SPILLED.

We're back with our MOST requested episode yet -- the Salem Witch Trials! Join us to hear us unpack the biggest misconceptions, implications, and causes of the witch hunts and trials that plagued Salem, Massachusetts between February 1692 – May 1693. We cover famous trials, shocking facts, and as always, one too many dirty jokes.SOURCES: Deodat Lawson, A Brief and True Narrative of Some Remarkable Passages Relating to Sundry Persons Afflicted by Witchcraft, at Salem Village Which happened from the Nineteenth of March to the Fifth of April 1692 (Boston: Benjamin Harris, 1692), p. 9.Norton, Mary Beth. In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692. Alfred A. Knopf, 2002Georgescu, Sedona. Fear Thy Neighbor: Spatial Relations in 17th Century New England Witch-Hunt Trials. Documents, 2017. https://jstor.org/stable/community.34031178. https://doi.org/10.2307/362849.(A. Scott, personal communication, 2025) Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Everyone jokes that Y2K was fake. It wasn’t. It was stopped.In this episode, we break down how a tiny design choice made decades earlier put banks, power grids, hospitals, air traffic control, and even nuclear systems on edge as the clock approached January 1, 2000. We explore why the Y2K bug was a real, systemic risk, how hundreds of billions of dollars and years of invisible labor quietly defused it, and why the absence of disaster became proof of success. Drawing on first-hand accounts (from Reddit, obviously) from the programmers who fixed the code and waited on call, we chat aboutY2K as a case study in technological dependence, mass anxiety, and what it actually looks like when prevention works.Sources:Scholarly + Academic / Research ReportsBosch, Olivia. “Expectations in 1999 of Potential Impact of Y2K.” In The Year 2000 Issue and Information Infrastructure Security. Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, 2001. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20291.6.Bosch, Olivia. “Motivations for Dealing with Y2K.” In The Year 2000 Issue and Information Infrastructure Security. Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, 2001. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20291.5.Bosch, Olivia. “What Happened?” In The Year 2000 Issue and Information Infrastructure Security. Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, 2001. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20291.7.Garcia-Feijóo, Luis, and John R. Wingender. “Y2K: Myth or Reality?” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics 46, no. 3 (2007): 27–44. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40473301.Romanosky, Sasha, and Jonathan W. Welburn. “Disclosure of Software Supply Chain Risks.” RAND Corporation, 2022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep41324.Knox, Hannah. “How the Climate Takes Shape.” In Thinking Like a Climate: Governing a City in Times of Environmental Change, 63–66. Duke University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.33610740.8.Journalism / Magazine / NewsKolker, Claudia. “Seeking Y2K Getaway, Some Head for the Hills, in Ozarks.” Los Angeles Times, April 4, 1999. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-04-mn-24190-story.html.Radil, Amy. “The Y2K Bust.” Minnesota Public Radio, December 30, 1999. https://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/199912/30_radila_y2k-m/.Ratcliffe, Mitch. “Y2K Survivalists Struggle with Reality.” UPI, January 2, 2000. Accessed January 5, 2026. https://www.upi.com/Archives/2000/01/02/Y2K-survivalists-struggle-with-reality/8815946789200/.Rothman, Lily. “Remember Y2K? Here’s How We Prepped for the Non-Disaster.” Time, December 31, 2014. Accessed January 5, 2026. https://time.com/3645828/y2k-look-back/.(Archive video collection) “25 years since Y2K archive collection.” KSBW. https://www.ksbw.com/article/25-years-since-y2k-archive-collection/63241773Museums / Educational ReferenceSmithsonian National Museum of American History. “Y2K.” Accessed January 2, 2026. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/y2k.EBSCO Research Starters. “Y2K Crisis.” https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/computer-science/y2k-crisis.National Geographic Education. “Y2K bug.” https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/Y2K-bug/.Government / Primary DocumentsYear 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act. Public Law 105–271 (1998). https://www.congress.gov/105/plaws/publ271/PLAW-105publ271.pdf.The White House (Clinton Administration Archives). “The Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act” / related statement and “National Y2K Action Week” materials (October 1998). https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/Work/101998.htmlTrade / Professional PublicationWitherspoon, Roger. “Y2K: The Millennium Mystery.” Hispanic Engineer and Information Technology 14, no. 2 (1999): 50–51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43827991.Scholarly Article (Environmental / Public Health angle)Chepesiuk, Ron. “Y2K: The Moment of Truth.” Environmental Health Perspectives 107, no. 5 (1999): A252–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/3434533. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Come with us on a holly jolly holiday episode on debunking 10 Christmas traditions and their origins. This episode is a little different, though -- you'll be in charge of guessing if each of the 20 traditions is "Real or Reddit." That's right, Kendyl did her trademark Reddit deep-dive to find 10 family traditions that'll keep you guessing if the origin is Pagan, Nordic, Victorian, or some plain and simple family creativity. We break down the origins of the Christmas Tree, Santa's appearance, why reindeer fly, Christmas cards, and more! Sources: Chastagner, Gary A., and D. Michael Benson. “The Christmas Tree: Traditions, Production, and Diseases.” Plant Health Progress, October 13, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2000-1013-01-RV . Eldridge, Adam, and Ilaria Pappalepore. “Festive Space and Dream Worlds: Christmas in London.” In Destination London, 183–204. 2019. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvhrd0t9.12 . HISTORY.com Editors. “History of Christmas Trees.” History.com, November 28, 2023 (updated December 19, 2025). https://www.history.com/articles/history-of-christmas-trees . Miller, Daniel. \“Christmas: An Anthropological Lens.” Hau 7, no. 3 (2017): 409–442. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau7.3.027 . Salazar-Porzio, Margaret. “Who Arrives on the 12th Day of Christmas? Three Wise Men, of Course.” National Museum of American History, January 6, 2014. https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/who-arrives-12th-day-christmas-three-wise-men-course . Wachelder, Joseph. “Toys, Christmas Gifts and Consumption Culture in London’s Morning Chronicle, 1800–1827.” Icon 19 (2013): 13–32. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23788118 . https://www.ffungi.org/blog/the-influence-of-hallucinogenic-mushrooms-on-christmas V&A. “Victorian Christmas Traditions.” https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/victorian-christmas-traditions History.com Saturnalia: https://www.history.com/articles/saturnalia Britannica Christmas: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christmas Massachusetts law banning Christmas: https://www.mass.gov/news/massachusetts-law-banning-christmas Smithsonian mistletoe: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/mistletoe-the-evolution-of-a-christmas-tradition-10814188/ Pagan origins overview: https://historycooperative.org/pagan-origins-of-christmas/ BBC Newsround: https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/59905614 PBS fruitcake: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/the-misunderstood-fruitcake-has-a-magnificent-shelf-life-and-history Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Imagine becoming the richest community in America overnight—only for people around you to start turning up dead.This episode uncovers the stunning rise of the Osage Nation during the Oklahoma oil boom: how they strategically secured “worthless” land that sat on massive oil reserves, built extraordinary wealth, and shaped a cultural renaissance that most history books barely mention.Then we get into the part everyone tried to hide—the guardianship scams, the coordinated theft, and the string of murders that became the Osage Reign of Terror. We untangle the schemes, the conspirators, and how the FBI used the case to craft its own origin story.A gripping, human look at power, brilliance, and the truth behind one of America’s darkest scandals. Sources:https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/who-we-are/historic-preservation/osage-cultural-history https://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/archaeology/native-american/early-middle-woodland-period.html https://biodiversity.ku.edu/archaeology/research/ancient-farmingMack, John. “OSAGE MISSION: THE STORY OF CATHOLIC MISSIONARY WORK IN SOUTHEAST KANSAS.” The Catholic Historical Review 96, no. 2 (2010): 262–81. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27806535.Christian, Allison B. “DIGGING DEEPER TO PROTECT TRIBAL PROPERTY INTERESTS: UNITED STATES v. OSAGE WIND, LLC.” American Indian Law Review 43, no. 2 (2018): 411–35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26789486.Jean Dennison. “The Logic of Recognition: Debating Osage Nation Citizenship in the Twenty-First Century.” American Indian Quarterly 38, no. 1 (2014): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.5250/amerindiquar.38.1.0001.Bone, Corey. “Osage Oil.” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=OS006.Hunter, Andrea A., James Munkres, and Barker Fariss. Osage Nation NAGPRA Claim for Human Remains Removed from the Clarksville Mound Group (23PI6), Pike County, Missouri. Pawhuska, OK: Osage Nation Historic Preservation Office, 2013.Inskeep, Steve. “In the 1920s, a Community Conspired to Kill Native Americans for Their Oil Money.” NPR, April 17, 2017. https://www.npr.org/2017/04/17/523964584/in-the-1920s-a-community-conspired-to-kill-native-americans-for-their-oil-money.McBride, Mike III. “Reconciling Osage Betrayal: Killers of the Flower Moon.” American Bar Association, January 22, 2024. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/resources/human-rights/2024-january/reconciling-osage-betrayal-killers-flower-moon/.National Park Service. “Native Americans and the Homestead Act.” https://www.nps.gov/home/learn/historyculture/native-americans-and-the-homestead-act.htm.Strickland, Rennard. “Osage Oil: Mineral Law, Murder, Mayhem, and Manipulation.” Natural Resources & Environment 10, no. 1 (1995): 39–43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40923431.Toll, Shannon. “For the Osage Nation, the Betrayal Yet Lingers.” The Conversation. Reprinted in News-Register. https://newsregister.com/article?articleId=47809.Warren, Andrew L. “Earning Their Spurs in the Oil Patch: The Cinematic FBI, the Osage Murders, and the Test of the American West.” The Chronicles of Oklahoma.https://www.jstor.org/stable/40923431?searchText=osage+oil&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dosage%2Boil%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fspellcheck_basic_search%2Ftest&refreqid=fastly-default%3Aabbb5d6739d56fe82e30c6d76968d956&seq=1 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode, we get into the absolutely unhinged Dancing Plague of 1518 — the real moment when hundreds of people in Strasbourg danced for days, weeks, and sometimes literally to death.We look at the dance manias that came before, the political and religious chaos that had everyone on edge, and how it all escalated after Frau Troffea started dancing and just… didn’t stop. We break down the competing explanations of the time — curses, saints, divine punishment, choreomania, humors, ergot, even early “hysteria.”Then we connect it to now: what the dancing plague can teach us about mass psychogenic illness, social contagion, and the way behaviors go viral today, from TikTok tics to doomscrolling spirals.A weird, chaotic, and surprisingly relevant deep dive into one of history’s strangest events. Sources:Andrews, Evan. “What Was the Dancing Plague of 1518?” History, August 31, 2015.Lapinskas, Vincas. “A Brief History of Ergotism: From St. Anthony’s Fire and St. Vitus’ Dance until Today.” Medicina Teorija ir Praktika, 2007.Miller, Lynneth J. “Divine Punishment or Disease? Medieval and Early Modern Approaches to the 1518 Strasbourg Dancing Plague.” Dance Research 35, no. 2 (2017): 149–164.Petlevski, Sibila. “Choreomanic NeuroDance and Its Aesthetics: Dance Research and Controversies Connected to Cognitive Neuroscience and Meme Theory.” In Taboo–Transgression–Transcendence in Art and Science, 650–674.Sweeney, John. “INFECTIOUS CONNECTIVITY: ILLUSTRATING THE THREE TOMORROWS.” In The Postnormal Times Reader, edited by Ziauddin Sardar, 137–58.Turner, Osie. The Dance Manias of the Middle Ages. The Forlorn Press, 2013.Waller, John. “A Forgotten Plague: Making Sense of Dancing Mania.” The Lancet 373, no. 9664 (2009): 624–625.Waller, John C. “In a Spin: The Mysterious Dancing Epidemic of 1518.” Endeavour 32, no. 3 (2008): 117–121. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

efore she became the most infamous “female spy” of World War I, Mata Hari was a Dutch dancer who turned her heartbreak and reinvention into performance art. Celebrated across Belle Époque Europe for her seductive “Eastern” dances, she embodied every fantasy — and every fear — men had about powerful women.When war broke out, that fantasy turned fatal. Accused of being a double agent, Mata Hari was tried, convicted, and executed for espionage — though the evidence was almost entirely fabricated.In this episode, we unravel how a woman who blurred the line between performance and identity became the perfect scapegoat for France’s paranoia. Was she a master spy, a myth, or just a woman ahead of her time? Sources:Alfonso, Kristal L. M. “Introduction.” Femme Fatale: An Examination of the Role of Women in Combat and the Policy Implications for Future American Military Operations. Air University Press, 2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep13932.6.Anderson, Jack, and Joseph Spear. “Mata Hari Was Framed, Files Show.” Washington Post, November 23, 1985. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000100120015-5.pdf.Andrews, Evan. “The Dancer Who Became WWI’s Most Notorious Spy.” History, August 5, 2016. https://www.history.com/articles/the-exotic-dancer-who-became-wwis-most-notorious-spy.“‘Mata Hari’ alias McLeod Margaretha Geertruida (Marguerite Gertrude): Executed by the French in 1917 for Accusations of Spying for Germany, KV 2/1, 1914–1924.” The National Archives (UK). https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/filesonfilm/mata-hari-alias-mcleod-margaretha-geertruida-marguerite-gertrude-kv-2-1.pdf.Matano, Lisette. “Letters from Mata Hari.” Georgetown University Library, June 24, 2016. https://library.georgetown.edu/special-collections/manuscripts/letters-mata-hari.Myers, Alice. “France Executes Mata Hari.” EBSCO Research Starters, 2023. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/france-executes-mata-hari.Solly, Meilan. “Revisiting the Myth of Mata Hari, From Sultry Spy to Government Scapegoat.” Smithsonian Magazine, November 1, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/revisiting-myth-mata-hari-sultry-spy-government-scapegoat-180967013.Wheelwright, J. “The Language of Espionage: Mata Hari and the Creation of the Spy-Courtesan.” In Languages and the First World War: Representation and Memory, edited by C. Declercq and J. Walker, 164–177. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137550361_11.Wheelwright, J. “Poisoned Honey: The Myth of Women in Espionage.” Queen’s Quarterly 100, no. 2 (2019): 291–309.“Mata Hari.” Fries Museum, https://www.friesmuseum.nl/en/collection/icons/mata-hari. Accessed 2 Nov. 2025.Pitel, Laura. “Cache of Files Unveils British and Irish Conquests in Mata Hari’s Last Summer of Seduction.” The Times, 21 Oct. 2023, https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/cache-of-files-unveils-british-and-irish-conquests-in-mata-haris-last-summer-of-seduction-gp0zc8spp.“‘Mata Hari’ alias McLeod Margaretha Geertruida (Marguerite Gertrude): Executed by the French in 1917 for Accusations of Spying for Germany, KV 2/1, 1914–1924.” The National Archives (UK), https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/filesonfilm/mata-hari-alias-mcleod-margaretha-geertruida-marguerite-gertrude-kv-2-1.pdf. Accessed 2 Nov. 2025.Andrews, Evan. “The Dancer Who Became WWI’s Most Notorious Spy.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 5 Aug. 2016, https://www.history.com/articles/the-exotic-dancer-who-became-wwis-most-notorious-spy.“Mata Hari.” Vincentian Collections, DePaul University, https://resources.depaul.edu/vincentian-collections/story/footnotes/Pages/MataHari.aspx. Accessed 2 Nov. 2025.“New-York Tribune (New York, NY), June 25, 1905.” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83030214/1905-06-25/ed-1/. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Is Abraham Lincoln still haunting the halls of the White House?  This week on SPILLED., we’re talking presidential paranormal activity. He showed up in offices and bathrooms alike. Was Honest Abe trying to warn us… or just checking in on democracy?Join us as we unpack the ghostly lore surrounding Lincoln, the séances held in the White House, and why America’s most solemn president became its most famous spirit. Expect spooky history, dramatic retellings, and our completely unqualified theories.Tune in if you love ghost stories, U.S. history, or the weird overlap between politics and the paranormal.Sources:Bach, Jennifer L. “Acts of Remembrance: Mary Todd Lincoln and Her Husband’s Memory.” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 25, no. 2 (2004): 25–49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20149062.Baker, Jean H. Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1987.DJangi, Parissa. “Séances at the White House? Why These First Ladies Turned to the Occult.” National Geographic, April 24, 2024. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/seances-at-the-white-house.Kommel, Alexandra. “Séances in the Red Room: How Spiritualism Comforted the Nation during and after the Civil War.” White House History, April 24, 2019. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/seances-in-the-red-room.Moore, R. Laurence. “Spiritualism and Science: Reflections on the First Decade of the Spirit Rappings.” American Quarterly 24, no. 4 (1972): 474–500. https://doi.org/10.2307/2711685.Pimple, Kenneth D. “Ghosts, Spirits, and Scholars: The Origins of Modern Spiritualism.” In Out Of The Ordinary: Folklore and the Supernatural, edited by Barbara Walker, 75–89. University Press of Colorado, 1995. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt46nwn8.10.White House Historical Association. “White House Ghost Stories.” White House History. Accessed October 21, 2025. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room/press-backgrounders/white-house-ghost-stories.“Last Hours Of Abraham Lincoln.” The British Medical Journal 1, no. 231 (1865): 569–70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25204716.West, Nancy M. “CAMERA FIENDS: EARLY PHOTOGRAPHY, DEATH, AND THE SUPERNATURAL.” The Centennial Review 40, no. 1 (1996): 170–206. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23740730. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

