Realms of Memory

99% of Poland’s pre-war Jewish population, the largest in Europe, perished during the Holocaust.  Polish native and Canadian historian Jan Grabowski argues this death toll is inconceivable without the collusion of the general Polish population.  Yet for decades Polish authorities have denied all responsibility.  Instead, they have used the considerable resources of the state to posit that Poles suffered equally or even more than the nation’s Jewish community.  In what Grabowski labels as Holocaust distortion, the memory of the past has been fundamentally divorced from reality, even at the most prominent Holocaust memorial sites.  A conversation with University of Ottawa historian Jan Grabowski about his book, Whitewash: Poland and the Jews, in this episode of Realms of Memory.

Deeply flawed accounts of the Holocaust persist throughout Central and Eastern Europe. University of Ottawa historian Jan Grabowski argues that nowhere are the distortions of the Holocaust more glaring than in Poland.  The almost complete eradication of the Jewish population in Poland, the second largest in the world, was simply not possible without the active and willing participation of Polish gentiles.  Yet the Polish state continues to use its considerable resources to present Poles as either saviors of the Jews or the war’s greatest victims. A conversation with Jan Grabowski about his book, Whitewash: Poland and the Jews, and the story of Holocaust distortion in Poland.  Next on the March 3rd episode of the Realms of Memory podcast.  

Fifty years after Francisco Franco’s death Spain remains deeply divided over the past.  For over twenty years British native and renowned history tour guide Nick Lloyd has made his living explaining the complexity of this past through his Spanish Civil War tours in Barcelona.  Author of Forgotten Place: Barcelona and the Spanish Civil War and most recently, Travels Through the Spanish Civil War, Nick’s has developed a deep understanding of this multifaceted conflict and the ways it lives on in the present.  I had the opportunity to take his tour in June 2025 and to interview him in August 2025 about the challenges of explaining this past and his perspective why it remains unresolved in the present. 

Ninety years after the start of the Spanish Civil War the past is not past, it’s not even over.  Nick Lloyd, who moved from Britain to Barcelona over three decades ago, explains that the left and right in Spain remain profoundly divided over the memory of the Civil War and these divisions have only deepened in recent years.  Described by renowned television and travel personality Rick Steves as the “crescendo” of his visit to Barcelona, Nick has made his living over the past twenty-five years enthralling thousands, including myself, with his Spanish Civil War tours of Barcelona.  In the February 3rd episode of Realms of Memory I will be sharing my conversation with Nick about his book, Forgotten Places: Barcelona and the Spanish Civil War and his experience telling the story of the Civil War past in Barcelona.  

In the age of climate change and global pandemics how do we remember the victims?  University of Madison, Wisconsin historian Richard C. Keller examines this question through his study of the 2003 heat wave in Paris.  This was the worst natural disaster in French history claiming some 15,000 lives.  In his book, Fatal Isolation: The Devastating Paris Heat Wave of 2003, Keller explains the myriad ways in which victims were forgotten and the disaster was misremembered.  From the science of counting the dead to historically rooted animosity toward marginalized, elderly women, Keller unpacks the causes and consequences of the skewed memory of the 2003 heave wave. 

In his study of the 2003 heat wave in Paris, historian Richard C. Keller reveals the myriad ways we forget the victims of natural disasters.  We relegate marginalized and vulnerable populations to the most precarious housing then blame them for the inevitable outcome of their own life choices.  We formulate categories of susceptible, at-risk populations whose subsequent deaths become unsurprising, anticipated, and less memorable.  From the architecture of modern cities to the science of deciphering mass death counts, the reasons we forget the victims of natural disasters are increasingly relevant in our current age where calamity can strike any of us at any time.  A conversation with Dr. Richard C. Keller about his book, Fatal Isolation: The Devastating Paris Heat Wave of 2003, next on the January 6th episode of the Realms of Memory podcast

How can we understand the extraordinary scope and magnitude of global fame and notoriety achieved by Anne Frank? The Anne Frank diary has been translated into over sixty languages and sold over twenty million copies.  It has inspired everything from graphic novels and Japanese anime to movies and off-Broadway musicals.  The Anne Frank House in Amsterdam has become a major tourist destination attracting over 1.2 million tourists in 2019.  Dutch historian David Barnouw, world renowned Anne Frank specialist, explains the enduring memory of Anne Frank in his book, The Phenomenon of Anne Frank.  A conservation with David Barnouw about the Anne Frank phenomenon and the Holocaust in the Netherlands.

