Social Research Methods

We use variance analysis (ANOVA) to compare variance within and between groups. It is a method to test hypothesis that is in particular suitable for experimental designs. Once there are more than one independent variables we name this MANOVA. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

In social science we estimate the probability of the null hypothesis being wrong even though it might be true. Should we reject or accept the null hypothesis over the alternative hypothesis? This is an essential idea in inferential statistics. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

While we know the mean and standard deviation of our sample we don’t know the real ones. That’s why we estimate. There is a reason, why using n-1 instead of N when estimating standard deviation of the population based on a sample. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

With z transformation you can transform any kind of variable into a variable that has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. By doing so, variables become comparable. It’s an essential idea when it comes to inferential statistics. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

Bivariate statistics help to understand the statistical relation between the independent and the dependent variable. Once you test a hypothesis you always need this kind of statistics. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

Descriptive statistics involves methods, that describe the central tendency and dispersion of data. In most practical cases they relate to single (univariate) variables. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

Data can vary in their nature. We differentiate between different levels. They could be either nominal, ordinal, interval or on ratio level. This really matters with regards to the statistical method you want you use. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

You always run your study based on a subset of the entire population, you intent to generalize on. External validity refers to the extent to which you really could do so. This in turn depends on the sampling methods you where using. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

Good research designs lead to a high internal validity. A study is internally valid when you really can assume the independent variable effects the dependent variable. Often you cannot. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

Research design relates to the architecture of your study. One major aspect is, whether you manipulate or just measure the independent variable. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

In systematic observation you observe people. Very often the subjects are not aware of the fact that they are being observed. Content analysis is about the consideration of existing material. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

Responding to questions is a complex process in psychological terms. Once you understand how people respond to questions you’ll see what to consider when creating questions. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

Creating a good survey is difficult. There is a clear roadmap on how you’d better do it. It involves various steps like defining the scope and related criteria. One essential step must be a pre-test. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

There are three criteria, which tell you something about the quality of your measurement. They are validity, reliability and objectivity. When estimating these criteria, you always use statistical correlation. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/

In social science we often test variables. Think for instance of intelligence, personality and others. Testing is based on the classical test theory. All slides to the entire series can be downloaded for free here: https://armintrost.de/en/professor/digital/social-research-methods/