanabe N, et al. Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2022 Jul 16;400(10347):170–84.  4. Watanabe Y, Kuroki T, Ichikawa D, Ozone M, Uchimura N, Ueno T. Effect of smartphone-based cognitive behavioral therapy app on insomnia: a randomized, double-blind study. Sleep. 2023 Mar 1;46(3):zsac270.  5. Erland LAE, Saxena PK. Melatonin Natural Health Products and Supplements: Presence of Serotonin and Significant Variability of Melatonin Content. J Clin Sleep Med. 13(02):275–81.  6. Sweetman A, McEvoy RD, Smith S, Catcheside PG, Antic NA, Chai-Coetzer CL, et al. The effect of cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia on week-to-week changes in sleepiness and sleep parameters in patients with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2020 Jul 13;43(7):zsaa002.  7.  Origins of Sleep Medicine: Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,, Dr. Mark Mahowald, Dr. Carlos Schenck https://aasm.org/mark-mahowald-md-and-carlos-schenck-md-to-receive-william-c-dement-award/ 8.  CBT-Insomnia lab at the Toronto Metropolitan University: https://drcolleencarney.com/lab/ 9.  CBT-Insomnia Applications:  https://www.sleepio.com/  https://www.ptsd.va.gov/appvid/mobile/cbticoach_app_public.asp  https://www.blackdoginstitute.org.au/research-projects/sleep-ninja/  https://www.somryst.com/ CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd — the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode is an introduction to the use and monitoring of lithium in bipolar disorder. Join Tingting Yan (CC4) and Dr. Alex Raben (staff psychiatrist at CAMH and lecturer at the University of Toronto) for a lively case-based discussion. Learning Objectives The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, the listener will be able to… Describe the indications and process for starting lithium Monitor and interpret serum lithium levels List short and long-term adverse effects of lithium Produced by: Tingting Yan CC4, Dr. Alex Raben (staff psychiatrist)   Hosts: Tingting Yan, Alex Raben   Audio editing by: Alex Raben   Show notes by: Alex Raben   Contents: Learning objectives: 00:44 Lithium background and brief history: 2:48 Women’s health and lithium: 5:28 Underutilization of lithium: 8:02 Baseline blood work for lithium: 11:32 Choosing a lithium starting dose: 14:32 Lithium serum levels: 16:17 Lithium titration: 20:46 Lithium toxicity: 23:48 Lithium side effects: 26:52 Summary: 32:11   References Baastrup PC, Poulsen JC, Schou M, Thomsen K, Amdisen A. Prophylactic lithium: double blind discontinuation in manic-depressive and recurrent-depressive disorders. Lancet. 1970;2(7668):326-330. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)92870-9 Bauer LA. Chapter 17. Lithium. In: Bauer LA. eds. Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 2e. McGraw Hill; 2008. Accessed March 16, 2023. https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=510§ionid=40843106 Chokhawala K, Lee S, Saadabadi A. Lithium. StatPearls. Davis J, Desmond M, Berk M. Lithium and nephrotoxicity: a literature review of approaches to clinical management and risk stratification. BMC nephrology. 2018 Dec;19:1-7. Draaisma D. Lithium: the gripping history of a psychiatric success story. Nature. 2019 Aug 1;572(7769):584-6. Hedya SA, Avula A, Swoboda HD. Lithium toxicity. Malhi GS, Bell E, Outhred T, Berk M. Lithium therapy and its interactions. Australian Prescriber. 2020 Jun;43(3):91. Malhi GS, Gessler D, Outhred T. The use of lithium for the treatment of bipolar disorder: Recommendations from clinical practice guidelines. J Affect Disord. 2017;217:266-280. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.052 McKnight RF, Adida M, Budge K, Stockton S, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Lithium toxicity profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9817):721-728. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61516-X Patorno E, Huybrechts KF, Bateman BT, Cohen JM, Desai RJ, Mogun H, Cohen LS, Hernandez-Diaz S. Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017 Jun 8;376(23):2245-54. Tondo L, Alda M, Bauer M, Bergink V, Grof P, Hajek T, Lewitka U, Licht RW, Manchia M, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Nielsen RE. Clinical use of lithium salts: guide for users and prescribers. International journal of bipolar disorders. 2019 Dec;7(1):1-0. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, Schaffer A, Bond DJ, Frey BN, Sharma V, Goldstein BI, Rej S, Beaulieu S, Alda M. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorders. 2018 Mar;20(2):97-170.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.  

