The Metabolic Classroom with Dr. Ben Bikman

In this Metabolic Classroom lecture, Dr. Bikman delves into the fascinating metabolic process of autophagy, the body’s natural recycling system that maintains cellular health by breaking down and reusing damaged components.Ben explains how autophagy is essential for replacing malfunctioning organelles and proteins, thereby preventing diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular conditions, and even some cancers. Autophagy also plays a crucial role in energy production during nutrient deprivation, highlighting its importance for survival and optimal cellular function.Dr. Bikman also discusses the relationship between autophagy and metabolic health, emphasizing how impaired autophagic activity in adipose tissue contributes to inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. He explores its role in longevity, citing evidence that enhanced autophagy can improve health span and lifespan in animal studies.Additionally, Ben examines how factors like insulin, nutrient availability, and diets such as ketogenic diets regulate autophagy, with ketones having a direct effect on boosting this process.Throughout the lecture, Dr. Bikman underscores the need for balance in autophagy, warning against excessive or constant activation, whether through pharmacological means like rapamycin or mismanaged dietary habits, advocating instead for natural regulation via nutrient signals.Show Notes/References:For complete show notes and references referred to in this episode, we invite you to become a Ben Bikman Insider subscriber. As a subscriber, you’ll enjoy real-time, livestream Metabolic Classroom access which includes live Q&A with Ben, ad-free Metabolic Classroom Podcast episodes, show notes and references, Ben’s Research Reviews Podcast, and a searchable archive that includes all Metabolic Classroom episodes and Research Reviews. Learn more about becoming an Insider on our website: https://www.benbikman.comBen’s favorite yerba maté and fiber supplement: https://ufeelgreat.com/usa/en/c/InsulinIQBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)Other products Ben likes: https://www.amazon.com/shop/benbikmanphd Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Learn more about becoming an Insider on our website: https://www.benbikman.comDr. Benjamin Bikman delves into the profound relationship between sleep and metabolic health, emphasizing the critical role sleep plays in maintaining insulin sensitivity and overall metabolic function.Ben explains that deep sleep is a restorative phase during which the body repairs cells, regulates hormones, and improves insulin sensitivity. Poor sleep, however, disrupts these vital processes, leading to hormonal imbalances that elevate cortisol levels and reduce melatonin production.Elevated cortisol, a stress hormone, promotes gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance, while insufficient melatonin—a hormone essential for regulating sleep—negatively impacts insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. This disruption creates a cycle of metabolic dysfunction, increasing the risk of conditions like type 2 diabetes and obesity.Dr. Bikman highlights actionable strategies to improve both sleep and metabolic health. He stresses the importance of avoiding high-glycemic meals before bed, minimizing exposure to blue light from screens, and maintaining consistent sleep schedules.He also discusses how ketones, especially in athletes after intense exercise, have been shown to improve sleep efficiency and REM sleep duration.For individuals struggling with sleep, Dr. Bikman explores the potential benefits of melatonin supplementation and exogenous ketones, underscoring the need for personalized approaches. By addressing evening habits and understanding the hormonal interplay between sleep and metabolism, individuals can take meaningful steps to enhance both sleep quality and metabolic health.This episode of The Metabolic Classroom provides valuable insights into how optimizing sleep can significantly improve overall well-being.Timestamps:(00:45) – Introduction to Sleep and Metabolic Health(01:22) – Why Sleep is Essential for Insulin Sensitivity(04:20) – How Cortisol Disrupts Sleep and Metabolism(08:10) – The Unexpected Role of Melatonin in Metabolism(19:35) – How Late-Night Eating and Blue Light Harm Sleep(23:40) – Can Exogenous Ketones Improve Sleep Quality?(28:20) – Practical Tips for Better Sleep and Metabolic Health Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

