Rock Stock Channel

After processing the World Economic Forum (Davos) and the Future Minerals Forum (Riyadh), we sat down to unpack what we’re seeing in markets as commodities move from cyclical to strategic. In this Rock Stock Recap, Howard, Matt and Rodney discuss how geopolitics—choke points, export controls, reserves, and policy alignment—are increasingly shaping price formation in critical minerals, and why that shift changes how investors should think about valuation, project selection, and long-duration assets in strong jurisdictions. Chapters (00:00) Intro (00:57) Commodities Become Strategic Assets (04:17) Davos And Rising Geopolitical Risk (07:23) Gold Repatriation And China's Role (09:26) Precious Metals And Fiat Skepticism (11:05) Silver Prices Hit Demand Limits (16:27) Capital Flows: Gold, Bitcoin, And Hard Assets (20:20) Platinum And Palladium Outlook (22:08) Lithium Costs And Demand Risk (24:15) Copper, Aluminum, And Nickel Update (29:11) Lithium Producers Performance Review (34:10) Closing Remarks (35:48) Howard Lutnick & Champagne (40:21) Robert Friedland (41:02) Mark Carney (Canada) (43:55) Friedrich Merz (Germany) (45:28) Elon Musk (Tesla)   They also cover early signals from lithium reporting season and what improving spot pricing could mean for producers and developers, alongside broader commodity moves across precious metals and industrial metals. Rodney and Matt dig into the silver rally—why equities haven’t tracked the metal, how solar economics may drive “thrifting,” and what happens if demand transitions from industrial use toward investment-led dynamics. We compare the current setup in gold versus silver, and touch on platinum and palladium in a world where ICE longevity, changing EV regulations, and competing technologies all matter. On the macro side, we talk through Europe’s evolving posture after Davos, potential supply chain redirection, currency and reserve diversification, and how a weaker dollar can pressure global cost curves. We close with a measured look at the broader economy: AI’s productivity upside versus uneven distribution, a more K-shaped consumption landscape, and what a shifting global order could mean for commodities and real assets in 2026. Topics include: geopolitics and critical minerals, Davos takeaways, strategic commodities, lithium earnings season, silver and gold dynamics, solar panel cost pressure, platinum/palladium outlook, copper and industrial metals, nickel and Indonesia regulation, inflation pass-through, and AI’s impact on growth and jobs.   Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments)   Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, I (Howard Klein) connect fast-moving signals across critical minerals, power markets, and U.S. industrial policy coming out of Saudi Arabia’s Future Minerals Forum, Davos/DERVOS, and Washington, DC. Chapters (00:00) Introduction (08:31) Tesla Refinery (10:26) Policy signals from Washington (15:04) DERVOS panel highlights (17:41) Chamath Palahapitiya on Power (19:16) Albemarle (19:28) Sigma Lithium DERVOS 2025 Panel: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4XnNN8QmghJsUZd7tDcccR?si=kM0uILyBR3ymguUFQ6B2GQ   Washington looks increasingly like it’s moved from policy papers to capital allocation: the SECURE Minerals Act, renewed focus on stockpiling and protecting mining returns, and references to deals/platforms involving MP Materials, Lithium Americas, Korea Zinc, Orion Mine Finance, and TechMet. At the same time, power markets are getting political. A joint letter tied to the National Energy Dominance Council and governors to PJM Interconnection pushed for capacity market reform—price certainty for new generation, clearer cost allocation to data centers, and consumer protections—fueling broader debate about grid strain, AI load growth, and investment needs. The connective tissue: batteries and materials are now central to mineral policy, grid design, AI infrastructure, and capital markets. With Tesla’s 50,000 tpa lithium hydroxide refinery now operating and the U.S. likely needing many more plants, I argue lithium price stability is the missing link—and why a Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) matters. Clips included from DERVOS (a “Davos for DERs”) featuring Drew Baglino (Heron Power/ ex-Tesla), LG Energy Solution, and Ember Energy on scaling storage and the shift from petrostates to electrostates.   Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments)   Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this interview, we (Howard and Matt) speak with John Passalacqua, CEO of First Phosphate (CSE: PHOS) about the rapidly evolving lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery supply chain and why phosphate remains one of the least understood — yet most important — inputs in LFP cathodes. Chapters (00:00) Introduction (04:24) LFP Demand Shift (05:59) Offtake Prepayment (06:46) 2026 Feasibility Path (07:45) Why High-Purity Phosphate (10:47) LFP-First Strategy (13:32) China Vs. The West (15:54) Western Buildout Gaps (18:30) Iron Phosphate Bottleneck (22:21) Policy And Supply Chains (24:55) Production Timeline (25:48) Cash And Runway (26:52) Macro And Stockpiling (28:11) Wrap-Up First Phosphate Website: https://firstphosphate.com/   We cover what’s changed since our December conversation, including a payment tied to an offtake arrangement, the company’s Quebec-focused, vertically integrated phosphate strategy, and what investors should watch over the next several quarters. John walks through the company’s 30,000-meter drill program (targeted to complete by April) and how results could support a 10–20% resource upgrade, alongside the stated goal of completing a feasibility study by the end of 2026. We also discuss the broader market context: accelerating energy storage demand, the push to localize LFP supply chains outside China, and the often-overlooked role of purified phosphoric acid and iron phosphate in downstream battery production. John explains why First Phosphate is positioned differently from fertilizer-oriented phosphate producers and outlines key development timelines and capital position referenced in the discussion. Topics include: - LFP batteries and energy storage demand (data centers, robotics) - Phosphate’s role in LFP cathode materials - Offtake prepayment and what it signals for bankability - Drill program progress and upcoming technical milestones - Feasibility study timeline and investor-relevant catalysts - Localization of North American LFP and iron phosphate supply chains   Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments)   Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein   #FirstPhosphate #PHOS #LFP #LithiumIronPhosphate #BatteryMetals #CriticalMinerals #EnergyStorage #Phosphate #EVBatteries #MiningStocks #QuebecMining