Welcome to PsychEd — the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the “big picture” relationship between violence and severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum disorders. Our guest experts in this episode are Dr. Robert McMaster, Assistant Professor of Forensic Psychiatry at the University of Toronto and Dr. Ragy R. Girgis, Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Columbia University in New York. This episode is a good companion to Episode 15: Managing Aggression and Agitation with Dr. Jodi Lofchy, which covers how to identify and manage acute risk of violence in a clinical setting. The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Describe the epidemiology of violence in severe mental illness (rates of perpetration vs. victimization, risk factors, quality of evidence)  Understand and critique how society currently addresses violence in those with severe mental illness  Discuss this topic with patients, caregivers and the public, and address common myths  Guests:  Dr. Robert McMaster - Assistant Professor of Forensic Psychiatry at the University of Toronto Dr. Ragy R. Girgis - Associate Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Columbia University in New York Hosts: Dr. Alex Raben (Staff Psychiatrist), Dr. Gaurav Sharma (PGY4), Sena Gok(IMG), Josh Benchaya (CC4) Audio editing by: Gaurav Sharma Show notes by: Josh Benchaya, Gaurav Sharma, Sena Gok   Interview Content:   Learning Objectives: 02:29 Perceptions of Violence and Mental Illness: 03:53 Mental illness & Violence Link Evidence: 06:48 Violence Perpetration & Victimisation: 10:10 Risk of Violence Assessment (HCR 20 Model): 17:00 Mass Shootings & Mental Illness & Predictions: 20:30 Violence Risk Prediction: 25:25 Severe Mental Illness & Violence Risk Treatments: 29:40 Society’s approach to Severe Mental Illness & Violence Misperceptions: 38:30 Mental Illness and Violence Stigma: 45:03 Case Vignette & Approach: 46:44 Summary of the episode: 58:00   References:   de Mooij, L.D., Kikkert, M., Lommerse, N.M., Peen, J., Meijwaard, S.C., Theunissen, J., Duurkoop, P.W., Goudriaan, A.E., Van, H.L., Beekman, A.T. and Dekker, J.J., 2015. Victimization in adults with severe mental illness: prevalence and risk factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(6), pp.515-522. Desmarais, S. L., Van Dorn, R. A., Johnson, K. L., Grimm, K. J., Douglas, K. S., & Swartz, M. S. (2014). Community violence perpetration and victimization among adults with mental illnesses. American journal of public health, 104(12), 2342-2349. Metzl, J.M., Piemonte, J. and McKay, T., 2021. Mental illness, mass shootings, and the future of psychiatric research into American gun violence. Harvard review of psychiatry, 29(1), p.81.   Buchanan, A., Sint, K., Swanson, J. and Rosenheck, R., 2019. Correlates of future violence in people being treated for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(9), pp.694-701.   Rund, B.R., 2018. A review of factors associated with severe violence in schizophrenia. Nordic journal of psychiatry, 72(8), pp.561-571.   Markowitz FE. Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggress Violent Behav. 2011 Jan 1;16(1):36–44.   Pescosolido BA, Manago B, Monahan J. Evolving Public Views On The Likelihood Of Violence From People With Mental Illness: Stigma And Its Consequences. Health Aff Proj Hope. 2019 Oct;38(10):1735–43.   Ross AM, Morgan AJ, Jorm AF, Reavley NJ. A systematic review of the impact of media reports of severe mental illness on stigma and discrimination, and interventions that aim to mitigate any adverse impact. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019 Jan 1;54(1):11–31.   Srivastava K, Chaudhury S, Bhat PS, Mujawar S. Media and mental health. Ind Psychiatry J. 2018;27(1):1–5.   Stuart H. Media portrayal of mental illness and its treatments: what effect does it have on people with mental illness? CNS Drugs. 2006;20(2):99–106.   Rowaert S, Vandevelde S, Lemmens G, Audenaert K. How family members of mentally ill offenders experience the internment measure and (forensic) psychiatric treatment in Belgium: A qualitative study. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2017;54:76–82.   Bjørn Rishovd Rund (2018) A review of factors associated with severe violence in schizophrenia, Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 72:8, 561-571, DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1497199  References cited by our experts:   Steadman, H.J., Monahan, J., Pinals, D.A., Vesselinov, R. and Robbins, P.C., 2015. Gun violence and victimization of strangers by persons with a mental illness: data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Psychiatric services, 66(11), pp.1238-1241. [00:05:26]   Appelbaum PS, Robbins PC, Monahan J. Violence and delusions: data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Apr;157(4):566-72. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.566. PMID: 10739415. [00:05:26]   Torrey EF, Stanley J, Monahan J, Steadman HJ; MacArthur Study Group. The MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study revisited: two views ten years after its initial publication. Psychiatr Serv. 2008 Feb;59(2):147-52. doi: 10.1176/ps.2008.59.2.147. PMID: 18245156. [00:05:26]   Witt, K., Hawton, K. and Fazel, S., 2014. The relationship between suicide and violence in schizophrenia: analysis of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) dataset. Schizophrenia research, 154(1-3), pp.61-67. [00:08:46] Sariaslan, A., Arseneault, L., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., & Fazel, S. (2020). Risk of subjection to violence and perpetration of violence in persons with psychiatric disorders in Sweden. JAMA psychiatry, 77(4), 359-367. [00:11:20] Douglas, K. S., Shaffer, C., Blanchard, A. J. E., Guy, L. S., Reeves, K., & Weir, J. (2014). HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme: Overview and annotated bibliography. HCR-20 Violence Risk Assessment White Paper Series, #1. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University. [00:18:53] Girgis, R.R., Rogers, R.T., Hesson, H., Lieberman, J.A., Appelbaum, P.S. and Brucato, G., 2022. Mass murders involving firearms and other methods in school, college, and university settings: findings from the Columbia Mass Murder Database. Journal of forensic sciences. [00:25:11]       CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.  