How did the diary of a thirteen year old girl transform Anne Frank into an international memory sensation?  Dutch historian David Barnouw, the world’s leading Anne Frank memory expert, has spent his career explaining the Anne Frank phenomenon.  Find out more on the December 2nd episode of the Realms of Memory podcast.  

From global warming to mass species extinction we are now living in what Alan Weisman describes as the make or break century. What decisions we make now will determine how we come out on the other side.  For the past quarter century Alan has traveled the globe reporting on the crises that imperil the planet.  In The World Without Us (2007), which became a New York Times bestseller, he chronicles what would become of our environmental impact if we suddenly vanished from the planet tomorrow. In Count Down: Our Last Best Hope for a Future on Earth (2013), he explains the history and dangers of the population explosion we are now experiencing and what measures are being taken to address it.  Most recently, Hope Dies Last: Visionary People Across the World Fighting to Find Us a Future (2025), Alan finds inspirational examples of innovative people from across the globe who are finding creative solutions to the world’s most pressing problems. I had the opportunity to engage Alan in a wide ranging conversation about all three books with a particular focus on the themes of memory and forgetting. 

For the past quarter century journalist and non-fiction writer Alan Weisman has traveled the globe to write about the existential crises that now imperil the planet.  In The World Without Us (2007), which became a New York Times bestseller, he kills off humanity in the opening pages to help us imagine what would become of our environmental impact after we’re gone.  In Count Down: Our Last Best Hope for a Future on Earth (2013), he chronicles the causes and responses to the population explosion that is pushing the planet to the brink.  Lastly, in Hope Dies Last: Visionary People Across the World, Fighting to Find Us a Future (2025) he showcases the extraordinary people rising to meet the challenges that threaten our survival.  A conversation with Alan Weisman, through the lens of memory and forgetting, next on the November 4th episode of the Realms of Memory podcast.  

Most cases of intimate partner violence are never made and the stories never told.  Joy Neumeyer did both.  The victim of an abusive relationship while a graduate student at Berkeley, Joy succeeded in having her former boyfriend and fellow graduate student expelled through the Title IX process.  Equality important, she gained recognition for the truth of the physical and emotional harm she suffered.  Through the lens of her training as a historian of the Soviet Union, Joy finds parallels with her own experience with women in both the Soviet and American past.  She explains the history and challenges of the Title IX process which is at once under assault and a vital support for victims of intimate partner violence.  A conversation with Joy Neumeyer, author of A Survivor’s Education: Women, Violence and the Stories We Don’t Tell, on this episode of Realms of Memory.  

Weaving together her own survivor story with her doctoral research on the Russian past, Joy Neumeyer offers a personal and historical account of intimate partner violence.  How do we fall victim to abusive relationships?  What makes it so difficult to break free?  Why are these stories so often silenced?  Find out how Joy sought recourse through the Title IX process at the University of California, Berkeley and the rights and protections women have gained since the 1960s.  A conversation with Joy Neumeyer about her book, A Survivor’s Education: Women, Violence, and the Stories We Don’ t Tell, next on the October 21st special episode of the Realms of Memory podcast

As the host of the hit true crime podcast, Surviving the Survivor, Joel Waldman spends his days airing commentary on the nation’s most heartbreaking and horrific crime stories.  Yet Joel grew up knowing very little about how his own mother Karmela, or Karm as he affectionately calls her, survived the Holocaust while her father and grandfather were gassed at Auschwitz.  Joel’s book, based on interviews with his mother, Surviving the Survivor: A Brutally Honest Conversation about Life (& Death) with My Mom: A Holocaust Survivor, Therapist and My Podcast-Cast Co-Host, is by no means limited to the subject of the Holocaust.  Filled with warmth, love and humor, Joel shares Karm’s thoughts on subjects ranging from marriage to money.  But throughout, the book raises important questions about why we sometimes choose to bury the past and whether this is ever truly possible. 