A corpse that hops through the night in Qing dynasty robes—sounds fake, right? But the jiāngshī was once a very real fear. This week, we’re talking about China’s “hopping vampires,” and how they came from something way less supernatural: family obligations, burial delays, and the weird science of what happens to a body when you can’t lay it to rest.We get into corpse-walking rituals, qi-stealing, peachwood talismans, and why people started sleeping with mirrors by their beds. We also compare the jiāngshī to the Western vampire—because spoiler: they’re not drinking blood, and they’re definitely not hot.By the end, it’s not really a question of vampire or virus. It’s about what happens when death doesn’t go smoothly, and how communities turned anxiety into rules, rituals, and really good ghost stories.Works CitedWorks CitedAll About History Team. “Chinese Hopping Vampires: The Qing Dynasty Roots Behind the Jiangshi Legend.” All About History, 2 Dec. 2015, www.historyanswers.co.uk/ancient/two-new-bookazines-on-sale-today/. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.Blair, John. Killing the Dead: Vampire Epidemics from Mesopotamia to the New World. Princeton University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.29075015.“Jiangshi: The Hopping Dead.” Fangoria, www.fangoria.com/jiangshi-the-hopping-dead/. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.Francis, Sing-chen Lydia. “‘What Confucius Wouldn’t Talk About’: The Grotesque Body and Literati Identities in Yuan Mei’s ‘Zi Buyu.’” Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR), vol. 24, 2002, pp. 129–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/823479.“[Google Books preview; book title unavailable].” Google Books, books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xhJgEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA146. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.Liu, Xiongfei, editor. “A Mystery in Western Hunan: Walking Corpse.” ChinaCulture.org, 5 Dec. 2011, en.chinaculture.org/chineseway/2011-12/05/content_426742.htm. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.Louie, Kam, and Louise Edwards. “Introduction.” Censored by Confucius: Ghost Stories by Yuan Mei, by Yuan Mei, M. E. Sharpe, 1996, pp. vii–xviii.Radford, Benjamin. “Vampires: Fact, Fiction and Folklore.” Live Science, 22 Oct. 2014, www.livescience.com/24374-vampires-real-history.html. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.Tran, Nga. “Hopping Vampire – 僵尸 (Jiāngshī).” Chinese Popular Culture Terms, vol. 2, University of Houston Libraries, 2023, uhlibraries.pressbooks.pub/chin3343fa23/chapter/hoppingvampire/. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.Wood, S. A. “The Jiang Shi.” Medium, 10 Feb. 2020, medium.com/@shwnwd/the-jiang-shi-b97532e7e975. Accessed 21 Oct. 2025.Yuan, Mei. Zibuyu, “What the Master Would Not Discuss,” According to Yuan Mei (1716–1798): A Collection of Supernatural Stories. Vol. 1, edited by Paolo Santangelo, in cooperation with Yan Beiwen, Brill, 2013. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Join Kendyl and Delaney as they explore the origins of witches and witch hunts across early modern Europe when bad weather, curdled milk, or a cranky neighbor could get you accused of serving the devil. We unpack what actually made someone a “witch,” who decided that, and how it all ties back to the social and religious stressors of the time.Plus: Kendyl buys a spell off Etsy (for science) and learns that modern witchcraft… may not come with a money-back guarantee. Sources: Primary / FoundationalThe Bible:Exodus 22:18; Deuteronomy 18:10–12; Leviticus 20:27; 1 Samuel 28 (Witch of Endor).Kramer (Institoris), Heinrich, and Jacob Sprenger. Malleus Maleficarum (1486).Boguet, Henri. Discours des sorciers (Lyon, 1610).Alice Kyteler case (Ireland, 1324) — as summarized in the packet.“Confession of Béatrice” — heretical/diabolic confession excerpts summarized in the packet.Suzanne Gaudry (France, 1652) — trial narrative summarized in the packet.Rebecca Lemp (Germany, 1590s) — coerced confession example summarized in the packet.Secondary / Scholarship & ReferenceBailey, Michael D. “The Meanings of Magic.” In Magic: The Basics, pp. 8–23. Abingdon & New York: Routledge, 2018.Behringer, Wolfgang. “Weather, Hunger and Fear: Origins of the European Witch-Hunts in Climate, Society and Mentality.” German History 13, no. 1 (1995): 1–27.Cole, Lucinda. “Rats, Witches, Miasma, and Early Modern Theories of Contagion.” In Imperfect Creatures: Vermin, Literature, and the Sciences of Life, 1600–1740, 24–48. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1gk0873.5Larsen, Aaron John Henry. “Darkest Forests and Highest Mountains: The Witches’ Sabbath and Landscapes of Fear in Early Modern Demonologies.” European Review of History 31, no. 1 (2023): 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2023.2230591Moore, R. I. The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Authority and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. (esp. pp. 94–116 as flagged in notes)Oster, Emily. “Witchcraft, Weather and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (2004): 215–228. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3216882Winkler, Albert. “Judicial Murder: The Witch-Craze in Germany and Switzerland.” Swiss American Historical Society Review 59, no. 1 (2023). (BYU ScholarsArchive)Berkeley Law — Robbins Collection. Witch Trials in Early Modern Europe and New England (exhibit/overview; legal developments & diabolical witchcraft framing). Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Versailles wasn’t just a palace — it was Louis XIV’s ego on display. In this episode, we break down how the Sun King’s insecurity complex shaped court life, from the bizarre rituals around his daily routine to the rules designed to keep everyone competing for his attention. We also trace how these traditions turned Versailles into the most theatrical (and exhausting) place on earth. We also may or may not try to freestyle rap, so stick around till the end. Sources:Heltzel, Virgil B. “The Rules of Civility (1671) and Its French Source.” Modern Language Notes, vol. 43, no. 1, 1928, pp. 17–22. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/2914493. Accessed 15 Sept. 2025.“Versailles and the Royal Court.” Palace of Versailles, en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/resources/versailles-and-royal-court. Accessed 15 Sept. 2025.Château de Versailles. “History.” Palace of Versailles: Discover History. Accessed 16 Sept. 2025. https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/historyChâteau de Versailles. “Courtiers — Key Dates.” https://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/courtiersKronenberger, Louis. “Saint-Simon, Chronicler of Versailles.” The Kenyon Review, vol. 31, no. 2, 1969, pp. 237–54. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4334896. Accessed 16 Sept. 2025.Kettering, Sharon. “Brokerage at the Court of Louis XIV.” The Historical Journal 36, no. 1 (1993): 69–87. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639516.“Anne of Austria.” EBSCO Research Starters. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/anne-austria(JSTOR) Stable ID: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3257484“The Frustrations of Being the Spare: Second Sons in the French Monarchy.” (JSTOR Stable ID: jj.1640541.12) https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.1640541.12Jenner, Greg. “Versailles: A Guide to Its Historical Accuracy.” BBC Two, May 2016. Accessed 13 Sept. 2025. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5jPx75byxj2rptb50s5y5nC/versailles-a-guide-to-its-historical-accuracyThe Kings of France. “Versailles ‒ How to Behave at Versailles.” YouTube video, 11:23. Posted 18 Sept. 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lL8Dkvg-IIWeird History. “The Weirdest Rules of Royal French Etiquette.” YouTube video, 9:51. Posted 16 Apr. 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rU-EdjjCSV4ElleHistory. “French Historian Explains Versailles Season 1.” YouTube video, 29 Mar. 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeGwhKCjDJ0ElleHistory. “French Historian Gives an Overview of Versailles Season 2.” YouTube video, 24 May 2024. https://youtu.be/VQLGmpO_exs?si=3BzioO8aTxBt4ghBElleHistory. “French Historian Reviews Versailles The TV Show.” YouTube video, 6 Oct. 2023. https://youtu.be/cIckIGV1veU?si=v8edyJ7mQBXm-V-hReddit, r/AskHistorians:“Was the French Ancien Régime an Absolutist, Centralized State or a Backwards, Feudal Patchwork?” (1 year ago).PMWeng, “Did They Poop in the Halls at Versailles?” (5 years ago).“Did People in Versailles Actually ‘Do Their Business’ in the Corners of the Palace? How Dirty Was It Really?” (2 years ago).BreaksFull, “How Filthy Was Versailles? Why Was It Allowed to Be So?” (12 years ago).SumpCrab, “I Am a Woman Attending a Party at the Palace of Versailles during the Reign of Louis XVI…” (11 years ago).“Is It True the Entire Court Would Watch Louis XIV Bathe, Dress, Eat, Have Sex, etc.?” (7 years ago).“Louis XIV Created in Versailles an Everyday Ceremony of Clothing of the King… Why Did He Do It? What Did the Nobility Think About It?” (7 years ago). Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week we’re diving into the castrati, the choirboys who paid the ultimate price to hit the high notes. We cover how the church justified it, what actually went down in the procedure (spoiler: it’s grim), and why these singers were so popular. Of course, we can’t resist the scandals, the bedroom rumors, and all the messy ways castrati blurred gender and power. As always, there are way too many ball jokes and questionable accents, yet a surprising number of parallels to modern pop stars. Sources:Jenkins, John S. “Mozart and the Castrati.” The Musical Times, vol. 151, no. 1913, Winter 2010, pp. 55–68. Jenkins, John S. "The Lost Voice: A History of the Castrato." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 13, no. 6 (suppl.), February 2000, pp. 1503–1508. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2000-s625. Melicow, M. M. “Castrati Singers and the Lost ‘Cords.’” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 59, no. 8, Oct. 1983, pp. 744–764. Mount, H. “Treble Voices in English Choral Tradition.” Music & Letters, 1976. Rosselli, John. “The Castrati as a Professional Group and a Social Phenomenon, 1550–1850.” Acta Musicologica, vol. 60, no. 2, May–Aug. 1988, pp. 143–179. Sherr, Richard. “Guglielmo Gonzaga and the Castrati.” Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 33, 1980, pp. 33–56. Taylor, Aaron. The Reception of the Castrati in Early-Eighteenth-Century London. Undergraduate dissertation, University of Bristol, 2013. Lanzillotta, Lee. “What a Queer Institution Was the Castrati.” The Gay & Lesbian Review, July–Aug. 2024 issue, 1 July 2024, glreview.org/article/what-a-queer-institution-was-the-castrati/.   Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week we’re talking about the Dahomey Amazons, the all-women military force from West Africa who had European colonizers absolutely terrified. We get into how their story has been twisted over time, what they tell us about gender roles, and why African history deserves way more credit than it usually gets. Along the way there are plenty of side tangents, questionable sex jokes, and a few moments that would definitely get us banned from giving guided tours at any respectable museum. Sources: Baëta, C. G. “Review: Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief by E. Bolaji Idowu.” The Journal of African History, vol. 4, no. 1 (1963), pp. 134–135.Law, Robin. “The ‘Amazons’ of Dahomey.” Paideuma, vol. 39 (1993), pp. 245–260.Alpern, Stanley B. “On the Origins of the Amazons of Dahomey.” History in Africa, vol. 25 (1998), pp. 9–25.Yoder, John C. “Fly and Elephant Parties: Political Polarization in Dahomey, 1840–1870.” The Journal of African History, vol. 18, no. 1 (1977), pp. 65–90.Forbes, Frederick E. Dahomey and the Dahomans. 2 vols., London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1851.Burton, Richard F. A Mission to Gelele, King of Dahome. 2 vols., London: Tinsley Brothers, 1864. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Before he was flying kites in storms or posing on the $100 bill, young Benjamin Franklin was stirring trouble—and hearts. In this episode, we sift through the flirtatious, scandalous, and occasionally eyebrow-raising side of America’s favorite Founding Father: from the cheeky Silence Dogood letters that charmed colonial Boston, to fathering a child out of wedlock, to his rumored Parisian romance with Madame Brillon. We’ll also unpack his essay “Fart Proudly” (yes, really) and his infamously unfiltered advice on choosing a mistress. Was Franklin a true 18th-century heartthrob or just history’s most charismatic chaos agent? Let’s gossip. Sources:"1776–1783: Diplomacy of the American Revolution." Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, 1997–2001 archive. Diplomacy is Our Mission, U.S. State Dept., https://1997-2001.state.gov/about_state/history/time1.html. Accessed 5 Aug. 2025.“Fighting for Independence: An Alliance with France.” Diplomacy Is Our Mission, U.S. State Department, https://diplomacy.state.gov/online-exhibits/diplomacy-is-our-mission/security/fighting-for-independence-an-alliance-with-france/. Accessed 5 Aug. 2025. “Benjamin Franklin in France.” The Americas, Cambridge University Press. Boyd, Julian P. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 6, Yale University Press, 1963. JSTOR. “Divided Loyalties: Benjamin and William Franklin.” Monticello, 21 Mar. 2021, www.monticello.org/research-education/blog/divided-loyalties-benjamin-and-william-franklin/. Accessed 5 Aug. 2025. Copeland, Thomas W. “Franklin’s Mistress Letter: Satire or Sincerity?” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 3, July 1971, pp. 421–437. JSTOR. “Enlightenment Irony and Satirical Ethics.” American Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 1, Spring 1977, pp. 45–63. JSTOR. “Fart Proudly.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, Winter 1975, pp. 190–200. JSTOR. Franklin, Benjamin. “Letter from Benjamin Franklin to a Royal Academy About Farting (1781).” Teaching American History, teachingamericanhistory.org/document/letter-to-a-royal-academy/. Accessed 5 Aug. 2025. Goodman, Dena. “Sociability and Politeness in Enlightenment France.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 23, no. 3, Spring 1990, pp. 329–350. JSTOR. Granger, Lester. “Franklin's Literary Satire.” Early American Literature, vol. 10, no. 3, Winter 1976, pp. 223–237. JSTOR. “He Was a Founding Father. His Son Sided with the British.” National Geographic, 12 June 2024, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/founding-father-benjamin-franklin-son-sided-with-british. Accessed 5 Aug. 2025. Lemay, J. A. Leo. “Franklin’s Autobiography and the American Dream.” The New England Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 2, June 1974, pp. 208–233. JSTOR. Lopez, Claude-Anne. “Franklin and Madame Brillon: An Intimate Portrait.” The William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 41, no. 2, Apr. 1984, pp. 181–213. JSTOR. Mulford, Carla. “Irony and Intimacy in Franklin’s Correspondence.” Early American Literature, vol. 14, no. 3, Winter 1979, pp. 267–284. JSTOR. Oberg, Barbara B. “Sex and Satire in the Age of Franklin.” The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 99, no. 4, Oct. 1975, pp. 450–462. JSTOR. Skemp, Sheila L. “William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a King.” Journal of American Studies, vol. 24, no. 3, Dec. 1990, pp. 359–377. JSTOR. “William Franklin.” American Battlefield Trust, www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/william-franklin. Accessed 5 Aug. 2025.  Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