Welcome to PsychEd — the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers the mental status examination and makes use of practical and fictional examples to delve deeper into the skills and concepts   Learning Objectives:   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: By the end of this episode, the listener will be able to… Explain the utility and purpose of the mental status examination in psychiatry Describe the major components of the mental status examination and be familiar with some of the common vocabulary used Incorporate the mental status in a way that respects patients in presentation, documentation and formulation in clinical practice    Topics: 2:37 - Learning objectives 3:10 - Definition of the MSE 6:48 - History of the MSE 9:00 - Limitations of the MSE 15:37 - Strengths of the MSE 21:30 - ASEPTIC Mnemonic 23:04 - Appearance and Behaviour 37:42 - Speech 51:51 - Emotion (mood and affect) 1:03:51 - Perception 1:08:38 - Thought Form and Content 1:17:30 - Insight and Judgement 1:27:40 - Cognition   Hosts: Andreea Chiorean (CC4), Saja Jaberi (IMG), Dr. Weam Seiffien (PGY2), Angad Singh (CC2), Dr. Annie Yu (PGY1), and Dr. Alex Raben, staff psychiatrist.   Guest Experts: Us!   Video clips: Speech:  Mojo Jojo: https://youtu.be/y4qNWPPlYE4?t=48 Family guy video: no longer available   Emotion Eeyore: https://youtu.be/7xPnUe6Xcbw?t=12   Squidward: https://youtu.be/FjrOWnywPok?t=195   Bubbles: https://youtu.be/rAC4W563Ayk?t=339   Perception A Beautiful Mind: https://youtu.be/vNa37tOB4rE   Insight and Judgement Simpsons: no longer available Mr. Magoo: https://youtu.be/eWEnzLFd4P4?t=201   Cognition Still Alice: https://youtu.be/mhiXAJO8kBc?t=67 Resources: MSE template: https://www.therapistaid.com/therapy-worksheet/mental-status-exam Emotion wheel: https://feelingswheel.com/ MSE vocabulary: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/psychmed/1_2004/mental_status_exam.pdf References: Bell, R. (1977). The Mental Status Examination. 16(5).Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of psychiatric research, 12(3), 189-198. Donnelly, J., Rosenberg, M., & Fleeson, W. P. (1970). The evolution of the mental status—past and future. American Journal of Psychiatry, 126(7), 997-1002. Norris, D. R., Clark, M. S., & Shipley, S. (2016). The Mental Status Examination. 94(8). Norton, J. W., & Corbett, J. J. (2000, February). Visual perceptual abnormalities: hallucinations and illusions. In Seminars in neurology (Vol. 20, No. 01, pp. 0111-0122). Copyright© 2000 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Notes, T. (2020). Comprehensive Medical Reference and Review for the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Exam (MCCQE) Part I and the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step II 36th ed: Toronto Notes for Medical Students. Recupero, P. R. (2010). The Mental Status Examination in the Age of the Internet. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38(1). Robinson D. J. (2002). Mental status exam explained (2nd ed.). Rapid Psychler Press. Robinson D. J. (1998). Brain Calipers: a guide to a successful mental status exam. Rapid Psychler Press. Ross, C. A., & Leichner, P. (1988). Residents Performance on the Mental Status Examination. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 33(2), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674378803300207 Sadock, B. J., & Sadock, V. A. (2007). Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (10th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. Segal, D. L. (Ed.). (2019). Diagnostic interviewing. Springer. Snyderman, D., & Rovner, B. (2009). Mental status examination in primary care: a review. American family physician, 80(8), 809-814. Spencer, R. J., Noyes, E. T., Bair, J. L., & Ransom, M. T. (2022). Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of the Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) Examination. Clinical Gerontologist, 45(3), 454–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2022.2032523 The Collected Papers of Adolf Meyer. Volume III: Medical Teaching. (1952) JAMA. 148(17):1544. https://www.statpearls.com/ArticleLibrary/viewarticle/24998 CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. In this episode, we’ll explore a topic that we’re sure many listeners are eager to learn about: The Assessment of Major Neurocognitive Disorder, also known as dementia with Dr. Lesley Wiesenfeld who is a Geriatric Psychiatrist and Psychiatrist-in-Chief at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, where she leads the Geriatric Consult Liaison Psychiatry Service. She is also an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   Define Major Neurocognitive Disorder (aka Dementia) as per DSM-5 diagnostic criteria Identify differential diagnoses for cognitive decline and list differentiating clinical features  Outline an approach to the assessment of a patient presenting with cognitive decline, including the role of a comprehensive history, psychometric tools and other investigations [ Relevant PMH/risk factors, ADLs/IADLs to cover on history, psychometric tools such as MMSE, MoCA and tie this back into major cognitive domains when to consider imaging, bloodwork including