When do we choose to suppress the past not just as a coping mechanism but to protect our loved ones?  Can refusing to dwell on the past and fixing our sites on the future be understood as a conscious and deliberate choice to reject the label of the victim and to adopt an optimistic outlook on life?  A conversation with Joel Waldman about his book, Surviving the Survivor: A Brutally Honest Conversation about Life (& Death) with My Mom: A Holocaust Survivor, Therapist and My Podcast-Cast Co-Host and his hit true crime podcast, Surviving the Survivor: Best Guests in True Crime.  Next on the October 7th episode of Realm of Memory. 

Objects recovered from sites of mass atrocities have a special significance today.  This is because we live in what University College Dublin Professor Lea David labels as a human rights memorialization culture.  Central to this culture is the conviction that we should face difficult histories, we should remember human rights abuses, and victims should be the focus of our memorization efforts.  Objects from sites of mass atrocities are deployed by an array of new memorial museums to pull on the emotional heartstrings of visitors to identify with this new human rights memorialization agenda. In her book, A Victim’s Shoe, a Broken Watch and Marbles: Desire Objects and Human Rights, Lea David explains how shoes are now the most potent example of what she describes as desire objects.  Transcending the confines of the museum, shoes have become powerful memory containers and rallying symbols for diverse movements that often have nothing to do with the human rights memorialization agenda.

A broken wristwatch, battered glasses or a tattered wallet, how can ordinary objects discovered at sites of mass atrocities become powerfully moving?  University College Dublin Professor Lea David calls them desire objects because they take on new and ever changing meanings from their discovery to their use in courtrooms and museums.  The most emotionally charged of all of these objects are shoes.  Now almost mandatory memory pieces for Holocaust museums, shoes have migrated to the wider public sphere helping to mobilize diverse groups around causes ranging from climate change to the war in Gaza.  A conversation with Lea David from University College Dublin about her book, A Victim’s Shoe, a Broken Watch and Marbles: Desire Objects and Human Rights.  Next on the September 2nd episode of Realms of Memory.  

There are limits to our ability to cope with traumatic events.  When we are unable to mourn, process, and come to terms with the past we run the risk of suffering from sociocultural trauma.  This is what Tony Robben argues afflicts the people of Argentina.  Utrecht University Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, Tony Robben explains how repeated forms of betrayal of trust are the root cause of sociocultural trauma in Argentina.  As a result Argentina is splintered into competing memory communities and ever shifting frameworks for narrating the past.  Explaining the memory rollercoaster in Argentina is the subject of Tony Robben’s book Argentina Betrayed: Memory, Mourning and Accountability. 

The number of disappeared from the years of dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983) is still unknown.  What is clear is the lingering trauma.  Anthropologist Tony Robben has spent his career studying the repercussions of this era.  Robben argues that the inability to mourn the dead and the military’s continued refusal to take responsibility for the past has splintered Argentina into competing memory communities. A conversation with Tony Robben about his book, Argentina Betrayed: Memory, Mourning and Accountability, next on the August 5th episode of Realm of Memory.  

Beginning with calls for never again, we’re living in an age where the duty to remember has become sacrosanct.  Memory has become a means of righting past wrongs, fostering trust and strengthening social cohesion.  But is it also possible to see memory as a destabilizing force, undercutting the prospects for peace and stability?  This is precisely what David Rieff argues in his book In Praise of Forgetting: Historical Memory and its Ironies.  Informed by a decades-long career as a journalist and writer covering conflict zones around the globe, Rieff contends that forgetting is often the best way to reduce harm and suffering.  Listen to my conversation with David Reiff and find out how forgetting can sometimes be the answer.  

When should we remember difficult and divisive histories?  After a career of covering conflicts around the globe, writer and political analyst David Reiff offers his thoughts on the question. In Praise of Forgetting: Historical Memory and its Ironies, Rieff posits that in some cases there is a consensus around the need to remember past crimes.  More often, however, there is no agreement.  The only way out of messy conflicts is to agree to forgive and forget.  Find out more about possibilities and perils of memory on the July 1st episode of Realms of Memory.