In this first RK Equity X Spaces of 2026, we (Howard Klein, Matt Fernley, and Rodney Hooper) pull together the key threads shaping the battery materials and critical minerals landscape as the year begins. The discussion focuses on how lithium is moving back toward fundamentals, why energy storage is increasingly driving marginal demand, and what that means for investors across the supply chain. Chapters (00:00:00) Introduction (00:08:19) Macro And Silver (00:10:55) Lithium: Demand And Supply (00:13:26) 5 Lithium Themes For 2026 (00:15:24) Sodium-Ion Substitution (00:19:51) Pricing And Inventories (00:27:51) Buy-Side Outlook (00:37:18) EVs And ESS Growth (00:54:02) Silver: Demand Debate (00:59:45) Rare Earths And Minor Metals (01:11:11) U.S. Policy And Geopolitics (01:22:24) Defense Batteries And Constraints (01:26:35) Wrap-Up We review recent signals from the market and the sell side—including tightening inventories, stronger-than-expected energy storage demand, and shifting bank sentiment—and then pressure-test the outlook with a mix of independent research and buy-side perspectives. A key theme is whether this cycle differs from prior EV-led lithium cycles, and how supply response, capital discipline, and policy decisions may influence price behavior through 2026–2027. Rodney provides macro context around the “debasement trade” and the case for hard assets, using silver as an example of where industrial demand and investment demand can intersect. Matt outlines the core questions for 2026: demand durability, potential substitution risks (including sodium-ion in stationary storage), and how quickly supply can respond to higher prices. We’re joined by guests across the ecosystem, including: - Andy Leyland (SC Insights) on “five things to watch” for lithium in 2026—forecast revisions, ESS demand, feasibility study activity, capex inflation, and evolving product pathways. - Tomasz Nadrowski (Amvest Terraden Critical Materials Fund) with a cautious buy-side lens on cycle positioning, China-driven dynamics, and capital allocation challenges. - Tom Woolrych (Deutsche Rohstoff) on equity sentiment, lithium cycle behavior, and where risk/reward may be most attractive. - Chris Berry (House Mountain Partners) on U.S. policy, supply chain security, defense and data-center demand, and why lesser-known critical minerals may see more institutional attention. Topics covered include lithium inventories and restocking cycles, ESS vs. EV demand, supply elasticity, capex and project economics, sodium-ion substitution risk, silver’s demand drivers and potential substitution in solar, and how geopolitics is influencing critical minerals strategy. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel  Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this week’s Rock Stock Recap, we (Howard, Matt, and Rodney) discuss the key cross-currents shaping battery materials and the broader commodities complex—what’s driving recent price action, what’s changing in investor positioning, and where fundamentals are reasserting themselves. Chapters (00:00) Intro (04:54) Macro: Shift To Hard Assets (06:37) Silver And Gold Outlook (08:42) Dollar And Commodity Currencies (14:01) Lithium: Demand And Pricing (16:52) Analyst Upgrades And Market Sentiment (19:35) High-Purity Alumina Spotlight (24:33) Other Materials To Watch (25:13) Outro (26:12) Q2 Metals (29:52) Surge Battery Metals (34:49) NOA Lithium Brines   We start with policy and market structure: the latest White House fact sheet on critical minerals processing, the increasing focus on allied and domestic refining capacity, and why price volatility—not just permitting or supply chains—is emerging as a central problem. We also touch on signals of potential bipartisan legislation that may address market stability, aligning with the strategic lithium reserve concept that frames lithium more like infrastructure than a typical commodity. Rodney then outlines his macro view on the renewed preference for physical hard assets over paper claims, with implications for precious metals, sovereign reserves, and commodity-linked currencies. We discuss how investor behavior is shifting across gold and silver, and what that could mean for real assets in an environment of heavy refinancing needs and persistent fiscal pressure. From there, Matt digs into lithium: the strength of the recent move, whether current prices are sustainable, and how higher prices may bring parts of the incentive curve back into play—especially projects that were delayed during the downturn and may require updated feasibility work at today’s pricing assumptions. We also reference the tone shift from sell-side research, including recent sector upgrades, and the risks that come with “this time is different” narratives even as market depth and demand mix evolve. We close with a discussion on high-purity alumina (HPA) as an example of a niche, processing-led material with growing relevance in semiconductors and batteries—why identifying the right materials matters as much as identifying the right companies, and why “chokepoint” processing capacity is becoming a recurring theme across critical minerals. Company Updates (Additional Videos): - Alicia Milne, CEO of Q2 Metals Corp - Graham Harris, Chairman of Surge Battery Metals (including the company’s upsized $25M financing update) - Gabriel Rubacha, CEO of NOA Lithium Brines   Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments)   Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In the January 2026 episode of the Recharge Podcast, we (Matt from RK Equity / Battery Materials Review and Cormac O'Laoire, Managing Director at Electrios Energy) review the key battery and EV market signals coming out of 2025 and what they imply for 2026. Chapters (00:00) Intro (01:34) 2025 EV Demand Shift (06:36) China: BYD And New Rivals (10:02) China: Subsidies And Growth (12:26) US Vs Europe EV Trends (18:32) Europe Targets And Supply Chain (22:13) China Export Rebate