specialized testing such as ApoE genetic tests]  Classify the major subtypes of Neurocognitive Disorders, their epidemiology, and clinical presentations [ Vascular dementia, Alzheimer’s, Frontotemporal, Lewy Body, Parkinson’s,    Mixed dementia - Early onset dementia]   Guest: Dr. Lesley Wiesenfeld ( Lesley.Wiesenfeld@sinaihealthsystem.ca )   Hosts: Dr. Luke Fraccaro (PGY-3), Dr. Mark Fraccaro (PGY-4), Sena Gok (international medical graduate)   Audio editing by: Sena Gok   Show notes by: Sena Gok   Interview Content: Introduction: 0:13 Learning Objectives: 02:35 Diagnostic criteria of Major Neurocognitive Disorder: 03:20 Difference between Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: 05:20 Red Flags of Cognitive Declines: 06:50 Normal Aging vs Major Neurocognitive Disorder: 10:00 Clinical Vignette – introduction: 11:35 Patient Assessment: 16:50 Past medical/family / Psychosocial history: 21:55 Clinical Vignette - Assessment: 37:45 Physical examination: 43:50 Investigations: 45:53 Role of genetic testing: 53:24 Clinical Vignette – Diagnosis: 57:50   References:   American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Neurocognitive Disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.).   Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., Ruiz, P., & Kaplan, H. I. (2015). Neurocognitive Disorders. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer   DSM-5-TR Fact Sheets (https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-tr-fact-sheets )   Gauthier S, Patterson C, Chertkow H, Gordon M, Herrmann N, Rockwood K, Rosa-Neto P, Soucy JP. Recommendations of the 4th Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD4). Can Geriatr J. 2012 Dec;15(4):120-6. doi: 10.5770/cgj.15.49. Epub 2012 Dec 4. PMID: 23259025; PMCID: PMC3516356.   Gauthier S, Chertkow H, Theriault J, Chayer C, Ménard MC, Lacombe G, Rosa-Neto P, Ismail Z. CCCDTD5: research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2020 Aug 25;6(1):e12036. doi: 10.1002/trc2.12036. Erratum in: Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2022 Feb 03;6(1):e12088. PMID: 32864413; PMCID: PMC7446944. CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode delves into the history of psychiatry with Dr David Castle, the inaugural Scientific Director of the Centre for Complex Interventions at the Centre for Addictions and Mental Health and a Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto. Prior to migrating to Canada in 2021, he spent 15 years as a Professor of Psychiatry at St Vincent’s Hospital and the University of Melbourne in Australia.   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Gain an appreciation for the historical context of the field of psychiatry Understand how illness categories and treatments have been shaped by this history  Compare and contrast how various past societies viewed and conceptualized mental illness Apply lessons learned from historical practices to appraise current approaches   Guest: Dr David Castle   Hosts: Dr Alex Raben (Staff Psychiatrist), Gaurav Sharma (PGY4), Nikhita Singhal (PGY4), Andreea Chiorean (CC4)   Audio editing by: Dr Alex Raben   Show notes by: Dr Nikhita Singhal   Interview Content:   1:45 - Learning Objectives   3:25 - Ancient Times   14:42 - Middles Ages    23:56 - Renaissance to Enlightenment   34:55 - 19th-20th Centuries   47:55 - 20th-21st Centuries   1:00:48 - Final Thoughts   Resources: Shrinks: The Untold Story of Psychiatry (Jeffrey A Lieberman)   References: The Emotional Foundations of Personality: A Neurobiological and Evolutionary Approach (Kenneth L Davis, Jaak Panksepp) Illustration of Bedlam (William Hogarth) Pinel, médecin en chef de la Salpêtrière en 1795 (Tony Robert-Fleury) Castle, D., Bassett, D., King, J., & Gleason, A. (2013). A primer of clinical psychiatry. Elsevier Health Sciences. de Leon J. DSM-5 and the research domain criteria: 100 years after Jaspers' General psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 May;171(5):492-4. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13091218 Eisenberg L. Mindlessness and brainlessness in psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry. 1986 May;148:497-508. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.5.497 Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977 Apr 8;196(4286):129-36. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460 Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jan;160(1):4-12. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.4 Robins E, Guze SB. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1970 Jan;126(7):983-7. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.126.7.983 Rosenhan DL. On being sane in insane places. Science. 1973 Jan 19;179(4070):250-8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.179.4070.250 Scheff TJ. The labelling theory of mental illness. Am Sociol Rev. 1974 Jun;39(3):444-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094300 Szasz T. The myth of mental illness: 50 years later. The Psychiatrist. Cambridge University Press; 2011;35(5):179–182. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.110.031310   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. In this episode, we present a focused summary of the latest changes in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) with our guest expert — Dr. Michael First, a Professor of Clinical Psychiatry at Columbia University, NY. Dr. First is an internationally recognized expert on psychiatric diagnosis and assessment issues, he is the editor and co-chair of the DSM-5 text revision project (DSM-5-TR), the editorial and coding Consultant for the DSM-5, the chief technical and editorial consultant on the World Health Organization ICD-11 revision project and was an external consultant to the NIMH Research Domain Criteria project (RDOC).   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows: Understand the rationale for undertaking a DSM-5-TR as well as the revision process itself  To become familiar with disorder, text and symptom code additions and modifications to the DSM-5-TR  To understand the purpose and function of the DSM in its current form and be able to contemplate future directions   Guest Expert: Dr. Michael First – staff psychiatrist and professor of clinical psychiatry at Columbia University, USA. Produced and hosted by: Dr. Alex Raben (staff psychiatrist) and Saja Jaberi (international medical graduate) Audio editing by: Dr. Alex Raben Show notes by: Saja Jaberi Interview Content: 2:53 - Learning objectives 3:34 - Brief description of the DSM and its history 4:54 – ICD vs. DSM  7:43 - Rationale behind the new revision 11:11 - Characteristics of the DSM-5-TR revision process and the people behind it 16:54 - Case presentation and Differential Diagnosis 23:07 - Prolonged Greif disorder 27:04 - Most important changes to the terminology used in the manual 39:34 - Pros and cons of the DSM 44:30 - A brief Comparison to the RDOC Framework 49:04 – Future Directions of the DSM   References American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. 2013. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Text Revision ed. 2022.  DSM-5-TR Fact Sheets https://psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm/educational-resources/dsm-5-tr-fact-sheets   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. In this episode, we present a broad overview of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy with our guest expert - Dr. Donald Lynam. Dr. Lynam is a clinical psychologist by training, and professor at Purdue university, where he heads the Purdue's Developmental Psychopathology, Psychopathy and Personality Lab. While there may be some disagreement in the field, Dr. Lynam and I discuss how ASPD and psychopathy are two diagnostic constructs that are attempting to outline the same psychopathology, with the main difference being the degree of severity - for this reason, we use the terms antisocial and psychopathic interchangeably.    While not necessary, it may be of benefit for listeners to familiarize themselves with the DSM-V criteria for antisocial personality disorder, the psychopathy checklist (PCL), as well as the 5-factor model of personality. References for each are listed below in the references section, however, for a brief overview, one could do a quick google image search for each term (Wikipedia also has a succinct overview of the psychopathy checklist).   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   Develop a basic understanding of what is meant by antisocial personality and psychopathy Be aware of some of the classic traits and characteristics of antisocial/psychopathic personalities, and the general functions of these behaviors  Describe the theoretical basis for the development of antisocial personalities    Guest Expert: Dr. Donald Lynam - Clinical psychologist, Investigator at Purdue University, Indiana Produced and hosted by: Dr. Chase Thompson (PGY5 in Psychiatry) Episode guidance and feedback: Dr. Gaurav Sharma (PGY4 in Psychiatry)   Interview Content:   0:50 - Learning objectives 1:40 - Dr. Lynam discusses his path to his current research interests 3:40 - Defining the terms antisocial personality disorder, sociopathy, psychopathy 8:30 - Discussing the possibility of antisocial behaviors without an antisocial personality 12:07 - Laying out the core features of antisocial individuals  18:20 - Antisocial personality from the perspective of the Big 5 personality model 22:00 - Discussion of the high-functioning psychopathy  25:06 - Prevalence of psychopathy 30:10 - Factors relevant to the development of psychopathy 39:30 - Prognosis and clinical trajectory  44:30 - Comorbid psychopathology  46:30 - Functions of antagonism or antisocial behaviours  49:30 - Treatment    References   American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. 2013. Broidy LM, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE, Bates JE, Brame B, Dodge KA, Fergusson D, Horwood JL, Loeber R, Laird R, Lynam DR. Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Developmental psychology. 2003 Mar;39(2):222. Babiak P, Hare RD, McLaren T. Snakes in suits: When psychopaths go to work. New York: Harper; 2007 May 8. Hare RD. The psychopathy checklist–Revised. Toronto, ON. 2003;412. Hare RD, Harpur TJ, Hakstian AR, Forth AE, Hart SD, Newman JP. The revised psychopathy checklist: reliability and factor structure. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1990 Sep;2(3):338. Hare RD, Hart SD, Harpur TJ. Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of abnormal psychology. 1991 Aug;100(3):391. Jones SE, Miller JD, Lynam DR. Personality, antisocial behavior, and aggression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Criminal Justice. 2011 Jul 1;39(4):329-37. Lynam DR. Early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath?. Psychological bulletin. 