What do a beheaded music lover, a teenage runaway, a dragon-slayer, and a girl who just wanted to stay single have in common? They all became virgin saints — whether they asked for it or not.In this episode, we unravel the lives (and afterlives) of St. Agnes of Rome, St. Cecilia, St. Margaret of Antioch, and St. Margaret of Cortona — four women whose stories were polished, rebranded, and passed down as holy templates of purity and pain.There’s a lot of uncomfortable questions about control — especially over young women’s bodies, choices, and legacies. These weren’t passive martyrs - they were messy, complicated figures whose real power may have been in how inconvenient they were.This week, we’re peeling back the gold leaf to ask: Who gets remembered as a saint — and what did it cost them? Sources: Elliott, Dyan. “The Bride of Christ and the Milk of the Virgin: An Example of Marginalia as a Source for Women’s History.” Signs, vol. 14, no. 2, 1989, pp. 252–268. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3174397.Bitel, Lisa M. “Body of a Saint, Story of a Saint: Creating a Sacred Past.” History of Religions, vol. 30, no. 2, 1990, pp. 116–140. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1062951.Lochrie, Karma. “Between Women: Imagining.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, vol. 4, no. 4, 1998, pp. 523–556. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41678197.Hollywood, Amy. “Virginity and the Invention of Heterosexuality.” Journal of the History of Sexuality, vol. 10, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–32. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3704550.Petroff, Elizabeth Alvilda. “Women and Mysticism.” Mysticism and Spirituality, vol. 1, 1986, pp. 113–135. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40339263. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode, we dive into the legend and legacy of Ireland’s Pirate Queen: from her wild childhood as “Grace the Bald” to the rumors she gave birth on a ship and went back to battle within the hour. We chart her rise through maritime conquests, clan warfare, and a jaw-dropping face-to-face with the English queen herself. Along the way, we unpack the geopolitical tug-of-war between England and Ireland, and how Grace used her femininity—not in spite of it—as a strategic force in a man’s world.   Sources: Chambers, Anne. Granuaile: The Life and Times of Grace O'Malley. Gill & Macmillan, 2003.Knox, H. T. “Grace O’Malley.” Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, vol. 4, no. 2, 1905, pp. 65–72. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44973429. Accessed 25 June 2025.Maguire, Conor. “Grace O’Malley: The Queen of the West.” Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 32, no. 126, 1943, pp. 225–30. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30100558. Accessed 25 June 2025.Ohlmeyer, Jane H. Making Ireland English: The Irish Aristocracy in the Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press, 2012.Chambers, Anne. Granuaile: Ireland’s Pirate Queen. Gill Books, 2003.Canny, Nicholas. Making Ireland British, 1580–1650. Oxford University Press, 2001.McNeill, Mary. Grania: She-King of the Irish Seas. Irish University Press, 1972.O’Dowd, Mary. A History of Women in Ireland, 1500–1800. Pearson Education, 2005.Staton, Tracy. “Grace O’Malley: The Pirate Queen of Ireland.” Rebel Women, 1998.  Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

You know Cleopatra—the scandal, the eyeliner, the drama. But before she stepped onto the scene with Marc Antony, there was Fulvia: a Roman powerhouse, political strategist, and all-around boss. In this episode, we dig into the story of the woman who didn’t just love Antony—she leveraged him. From leading armies to stirring up civil war, Fulvia was making major moves long before Cleopatra made headlines. Let’s give credit where it's very overdue. Episode 1 Sources: Appian. The Civil Wars. Translated by Horace White, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1913.Asconius. Commentary on Cicero’s Speeches. Translated by R.G. Lewis, Clarendon Press, 1990.Babcock, Charles L. “The Early Career of Fulvia.” The American Journal of Philology, vol. 86, no. 1, 1965, pp. 1–32. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/292619. Accessed 29 May 2025.Cassius Dio. Roman History. Vol. 5, Book 48, translated by Earnest Cary, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1916.Cicero, Marcus Tullius. The Philippics of Cicero. Translated by W. C. A. Ker, Harvard University Press, 1926.Huzar, Eleanor G. “Mark Antony: Marriages vs. Careers.” The Classical Journal, vol. 81, no. 2, 1985, pp. 97–111. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296739. Accessed 29 May 2025.Levick, Barbara. Women in Roman Politics. Historical Review Publications, vol. 78, 2000, pp. 35–48. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.