Changes (24:26) Energy Storage Boom (27:57) Materials And Cell Prices (33:14) Next-Gen Storage Options (42:41) New Demand Drivers (48:01) Outro   We cover how China’s EV market is shifting toward PHEVs and EREVs, including policy-driven changes to minimum electric-only range and the resulting push toward larger battery packs. We also discuss the changing competitive landscape in China—where smaller EVs can still top sales charts even as OEMs compete aggressively in higher-end segments. Outside China, we compare the 2025 outcomes in the US and Europe, including the US slowdown late in the year, Europe’s stronger-than-expected growth, and what Chinese OEM and battery supply chain investment could mean for European market structure. On the supply chain side, we unpack China’s export rebate changes and how they may affect Tier 2 battery makers, near-term energy storage battery availability, and the balance between domestic Chinese demand and export flows. We then turn to raw materials and cell pricing—why lithium, nickel, cobalt and manganese trends matter, how inventories and contracting can delay price pass-through, and where higher-duration energy storage systems may feel cost pressure first. Finally, we look at potential demand drivers that may be underappreciated—including Class 8 electric trucking, marine electrification, higher energy density chemistries, and longer-term battery demand from robotics and automation. Topics covered: - China EV market: PHEVs/EREVs, policy shifts, and competitive dynamics - US vs Europe EV demand trends and market structure implications - China export rebate changes and impacts on battery supply and pricing - Lithium and broader raw material pricing pass-through into cells and ESS - Energy storage duration economics, hybrid chemistries, and long-duration alternatives   Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments)   Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode of Rock Stock Channel, we (Howard and Matt) sit down with Advanced Energy Minerals (ASX: AEM) for a detailed follow-up discussion following the company’s recent IPO. We are joined by Executive Chairman Richard Seville and CEO Michael (Mick) Adams to explore how the company is positioning itself in the global high purity alumina (HPA) market. Chapters (00:00) Introduction (06:14) HPA Grades Explained (08:23) Alpha Vs Gamma Products (11:03) Low-Uranium For Semiconductors (13:43) Specs That Matter (14:42) Pipeline, Qualification, Pricing (20:00) Supply Chains And China (24:10) Consistency And Morphology (24:37) How The Process Works (26:59) Fixing The Original Plant (28:29) Quebec Power Advantage (28:53) Phased Expansion Plan (30:53) Funding (32:50) Market Size And Parallels (34:18) Listing Takeaways (36:18) How New Materials Markets Mature (38:01) Closing Remarks We discuss AEM’s transition from private ownership to a publicly listed company, its brownfield restart strategy in Quebec, and the delivery of commercial-scale HPA production. The conversation focuses on the fundamentals of the HPA market, including demand drivers across semiconductors, advanced ceramics, LEDs, batteries, and emerging AI-related applications. A key part of the discussion is devoted to explaining HPA purity grades, including the differences between 3N, 4N, and 5N material, as well as alpha versus gamma alumina. Mick provides insight into why impurity profiles, particle morphology, and consistency matter as much as headline purity levels, particularly for semiconductor and thermal management applications. We also examine Advanced Energy Minerals’ customer qualification process, pricing dynamics, and growing commercial pipeline, including progress with ultra-low uranium products. The discussion covers global supply chains, China’s role in the HPA market, and why reliable, non-Chinese supply is increasingly important for high-end applications. Finally, we walk through AEM’s processing route, lessons learned from the asset’s original development, the advantages of low-cost hydroelectric power in Quebec, and the company’s phased growth strategy. We conclude with a broader discussion on how emerging materials markets evolve, drawing on lessons from earlier stages of other critical materials markets. This video is intended for investors seeking a clearer understanding of high purity alumina, its applications, and how Advanced Energy Minerals is approaching execution, scale-up, and customer engagement. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this Rock Stock Recap, we (Howard and Matt) sit down with YJ Lee (Arcane Capital) in Singapore to assess what’s changed in the lithium market—and why this rally looks different from the false starts investors have seen before. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:05:42) Shorting Lithium? Quick View (00:06:00) Why Lithium Spiked In China (00:06:48) CATL Closure And Seasonality (00:10:28) ESS Demand: Shipments vs Installs (00:12:06) ESS Economics And Price Sensitivity (00:17:30) Storage Needs In The Big Picture (00:20:28) EV Demand Outlook By Region (00:24:57) Why Broker Forecasts Miss (00:28:09) Why ESS Demand Could Stay Strong (00:30:56) Next Demand Drivers Beyond EVs (00:36:26) Supply Outlook By Region (00:41:17) Deficit Scenarios And Sodium Risk (01:02:50) Macro Risk And Recession Talk (01:07:26) Silver: Solar-Driven Deficit (01:13:15) Closing Thoughts We cover the key drivers behind the sharp move in China lithium prices, including tightening inventories and the growing influence of battery energy storage systems (ESS). A major theme is the “shipments vs installations” debate in grid storage: strong ESS cell output has pushed through normal EV seasonality, helping draw down lithium inventories across the system. We also discuss whether higher lithium and cell prices could eventually pressure ESS economics, and how project duration (4-hour vs 6–8-hour systems) affects overall demand. On the demand side, YJ outlines a more aggressive view of lithium consumption growth—driven by ESS, electrified trucking, and a widening set of electrification use cases—while Matt frames the near-term through a fundamentals lens and highlights where market expectations can get ahead of reality. We then turn to supply: what “latent supply” really means, the pace of growth in Chile (including SQM), Argentina, China, Africa, and Australia, and why conversion capacity is unlikely to be the primary bottleneck versus mined supply over time. We close with a focused discussion on silver: the structural deficit driven by solar demand, the tension between physical and paper markets, and why this may be a useful analog for how deficit commodities can behave over longer periods. Topics covered include: lithium price, lithium inventories, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, China lithium market, battery energy storage (BESS/ESS), grid storage, EV battery demand, electric trucks, critical minerals, supply/demand balance, conversion capacity, SQM, Argentina lithium, Africa lithium, and silver market deficits. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this panel discussion, I (Howard Klein) moderate a conversation on how Nevada is positioning itself as a leading U.S. hub for domestic lithium supply—linking mining, refining, battery production, and recycling into a more integrated “closed-loop” ecosystem. Chapters (00:00) Introduction (01:20) Nevada's Closed-Loop Supply Chain (04:07) Panelist Introductions (06:57) Lithium Market Cycles (13:27) Rhyolite Ridge Advantage (18:29) Recycling And Mining Strategy (23:09) Nevada Support And Permitting (25:58) Federal Policy And Critical Minerals (32:01) China And EV Outlook (36:05) Why Few New EV Makers (38:57) Defense Support And Stockpiles (42:57) Wrap-Up Joining me are: - Melanie Sheldon (Nevada Governor’s Office of Economic Development) on why Nevada is uniquely active across the full lithium value chain, and how the state supports projects through workforce development, incentives, and a mature permitting environment. - John Evans (Lithium Americas) on Thacker Pass—construction status, the GM joint venture, financing realities, and what it takes to build large-scale lithium projects through commodity cycles. - James Calaway (Ioneer) on Rhyolite Ridge—project readiness, the role of DOE financing, and how co-producing boric acid can materially improve the project’s cost position. - Ryan Melsert (American Battery Technology Company) on pairing battery recycling with primary lithium production—why both are needed, how recycling can support earlier cash flow, and the pathway from demonstration to commercial scale. We also cover the broader market and policy context: lithium’s boom-bust dynamics, the scale of North American battery buildout versus available domestic supply, and how U.S. industrial policy is evolving across administrations—especially around permitting, DOE programs, and the competitive landscape with China. Topics include: Nevada lithium, Thacker Pass, Rhyolite Ridge, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, battery recycling, critical minerals policy, DOE Loan Programs Office, EV supply chain, U.S. battery manufacturing, and China competition. #Lithium #Nevada #CriticalMinerals #BatteryRecycling #EVSupplyChain #ThackerPass #RhyoliteRidge #LithiumAmericas #Ioneer #ABTC Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we (Howard and Matt) step outside Washington to examine how China approaches batteries, critical minerals, and supply chain strategy from the inside. Our guest is Henry Sanderson—former China-based journalist (including at the Financial Times) and author of Volt Rush—who brings on-the-ground perspective on how Chinese industrial policy, corporate competition, and capital allocation actually work in practice. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:03:35) Henry's China Background (00:04:23) China Strategy Myths (00:07:09) Competition And Price Wars (00:12:38) Can The U.S. Catch Up? (00:20:53) Tech: Copy Or Reinvent? (00:28:59) Price Manipulation Debate (00:32:22) Overcapacity Crackdown (00:34:44) Jobs And Consumption (00:39:33) Securing Lithium Supply (00:42:33) China Cost Edge (00:46:44) U.S.-China Rivalry (00:50:46) China Investment In U.S.? (00:54:38) China Consumption Problem (01:00:13) 5-10 Year Outlook (01:06:22) U.S.-Europe Dynamics (01:08:13) Closing Remarks We discuss why many Western observers overestimate how “centrally coordinated” China is, and why intense competition and price wars—especially in LFP cathodes and parts of the midstream—have created a mixed picture: CATL generating strong profits while much of the broader ecosystem (midstream processing, lithium producers, and many EV makers) operates under margin pressure. Henry explains how local government incentives, credit availability, and overcapacity can drive rapid buildouts, and why Beijing is now signaling a more serious push to address “excessive competition.” From the U.S. perspective, we explore what is realistically achievable in critical minerals processing, cathodes, anodes, batteries, graphite, and rare earth magnets over the next few years, and where timelines are likely to extend toward the end of the decade. We also look at why the demand narrative is shifting from “EV-only” toward grid reliability, energy storage (ESS), data centers, and AI infrastructure, and what that means for lithium and battery supply chain resilience. Key themes covered: - China’s industrial strategy: coordination vs. competition - Overcapacity and consolidation: what changes, and why now - LFP cathodes: profitability, technology cycles, and global expansion - U.S. supply chain rebuilding: feasibility, bottlenecks, and timelines - Minerals vs. midstream: where China’s advantages are hardest to replicate - Cost structure realities: industrial clusters, policy tools, and VAT rebates - Geopolitics and trade-offs: de-risking, investment, and the “G2” question - The long view: energy, electricity costs, and the next phase of competition Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode of Rock Stock Channel, we (Howard and Rodney) sit down with Chris Evans (CEO, Winsome Resources) and Francis MacDonald (CEO, Li-FT Power) to walk through the recently announced scheme of arrangement to merge Winsome and Li-FT. Chapters (00:00) Introduction (05:41) Why Merge (07:17) Winsome Constraints (09:31) Agnico/Avenir Support (10:57) $40M Financing (13:58) Pro Forma Cash (17:12) Rework Economics (20:20) Renard Optionality (24:34) Leadership Shift (26:50) Permitting Edge (28:42) Near-Term Milestones (30:41) Yellowknife Asset (34:24) Alberta Downstream (39:07) Cycle And Valuation (43:05) Closing Remarks   Rather than rehashing the press release, we focus on what shareholders and lithium investors are debating most: the strategic logic for full consolidation, what changes when Adina and the adjoining ground are brought together, and why capital certainty, permitting execution, and governance matter at this point in the lithium cycle—especially for high-quality Quebec spodumene development projects.   