1996 Sep;120(2):209. Miller JD, Lynam DR. Psychopathy and the five-factor model of personality: A replication and extension. Journal of personality assessment. 2003 Oct 1;81(2):168-78.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers perinatal psychiatry with Dr. Tuong Vi Nguyen, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University and Scientist and Scientist, RI-MUHC, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience (BRaIN) Program, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation.    The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Define the field of perinatal psychiatry Describe the key issues that should be addressed in pre-conception psychiatric counseling Discuss the management approach for prescribing medications during pregnancy Recognize the prevalence of mood disorders during the perinatal period Recall the diagnostic criteria for postpartum depression Consider the risk factors and explanatory models for postpartum depression Discuss the use of screening tools for postpartum depression Outline the treatment for postpartum depression Describe the clinical presentation of postpartum psychosis and recognize the urgency of this condition List important risk factors for postpartum psychosis Discuss the management for postpartum psychosis   Guest: Dr. Tuong Vi Nguyen   Hosts: Nima Nahiddi (PGY4), Audrey Le (PGY1), and Arielle Geist (PGY2)    Produced by: Nima Nahiddi (PGY4), Audrey Le (PGY1), Rebecca Marsh (PGY2) and Arielle Geist (PGY2)    Audio editing by: Audrey Le   Show notes by: Arielle Geist    Interview content: Introduction - 00:00 Learning objectives - 00:43 Defining the field of perinatal psychiatry - 01:55 Key issues to address in preconception counseling - 02:50 Management approach for prescribing medications during pregnancy - 07:00 Prevalence of mood disorders during the perinatal period - 12:11 Diagnostic criteria for postpartum depression - 14:05 Differentiating postpartum psychosis from postpartum depression - 16:52 Risk factors and explanatory models for postpartum depression - 18:58 Screening tools for postpartum depression - 20:15 Treatment for postpartum depression - 22:13 Pharmacotherapy - 22:20 Psychotherapy - 27:34 Clinical presentation of postpartum psychosis - 29:07 Risk factors for postpartum psychosis - 30:43 Postpartum psychosis prognosis and impacts on attachment- 32:57 Management of postpartum psychosis -35:30 Closing comments - 38:00   Resources: Bérard, A., Zhao, J. P., & Sheehy, O. (2017). Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ open, 7(1), e013372. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013372 Boukhris, T., Sheehy, O., Mottron, L., & Bérard, A. (2016). Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children. Jama Pediatrics, 170(2), 117-24. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.3356. Brown, A. S., Gyllenberg, D., Malm, H., McKeague, I. W., Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki, S., Artama, M., Gissler, M., Cheslack-Postava, K., Weissman, M. M., Gingrich, J. A., & Sourander, A. (2016). Association of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure During Pregnancy With Speech, Scholastic, and Motor Disorders in Offspring. JAMA psychiatry, 73(11), 1163–1170. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2594 Cohen, J. , Hernández-Díaz, S. , Bateman, B. , Park, Y. , Desai, R. , Gray, K. , Patorno, E. , Mogun, H. & Huybrechts, K. (2017). Placental Complications Associated With Psychostimulant Use in Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 130(6), 1192-1201. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002362. Huybrechts, K. F., Hernández-Díaz, S., Patorno, E., Desai, R. J., Mogun, H., Dejene, S. Z., Cohen, J. M., Panchaud, A., Cohen, L., & Bateman, B. T. (2016). Antipsychotic Use in Pregnancy and the Risk for Congenital Malformations. JAMA psychiatry, 73(9), 938–946. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1520 Huybrechts, K. F., Palmsten, K., Avorn, J., Cohen, L. S., Holmes, L. B., Franklin, J. M., Mogun, H., Levin, R., Kowal, M., Setoguchi, S., & Hernández-Díaz, S. (2014). Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370(25), 2397–2407. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1312828 Imaz, M. L., Oriolo, G., Torra, M., Soy, D., García-Esteve, L., & Martin-Santos, R. (2018). Clozapine Use During Pregnancy and Lactation: A Case-Series Report. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 264. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00264 Nörby, U., Forsberg, L., Wide, K., Sjörs, G., Winbladh, B., & Källén, K. (2016). Neonatal Morbidity After Maternal Use of Antidepressant Drugs During Pregnancy. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20160181. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0181 Nörby, U., Winbladh, B., & Källén, K. (2017). Perinatal Outcomes After Treatment With ADHD Medication During Pregnancy. Pediatrics, 140(6), e20170747. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-0747 Reis, M., & Källén, B. (2013). Combined use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and sedatives/hypnotics during pregnancy: risk of relatively severe congenital malformations or cardiac defects. A registered study. BMJ Open, 3, e002166. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002166 Sundram S. (2006). Cannabis and neurodevelopment: implications for psychiatric disorders. Human psychopharmacology, 21(4), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.762   References: Boland, R., Verduin, M., & Ruiz, P. (2021). Psychopharmacology. In Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry (Twelfth edition.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. Jones, I., Chandra, P.S., Dazzan, P., & Howard, L.K. (2014). Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period. Lancet, 384(9956), 1789-1799. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61278-2. Nieldson, D., Videbech, P., Hedegaard, M., Dalby, J., & Secher, N.J. (2005). Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk. An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 107(10), 1210-1217. https://doi-org.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11609.x Schiller, C.E., Meltzer-Brody, S., & Rubinow, D.R. (2015). The role of reproductive hormones in postpartum depression. CNS Spectrums, 20(1), 48-59. doi: 10.1017/S1092852914000480 Viguera, A. (2021). Mild to moderate postpartum unipolar major depression: Treatment. UpToDate. Accessed 2021-01-18. Wisner, K.L., Sit, D.K.Y., & McShea, M.C. (2013). Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(5), 490-498. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.87   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers perinatal psychiatry with Dr. Tuong Vi Nguyen, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University and Scientist, RI-MUHC, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience (BRaIN) Program, Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation.    The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Define the field of reproductive psychiatry Discuss the possible neurobiological pathways impacting mood and cognition during the reproductive cycle of women.  Discuss the influence of sociocultural gender roles on psychopathology.    List the DSM-V diagnostic criteria of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Recall the epidemiology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Describe the steps in the diagnostic evaluation for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. List lifestyle and psychopharmacologic interventions for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Discuss common mental health concerns during the perimenopausal period. Guest: Dr. Tuong Vi Nguyen   Hosts: Nima Nahiddi (PGY4), Audrey Le (PGY1), and Arielle Geist (PGY2)    Audio editing by: Audrey Le   Show notes by: Arielle Geist    Interview content: Introduction - 00:00 Learning objectives - 01:00 Defining the field of perinatal psychiatry - 01:50 Discussing neurobiological pathways impacting mood and cognition during the reproductive cycle - 02:47 The influence of sociocultural gender roles on psychopathology -05:28 DSM-V criteria of premenstrual dysphoric disorder - 11:18 Epidemiology of premenstrual dysphoric disorder - 13:40 Diagnostic evaluation of premenstrual dysphoric disorder - 14:38 Management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder  Pharmacologic - 17:45 Lifestyle - 24:15 Perimenopausal period - 24:45 Closing comments - 31:39   Resources: Brzezinski, A., Brzezinski-Sinai, N.A., & Seeman, M.V. (2017). Treating schizophrenia during menopause. Menopause, 24(5), 582-588. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000772. Epperson, C.N., Steiner, M., Hartlage, A., Eriksson, E., Schmidt, P.J., Jones, I., & Yonkers, K.A. (2012). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: evidence for a new category for DSM-5. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(5), 465-475. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11081302 Marsh, W.K., Gershenson, B., & Rothschild, A.J. (2015). Symptom severity of bipolar disorder during the menopausal transition. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 3(1), 35. DOI: 10.1186/s40345-015-0035-z Soares, C.N., Almeida, O.P.,  Joffe, H., & Cohen, L.S. (2001). Efficacy of estradiol for the treatment of depressive disorders in perimenopausal women a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(6), 529-534. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.529 Weber, M.T., Maki, P.M., & McDermott, M.P. (2013). Cognition and mood in perimenopause: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 142, 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.06.001   References: Kornstein S.G., & Clayton, A.H. (2004). Sex differenes in neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter systems. In Women’s mental health: A comprehensive textbook (pp.3-30). Guilford Press.  Chrisler, J. C., & Johnston-Robledo, I. (2002). Raging hormones?: Feminist perspectives on premenstrual syndrome and postpartum depression. In M. Ballou & L. S. Brown (Eds.), Rethinking mental health and disorder: Feminist perspectives (pp. 174–197). Guilford Press. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Depressive disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.