We sincerely apologize! During the livestream recording, we experienced some technical difficulties between 07:15 to 08:50. Thanks for your patience and understanding.Learn more about becoming an Insider on our website: https://www.benbikman.comDuring The Metabolic Classroom lecture this week, Dr. Bikman dives into the intricate relationship between salt- and water-regulating hormones and metabolic health.Starting with a discussion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), he explains how hormones like angiotensin II, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are not only critical for regulating blood pressure but also significantly impact insulin sensitivity and fat cell dynamics. Angiotensin II promotes insulin resistance by increasing ceramide production, which blocks insulin signaling, while also enlarging fat cells and inhibiting their breakdown. Similarly, aldosterone exacerbates insulin resistance by enhancing ceramide levels and promotes both the growth and multiplication of fat cells. ADH complements these effects, particularly by inhibiting fat breakdown through its action on specific receptors.Ben emphasizes the counterintuitive finding that salt restriction, often prescribed to manage hypertension, can worsen insulin resistance, particularly in individuals with metabolic vulnerabilities. Studies highlight that reducing salt intake leads to increased fasting insulin levels, impaired glucose metabolism, and unfavorable lipid changes, such as reduced HDL cholesterol. Additionally, he warns that dehydration, much like salt restriction, activates these same hormonal pathways, compounding their metabolic effects.Dr. Bikman concludes with a reminder that interventions aimed at improving blood pressure should consider their broader metabolic implications, particularly for individuals predisposed to insulin resistance.Show Notes/References:For complete show notes and references referred to in this episode, we invite you to become a Ben Bikman Insider subscriber. As a subscriber, you’ll enjoy real-time, livestream Metabolic Classroom access which includes live Q&A with Ben, ad-free Metabolic Classroom Podcast episodes, show notes and references, Ben’s Research Reviews Podcast, and a searchable archive that includes all Metabolic Classroom episodes and Research Reviews. Learn more about becoming an Insider on our website: https://www.benbikman.comTimestamps: (approximate)(01:13) Overview of Salt- and Water-Regulating Hormones(02:22) How Angiotensin II Influences Blood Pressure and Insulin Resistance(06:37) The Metabolic Effects of Angiotensin II on Fat Cells(11:22) Aldosterone’s Role in Insulin Resistance and Fat Cell Growth(15:57) Metabolic Impacts of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)(29:02) The Counterintuitive Effects of Salt Restriction on Metabolic Health(33:13) The Role of Dehydration in Activating Metabolic Hormones(34:51) Conclusion: How Blood Pressure Hormones Influence Metabolic Health#MetabolicHealth #InsulinResistance #Hypertension #SaltAndHealth #BloodPressure #HormonesAndHealth #DrBenBikman #MetabolicSyndrome #LowCarbLife #Type2Diabetes #KetoLife #HealthyLifestyle #NutritionScience #MetabolismMatters #HealthEducation #FatCellBiology #InsulinSensitivity #SaltIntake #Dehydration #HealthTips Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

Learn more about becoming an Insider on our website: https://www.benbikman.comThis week in The Metabolic Classroom lecture, Ben focuses on the relationship between hypertension medications and metabolic health, providing a critical examination of their mechanisms and metabolic implications.He begins by highlighting the role of insulin resistance as a common root cause of both hypertension and metabolic disorders. Ben explains that while hypertension medications such as diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers are often prescribed, they each have unique effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, which can either mitigate or exacerbate metabolic dysfunction. Notably, some classes of these medications, like ARBs, may improve insulin sensitivity, while others, like beta blockers and diuretics, can impair it, leading to heightened risks for type 2 diabetes.Ben underscores the importance of addressing the root causes of hypertension—namely, insulin resistance—through lifestyle interventions like low-carbohydrate diets and fasting, which improve both blood pressure and metabolic health. He emphasizes the need for personalized treatment plans that consider the metabolic side effects of medications, advocating for strategies that tackle insulin resistance as a primary approach to improving overall health.Show Notes/References:For complete show notes and references referred to in this episode, we invite you to become a Ben Bikman “Insider” subscriber. As a subscriber, you’ll enjoy real-time, livestream Metabolic Classroom access which includes live