Key topics we cover: - Why a merger (vs. JV): Francis explains the technical rationale for consolidating the land package and removing boundary constraints to potentially unlock greater pit scale and development flexibility. - What Winsome gains: Chris outlines the core constraints Winsome faced as a standalone developer—funding the next study phase, permitting de-risking, TSX connectivity, and optionality around the Renard infrastructure—and how the combination addresses them. - Avenir / Agnico Eagle backdrop: We discuss how Li-FT’s strategic relationship with Avenir (a subsidiary of Agnico Eagle) could influence permitting, stakeholder engagement, and project development credibility in Quebec. - Financing structure: Francis breaks down the $40M bought deal (subscription receipts plus sidecar financing), including the mix of hard dollars and flow-through, and how that capital is intended to fund drilling and studies across the portfolio. - Balance sheet and optionality: We review expected cash and equity positions at close (including the referenced equity holdings) and how a stronger balance sheet can change development sequencing and negotiation posture. - Work plan and milestones: We outline what we’ll be watching over the coming months—trade-off studies, resource integration planning, drilling cadence, and how management intends to integrate teams “with continuity and without duplication.” - What Li-FT shareholders bring to the table: Francis summarizes Li-FT’s Yellowknife Lithium Project (infrastructure advantages and planned drilling) and discusses the early look at a potential downstream refining concept in Alberta. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this Rock Stock Recap episode, Howard, Matt, and Rodney sit down with Ernie Ortiz (CEO, Lithium Royalty Corp) and Ofer Amir (Clean Elements family office) to discuss why sentiment and pricing changed so sharply in 2025, and why the next leg of the lithium cycle may be driven less by EV headlines and more by battery energy storage systems (BESS). Chapters (00:00) Intro (04:26) Why Argentine Brines (08:18) Galan Brine Case (16:06) DLE vs Traditional Projects (18:01) Winsome & Power Metals Updates (23:26) Quebec Outlook & M&A (28:09) Lithium Pricing Setup (30:24) US Minerals Policy (33:02) Middle East Storage (36:23) 2026 Watchlist (40:26) Risks, Upside & Wrap We cover: - Why energy storage demand is becoming a primary driver for lithium (and why carbonate/LFP matters) - How major banks and industry players are framing the 2026 lithium outlook - Why Argentine brines are viewed as strategic — including valuation comparisons and past takeout benchmarks - What to watch in Argentina’s policy and investment environment, and why it may matter for project development - Brines vs hard rock vs DLE: how institutional investors and royalty companies think about risk, cost, and timelines - Key royalty and deal updates (including Winsome/Li-FT and Power Metals/Albemarle) - The Quebec lithium pipeline and what consolidation could look like in North America - Macro watchpoints: US critical minerals policy, supply chain buildout, and the pace of ex-China conversion capacity Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this December 2025 episode of the Recharge Podcast, we (Matt Fernley, editor of Battery Materials Review, and Cormac O’Laoire, MD of Electrios Energy) break down the key developments shaping the battery supply chain as we head into 2026. Chapters (00:00) Introduction (01:21) Overstated Lithium Demand Forecasts (02:44) EV Battery Size Trends (06:25) Lithium Market Risks (08:40) CATL and China Supply (13:01) NIO Semi-Solid Battery (15:13) Solid-State Reality Check (17:06) Battery Costs Turning Point (19:25) China Pricing Reset (22:16) Gigafactory Challenges (25:24) BESS Growth vs Inventories (34:29) BESS Becomes Strategic (38:51) Lithium Prices and Alternatives (41:48) Closing We start with why we think parts of the market may be overstating future lithium demand—particularly assumptions around lithium intensity per kWh and average EV pack size. We discuss how consumer preferences for SUVs and crossovers intersect with affordability, and why that matters for long-term demand modelling across Europe and China. We also look at near-term supply dynamics in China, including the situation around CATL’s lithium asset and what low-grade resources mean for cost and production decisions. On technology, we use NIO’s 150 kWh semi-solid pack as a real-world case study for the current economics of semi-solid and solid-state batteries, and where those technologies may find early adoption (including aviation and low-altitude electric flight). Finally, we review the latest signals on battery costs—including pack prices around $108/kWh and recent indications of cell price increases tied to lithium carbonate and cobalt. We then shift to BESS (battery energy storage systems): strong shipment momentum, project delays, inventory build concerns, and why we see energy storage becoming increasingly strategic infrastructure—especially as utilities, grids, and data center demand accelerate. We close with what we’re watching for 2026: lithium price sensitivity, the economics of longer-duration storage, and when alternatives like sodium-ion and flow batteries could become more competitive. Topics covered: Lithium demand forecasts • EV battery size trends • China lithium supply • CATL • Semi-solid & solid-state batteries • Battery pack pricing • LFP • Gigafactory competitiveness • BESS installations vs shipments • Grid storage economics • Long-duration storage • Sodium-ion • Flow batteries Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) — diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments — commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Matt and Cormac are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity’s website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Howard and Matt speak with Richard Seville, Executive Chairman of Advanced Energy Minerals (AEM), ahead of the company’s planned ASX listing (ticker: AEM). Chapters (00:00) Introduction (05:31) Richard's Path to AEM (08:18) What HPA Is & Main Uses (10:42) HPA Market Size & Growth (13:07) AEM Expansion Plans (14:48) Customer Qualification Process (18:11) Manufacturing Process Overview (21:54) Cost Curve Positioning (23:21) Low-Carbon Advantage (25:22) IPO, Capital Structure & Funding (30:27) Comparing AEM to Alpha HPA (35:40) Closing Remarks AEM IPO Prospectus: Drop us an email at rockstockchannel@rkequity.com and we'll send it over. Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ Richard is best known in the lithium industry for founding and leading Orocobre, taking it from a sub–$25m market cap IPO through project build-out, major corporate combinations, and ultimately to a transaction involving a global major. In this interview, we focus on AEM’s strategy in high purity alumina (HPA)—a niche but important industrial material used in sapphire/LED substrates, semiconductors, and emerging battery applications. We cover: - What HPA (4N / 5N purity) is and where it is used in the modern economy - Market size and growth expectations, including supply dynamics and China’s role - AEM’s Québec-based brownfield turnaround of an HPA plant acquired out of insolvency - The company’s current operating status and capacity expansion roadmap (Stage 1 and Stage 2) - How customer qualification works in HPA markets (including typical timelines) - AEM’s process overview (hydrometallurgy + calcining steps) and key cost inputs - The company’s positioning on the global cost curve, including access to low-cost hydro power - The role of low-carbon intensity in customer decision-making and procurement - IPO timing, funding history, balance sheet position, and views on future dilution risk - How AEM compares with other ASX-listed HPA peers, including differences in project stage and financing approach Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we’re joined by Keith Phillips for a wide-ranging, data-driven discussion on lithium markets, battery economics, and critical minerals strategy as 2026 approaches. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:05:24) CATL Restart And Lithium Prices (00:07:45) Solid-State Battery Reality Check (00:12:02) Battery Costs: What's Next (00:15:02) Lithium Demand Forecast Pitfalls (00:17:56) EV Battery Size And Mass Market (00:22:52) Autonomy And Battery Demand (00:24:17) Power Metals Deal Update (00:25:29) Q2 Metals And Cisco Overview (00:27:59) Rio Tinto Quebec Strategy (00:30:09) Faster Permitting In Canada (00:31:18) Picking Winners In Lithium Projects (00:35:29) Offtakes Vs. Traders (00:38:53) US Critical Minerals Funding (00:45:09) What's Truly "Critical" (00:47:35) Where To List A Lithium Company (00:55:02) Surge-Evolution JV And 2026 Plans (01:03:43) SLR Breakdown Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR) White Paper: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/ We begin with a deep dive into the Strategic Lithium Reserve (SLR), explaining why price volatility—not geology—is the biggest constraint on Western lithium investment, and how China’s pricing power via CATL, BYD, and the G-FEX exchange has reshaped the global market. We discuss price floors, market stabilization, and why lithium sits at the center of energy security, industrial policy, and the emerging “electrostate” economy. From there, we analyze near-term lithium price drivers, including delays to Chinese supply restarts, seasonal demand patterns, and the growing role of energy storage systems (ESS). We examine battery technology trends, including semi-solid and solid-state batteries, falling battery costs, and what consumer price sensitivity means for EV adoption, battery size, and lithium intensity. The conversation also tackles a critical forecasting issue: whether lithium demand is being overstated due to unrealistic assumptions around battery chemistry and average EV battery size. We compare LFP, mid-nickel, and high-nickel batteries, and discuss how China’s mass-market EV model differs from Western assumptions. Keith shares insights from his experience as a former lithium CEO, including how to evaluate lithium projects, the importance of location and permitting timelines, the realities of offtake agreements versus spot sales, and how government funding and capital markets shape project outcomes. We also discuss Quebec’s growing role in hard-rock lithium, Q2 Metals’ Cisco project, Rio Tinto’s conversion strategy, and the outlook for permitting reform in Canada. We close with a market update on recent deals, including Power Metals and Surge Battery Materials, and discuss where institutional interest in lithium may return as prices stabilize and policy priorities shift. This episode is designed for investors, industry professionals, and policymakers looking for a clear, grounded view of lithium markets, battery economics, and the strategic decisions shaping the next phase of the energy transition. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

We've released a major new RK Equity policy white paper:   The USA Strategic Lithium Reserve A Modern SPR for the Lithium Age   Read the full white paper here: https://blog.rkequity.com/2025/12/08/strategic-lithium-reserve/    Lithium prices have swung 10–15× in the past two cycles, driven largely by China’s dominance of chemical conversion. This volatility makes it extremely difficult for Western projects—no matter the geology or management—to reach Final Investment Decision.   After the House critical minerals hearings this fall, one important idea was missing from the policy conversation:   A Strategic Lithium Reserve — an SPR-style buffer for lithium.   The SLR is simple and market-driven: • Buy carbonate when prices fall below sustainable incentive levels • Release during spikes, disruptions, or export threats • Stabilize the chemical margin without price floors or technology favoritism • Enable private capital to finance new Western supply   And critically:   This can begin within months at today’s low prices.   The white paper outlines the cost model ($3–7B) and how a three-phase implementation could stabilize the market and diversify supply chains across the Western Hemisphere.   If you find the analysis valuable, please share it with colleagues in policy, industry, or the investment community. Your support helps bring this idea into the national conversation.   Thanks for reading, Howard Klein RK Equity