Welcome to PsychEd, the psychiatry podcast for medical learners, by medical learners. This episode covers psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy with Dr Emma Hapke and Dr Daniel Rosenbaum, both of whom are psychiatrists at the University Health Network in Toronto and co-founders of UHN’s Nikean Psychedelic Psychotherapy Research Centre (in addition to being lecturers in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto).   The learning objectives for this episode are as follows:   By the end of this episode, you should be able to… Briefly describe the history of psychedelics in psychiatry List the four classes of psychedelic drugs and their mechanism of action Summarize the evidence regarding psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for various psychiatric disorders Discuss patient selection considerations for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy Describe the safety, tolerability and possible side effects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy Understand how a psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy session is practically carried out   Guests: Dr Emma Hapke and Dr Daniel Rosenbaum   Hosts: Dr Chase Thompson (PGY4), Dr Nikhita Singhal (PGY3), Jake Johnston (CC4), and Annie Yu (CC4)   Audio editing by: Nikhita Singhal   Show notes by: Nikhita Singhal   Interview Content: Introduction - 0:00 Learning objectives - 02:47 Definitions/categories of psychedelics - 03:24 Classic psychedelics - 04:15 Empathogens (e.g. MDMA) - 07:15 Etymology of the term “psychedelic” - 09:30 Ketamine - 12:24 Iboga - 13:28 Brief history of psychedelic medicine - 17:51 Current evidence and ongoing trials - 27:38 MDMA and PTSD - 29:26 Psilocybin and treatment-resistant depression - 32:24 A word of caution - 34:29 End-of-life care - 38:47 Practical aspects of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy sessions - 45:45 Safety considerations - 01:04:04 Future directions - 01:10:33 Closing comments - 01:19:07   Resources: Books: How to Change Your Mind: What the New Science of Psychedelics Teaches Us About Consciousness, Dying, Addiction, Depression, and Transcendence (Michael Pollan) The Doors of Perception (Aldous Huxley) The Human Encounter With Death (Stanislav Grof and Joan Halifax) Brainwashed podcast series (CBC): https://www.cbc.ca/listen/cbc-podcasts/440-brainwashed Zendo Project (psychedelic peer support): https://zendoproject.org Nikean Psychedelic Psychotherapy Research Centre: https://www.uhn.ca/MentalHealth/Research/Nikean-Psychedelic-Psychotherapy-Research-Centre California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS): https://www.ciis.edu Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS): https://maps.org PsychEd Episode 27 - Serotonin Pharmacology: From SSRIs to Psychedelics with Dr Robin Carhart-Harris) PsychEd Episode 34 - Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression with Dr Sandhya Prashad   References: Carhart-Harris R, Giribaldi B, Watts R, et al. Trial of Psilocybin versus Escitalopram for Depression. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1402-1411. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2032994 Carhart-Harris R, Nutt D. Serotonin and brain function: a tale of two receptors. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2017;31(9):1091-1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117725915 Davis AK, Barrett FS, May DG, et al. Effects of Psilocybin-Assisted Therapy on Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(5):481–489. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.3285 Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(12):1181-1197. dhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0269881116675513 Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Richards WA, et al. Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. J Psychopharmacol. 2018;32(1):49-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279 Johnson MW, Hendricks PS, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR. Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;197:83-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010 Mitchell JM, Bogenschutz M, Lilienstein A, et al. MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nat Med. 2021;27(6):1025-1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01336-3 Mithoefer MC, Mithoefer AT, Feduccia AA, et al. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(6):486-497. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30135-4 Nicholas CR, Henriquez KM, Gassman MC, et al. High dose psilocybin is associated with positive subjective effects in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol. 2018;32(7):770-778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780713 Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, et al. Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177(5):391-410. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035 Rosenbaum D, Boyle AB, Rosenblum AM, Ziai S, Chasen MR, Med MP. Psychedelics for psychological and existential distress in palliative and cancer care. Curr Oncol. 2019;26(4):225-226. https://dx.doi.org/10.3747%2Fco.26.5009 Swift TC, Belser AB, Agin-Liebes G, et al. Cancer at the Dinner Table: Experiences of Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Distress. Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 2017;57(5):488-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817715966   CPA Note: The views expressed in this podcast do not necessarily reflect those of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.   For more PsychEd, follow us on Twitter (@psychedpodcast), Facebook (PsychEd Podcast), and Instagram (@psyched.podcast). You can provide feedback by email at psychedpodcast@gmail.com. For more information, visit our website at psychedpodcast.org.