Q&A with Ben, ad-free Metabolic Classroom Podcast episodes, show notes and references, Ben’s Research Reviews Podcast, and a searchable archive that includes all Metabolic Classroom episodes and Research Reviews. Learn more about becoming an Insider on our website: https://www.benbikman.comBen’s favorite yerba maté and fiber supplement: https://ufeelgreat.com/usa/en/c/InsulinIQBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)Other products Ben likes: https://www.amazon.com/shop/benbikmanphd#MetabolicHealth #Hypertension #BloodPressure #DrBenBikman #InsulinResistance #MetabolicScience #FatCellBiology #Diuretics #BetaBlockers #ACEInhibitors #CalciumChannelBlockers #BloodPressureMedications #HealthTips #DASHDiet #InsulinSensitivity #FatCells #KetogenicDiet #LowCarbLiving #HealthyLifestyle #HeartHealth Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week in The Metabolic Classroom, Ben explores the effects of a ketogenic diet on thyroid function, addressing concerns that lower thyroid hormone levels observed during the diet may indicate dysfunction.Dr. Bikman begins by explaining the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, a regulatory system that controls thyroid hormone production. The thyroid gland produces two primary hormones, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), with T3 being the active form that influences metabolic processes. He emphasizes the concept of negative feedback within the HPT axis, explaining that normal TSH levels generally indicate a well-functioning thyroid, even if T3 levels are lower.Ben also reviews a commonly cited study that observed decreased T3 levels in individuals following a ketogenic diet. Despite the drop in T3, TSH levels remained normal, suggesting that the thyroid gland was not damaged but rather adapting to reduced metabolic demand. He introduces two key explanations: improved thyroid hormone sensitivity and reduced glucose metabolism. Improved sensitivity means that lower levels of T3 are sufficient to maintain metabolic functions, while reduced glucose consumption on a ketogenic diet lessens the body’s need for thyroid hormone to regulate glucose uptake.The classroom lecture then delves into the concept of thyroid hormone resistance, a condition linked to metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dr. Bikman references studies showing that thyroid resistance is real and measurable, often associated with elevated TSH and thyroid hormones in individuals with metabolic syndrome. He speculates that a ketogenic diet may enhance thyroid sensitivity in these individuals, reducing the need for higher T3 levels.In conclusion, Dr. Bikman reassures those on a ketogenic diet that lower T3 levels do not necessarily indicate harm. If TSH levels are normal and no symptoms of hypothyroidism are present, the changes may reflect a healthy adaptation to the metabolic state induced by the diet.Show Notes/References:For complete show notes and references referred to in this episode, we invite you to become a Ben Bikman “Insider” subscriber. As a subscriber, you’ll enjoy real-time, livestream Metabolic Classroom access which includes live Q&A with Ben, ad-free Metabolic Classroom Podcast episodes, show notes and references, Ben’s Research Reviews Podcast sent to your inbox weekly, and a searchable archive that includes all Metabolic Classroom episodes and Research Reviews. You can learn more about becoming an Insider on our website: https://www.benbikman.comBen’s favorite yerba maté and fiber supplement: https://ufeelgreat.com/usa/en/c/InsulinIQBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10) Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this week’s episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Bikman delivers a comprehensive lecture on hormone replacement therapy (HRT), focusing on its role in addressing metabolic health challenges faced by women during menopause.The loss of estradiol causes fat to redistribute from healthier storage areas, like the hips and thighs, to the abdominal region, where larger fat cells become more insulin-resistant and pro-inflammatory. This shift contributes to systemic inflammation and elevates the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Ben explains how HRT, particularly with estradiol, can mitigate these effects by improving insulin sensitivity, reducing inflammation, and promoting healthier fat storage patterns.He also addresses historical concerns about HRT, including risks of blood clots and cancer. Dr. Bikman explains that oral estrogens may slightly increase clotting risks due to their first-pass metabolism in the liver, but transdermal delivery methods like patches and gels do not carry this same risk. Regarding cancer, he