The discussion opens with a detailed assessment of Rio Tinto's Lithium Strategy Day—its updated demand outlook, cost assumptions, expansion plans in Argentina and Canada, and the organizational shift aligning lithium with the aluminum division. Howard and Matt examine implications for hard-rock supply, brine dominance, and potential M&A in Quebec. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:01:46) Rio Tinto Strategy Overview (00:15:19) Q2 Metals Drill Results (00:18:03) NOA Lithium and Brine Scarcity (00:20:12) Europe: EMH and Vulcan News (00:27:02) Rare Earth Supply Risks (00:31:00) Solar Growth and Silver Demand (00:32:40) Physical Silver Squeeze (00:35:47) Closing Remarks (00:37:14) 121: NOA Lithium Brines (00:40:42) Q2 Metals in Quebec (00:42:39) Geopolitics & Critical Minerals (00:43:49) Permitting Challenges (00:45:08) Argentina's Mining Climate (00:47:17) U.S. Battery Strategy (00:49:18) Canada's Role (00:50:51) Importance of Copper (00:53:51) Hawke's Point Investment Approach (00:55:24) NOA PEA Highlights (00:57:52) Q2 Resource Growth (00:59:06) Hawke's Commodity Picks (01:03:34) Lithium Market Outlook (01:05:38) M&A Environment (01:10:39) Market Sentiment The conversation then turns to Q2 Metals and its standout drill results at the Cisco Project, which we see as one of the strongest hard-rock intercepts in recent years. Matt explains why the geology, scale, metallurgy, and infrastructure advantages could differentiate Cisco from other Canadian projects. We also discuss lithium brine dynamics—especially in Argentina—highlighting growing interest from major producers and why standalone brine assets may be increasingly scarce and undervalued. We also analyze Europe's shifting approach to critical minerals, including recent EU-backed financing for lithium projects and the continent's push to secure its own battery materials supply chain despite limited upstream resources. We close with a broader view across critical minerals: tightening physical silver markets, the strategic significance of heavy rare earths, and copper's central role in electrification, AI infrastructure, and energy transition technologies. At the end of the video, viewers will also find a separate 121 panel discussion featuring NOA Lithium Brines, Q2 Metals, and Hawke's Point Capital, where the panel explores lithium brine development in Argentina, early-stage discovery value in Quebec, permitting pathways, jurisdictional dynamics, and investor perspectives on project economics and global critical minerals supply chains. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, we sit down with John Passalacqua, CEO of First Phosphate (CSE: PHOS), to discuss one of the most overlooked segments of the energy transition: the phosphate supply chain for LFP batteries. As investors increasingly focus on lithium, nickel, and cobalt, phosphate has quietly emerged as a potential bottleneck for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery production outside of China. Chapters (00:00) Intro (05:39) John's Background (06:56) LFP Supply Chain Steps (09:34) Igneous vs. Sedimentary Phosphate (12:59) Project Infrastructure (15:08) Studies and Development Timeline (16:39) Offtake Strategy (19:33) Competitive Landscape (20:37) Permitting Process (23:07) Government Support (24:37) Strategic Partnerships (27:00) Project Economics (29:45) 2026 Milestones (30:35) Closing Remarks First Phosphate's Investor Presentation: https://firstphosphate.com/FirstPhosphateDeck_english.pdf Drawing on our research and recent work in the battery materials sector, we explore why igneous phosphate resources—such as First Phosphate's Bégin-Lamarche project in Quebec—may play a critical role in supplying purified phosphoric acid (PPA), a key precursor for LFP cathode materials. John walks us through the six-step integrated mine-to-cathode value chain, the distinctions between igneous and sedimentary phosphate, and why high-purity phosphate is essential for battery-grade chemistry. We also examine the company's business model, drilling progress, feasibility timeline, offtake strategy, infrastructure advantages, and how First Phosphate is positioning itself to support North America's growing demand for LFP-based battery energy storage systems (BESS). The conversation includes a detailed look at the company's PEA economics, permitting pathway, government engagement, and strategic partnerships across the supply chain. For investors tracking the electrification trend, critical minerals, and the rapid shift toward LFP chemistry in stationary storage and EVs, this discussion provides context on a market segment that has received limited attention but may prove strategically important over the coming years. Topics Covered - Why phosphate may become a bottleneck in the LFP supply chain - Differences between igneous and sedimentary phosphate and why purity matters - North America's opportunity to onshore the LFP value chain - First Phosphate's development timeline and project economics - Offtake agreements, partnerships, and financing considerations - Policy and permitting environment in Quebec - How LFP growth ties into broader electrification and grid storage trends About First Phosphate (CSE: PHOS) First Phosphate is advancing a vertically integrated LFP materials supply chain in North America, focused exclusively on high-purity igneous phosphate for battery-grade applications. The company has raised approximately C$44M to date and continues to advance its flagship project toward feasibility. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this episode, Howard and Rodney sit down with Keith Coughlan, Managing Director of European Metals Holdings (EMH), for a detailed discussion following a major development in Europe's lithium sector. The Czech Republic has approved up to €360M in grant funding for the Cinovec lithium project, Europe's largest hard-rock lithium resource. This funding follows the earlier $36M Just Transition Fund grant and reinforces Cinovec's designation as a strategic project under both the Czech government and the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA). Chapters (00:00) Intro (03:11) EMH Market Context (08:39) Cinovec Overview (11:19) Permitting & EIA Timeline (12:44) DFS & Project Funding (13:29) €360M Grant Breakdown (15:16) Determining Final Grant Amount (16:30) Project Comparisons (18:24) Offtake & OEM Interest (21:32) Funding Options (23:27) Valuation & Ownership (26:56) Potential Partners (29:44) Market Perspective (31:16) Project Execution & Staffing (35:21) Utilities & Energy Storage Demand (36:24) Closing Remarks With geopolitical urgency surrounding critical minerals supply, the EU is preparing to unveil its new Resource EU plan, aimed at strengthening regional access to lithium and other essential raw materials. Europe's reliance on Asian supply chains, China's recent export controls, and accelerating U.S.–EU competition for strategic projects all form the backdrop for this conversation. Keith provides updates on: - The scope and significance of the €360M grant - Progress toward the Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) - Recent advances in permitting, including preliminary mining permits across the full ore reserve - The timing and process for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - Project funding pathways involving the EIB, EU critical minerals financing, export credit agencies, and potential offtake partners - Comparisons to peer projects such as Thacker Pass, Vulcan, Standard Lithium, and others - The role of EMH's 51% partner ČEZ, one of Europe's largest utilities We also explore market sentiment around EMH, valuation gaps across the lithium sector, and the broader implications of utility involvement, energy storage demand, and Europe's evolving industrial policy. Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein

In this Rock Stock Recap, Howard, Matt and Rodney dig into the state of the lithium market, energy storage demand, and the broader critical minerals landscape against a rapidly changing macro and geopolitical backdrop. They unpack why there is still no agreed historical lithium supply dataset, how a 20% spread in 2024 supply estimates can distort every long-term forecast, and why Chinese and China-controlled supply (especially in Africa) is likely being underestimated by many Western brokers. In the second part of the video, Howard speaks with Washington, DC lobbyist Ben Steinberg of Venn Strategies and the Battery Materials & Technology Coalition about how U.S. critical minerals and battery policy is evolving one year into the new administration. Chapters (00:00:00) Intro (00:03:30) Lithium Data Inconsistencies (00:05:55) Supply Models and Inventory Issues (00:10:08) Supply Outlook to 2027 (00:10:50) China's Lithium Supply Impact (00:11:30) Inventory Trends and Prices (00:13:40) Analyst BESS Forecast Critiques (00:18:27) Growth of Energy Storage (00:20:40) Exxon and U.S. Brine Projects (00:22:21) Rio Tinto's Lithium Strategy (00:25:44) U.S.-China Relations (00:31:54) Critical Minerals Market Outlook (00:35:20) Interview with Ben Steinberg (00:37:37) Clean Energy Policy Overview (00:39:16) Understanding 45X Incentives (00:40:34) Solar, Wind, and Battery Role (00:42:22) Shifts in Federal Energy Leadership (00:46:21) Pentagon Deal-Making and Leadership (00:50:48) Battery Policy Silence on EVs (00:52:43) DOE Reorganization and New Leadership (00:55:22) Musk, Grid Capacity, and Policy (00:58:20) Autonomy and Upcoming Legislation (01:00:01) Tariffs, FDI, and Trade Strategy (01:04:07) How Projects Get Federal Attention (01:07:30) Vulcan Deal Context (01:09:45) Nuclear Strategy and Minerals (01:11:26) What's Coming in Year Two (01:12:20) Closing Remarks Also Discussed The besties walk through Matt's latest supply models out to 2027, seasonality and inventories in China, and how lithium prices have been tracking inventory moves rather than trading "randomly." They critique recent analyst work from Goldman Sachs and Canaccord on EV and BESS (battery energy storage system) demand, highlighting why flatlining BESS growth after a couple of strong years looks unrealistic given grid needs, AI-driven power demand, and booming ESS build-outs. They also touch on Exxon's Smackover lithium ambitions, slower-than-hyped timelines for U.S. brine and geothermal projects, and what Rio Tinto's likely focus on low-cost brine assets could mean for hard-rock projects in Quebec. The conversation broadens into U.S.-China relations, tariffs, rare earths, and why recent equity market weakness in critical minerals may be over-discounting a "kumbaya" scenario rather than the continued strategic competition that policy still implies.  In the second part of the video, Ben & Howard discuss the "one big beautiful bill," the role of the 45X production tax credit, DOE reorganization around critical minerals and batteries, the growing focus on energy and AI dominance, and how agencies like the Department of War, DOE, Commerce, EXIM and DFC are coordinating on mineral-by-mineral strategies and dealmaking.  Ben also explains the new emphasis on foreign direct investment from allies (Japan, Australia, South Korea, the Middle East) into U.S. critical mineral and processing projects, and what companies need in place—offtake, private capital, strategic partners—to be taken seriously in Washington.  Sponsors - Lithium Royalty Corp (TSX: LIRC) - diversified lithium royalty portfolio. (Website: https://www.lithiumroyaltycorp.com/ | X: https://x.com/Lithium_Royalty) - USCF Investments - commodity-focused ETFs (e.g., CPER copper, ZSB battery metals, USG gold, SDCI diversified commodities). (Website: https://www.uscfinvestments.com/ | X: https://x.com/USCFInvestments) Links - Read Matt's research blog: https://blog.rkequity.com/ - Sign up for the Lithium-Ion Bull newsletter/Matt's Blogs: https://rkequity.com/ Have a question? Drop us an email: rockstockchannel@rkequity.com Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rockstockchannel Podcast:   Apple Podcast: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lithium-ion-rocks/id1457969172   Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/0KiMIZOPaDg8ENfPJMSINq X (Twitter):   Howard: https://x.com/LithiumIonBull   Rodney: https://x.com/RodneyHooper13   Matt: https://x.com/matt_fernley _________________________________________________ DISCLAIMER   NOT INVESTMENT ADVICE. DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH Howard, Matt and Rodney are not financial advisors nor broker-dealers, this video is for information purposes only and should not be considered investment or financial advice. Please do your own independent research and read the disclaimer at the end of the video or on RK Equity's website https://www.rkequity.com Intro and outro audio credit: Jamie Klein