highlights how older studies, such as the Women’s Health Initiative, overstated the connection between HRT and breast cancer, particularly when using estrogen-only therapies. Ben emphasizes the importance of evaluating the absolute risks, which are relatively small.Beyond its metabolic benefits, HRT also shows promise in protecting against conditions like Alzheimer's disease. Ben discusses studies suggesting that HRT, when started early in menopause, may improve cognitive outcomes, preserve brain volume, and reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s, particularly in women with the APOE4 gene. These findings suggest that timely HRT may support brain health alongside its other benefits.In conclusion, Ben underscores the substantial metabolic and overall health changes women face during menopause and the potential for HRT to improve quality of life, metabolic health, and long-term outcomes. He stresses the importance of individualized HRT plans tailored to each woman’s unique circumstances, allowing for a nuanced approach to mitigating menopause-related challenges.visit https://www.benbikman.comBen’s favorite yerba maté and fiber supplement: https://ufeelgreat.com/usa/en/c/InsulinIQBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)Show Notes/References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@benbikman.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to, which in this case is “Episode 80 - Hormone Replacement Therapy in Women”. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

During Dr. Ben Bikman’s latest episode of The Metabolic Classroom lectures, Ben explores the metabolic effects of nicotine, emphasizing its influence beyond its addictive properties and its association with lung health and its connection to insulin resistance.Nicotine, a naturally occurring alkaloid found primarily in tobacco plants, is widely consumed through various products such as cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, e-cigarettes, and nicotine replacement therapies like gums and patches. While most discussions on nicotine focus on its addictive qualities and respiratory impact, Ben highlights its significant effects on metabolism, including interactions with fat cells, insulin, and the nervous system.Nicotine primarily stimulates the sympathetic nervous system by increasing the release of catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine. These stress hormones activate the “fight or flight” response, resulting in elevated heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolic rate.Nicotine’s ability to increase lipolysis, the breakdown of stored fat into free fatty acids, often leads to temporary weight loss. However, its chronic use disrupts fat metabolism by impairing mitochondrial fat oxidation, leading to fat cell hypertrophy (enlargement). This enlargement, particularly in visceral fat, contributes to insulin resistance, fatty liver disease, and systemic inflammation.Ben also examines nicotine’s role in insulin resistance through its activation of specific cellular pathways. Nicotine increases ceramide production, which disrupts insulin signaling by deactivating key proteins essential for glucose uptake. Additionally, nicotine activates receptors like RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products) and TLR4 (Toll-like Receptor 4), which further drive ceramide production and inflammation. This creates a self-perpetuating cycle that exacerbates metabolic dysfunction and promotes chronic insulin resistance.The classroom lecture highlights the paradoxical nature of nicotine’s metabolic effects. While it temporarily enhances fat metabolism and weight loss, chronic exposure reverses these effects, promoting fat storage, inflammation, and severe insulin resistance. Ben emphasizes the metabolic risks associated with nicotine, especially in the context of rising vaping trends among younger populations. He concludes by urging greater awareness of nicotine’s systemic effects, particularly its hidden role in metabolic health.visit: https://www.insuliniq.comBen’s favorite yerba maté and fiber supplement: https://ufeelgreat.com/usa/en/c/InsulinIQBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Show Notes/References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to, which in this case is “Episode 79 - Nicotine and Insulin Resistance”. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

For The Metabolic Classroom lecture this week, Dr. Bikman explores the often-overlooked effects of oxalates on human health, with a focus on their impact on metabolic, kidney, cardiovascular, gut, and joint health.Oxalates are natural compounds found in various plants, including leafy greens like spinach and kale, as well as certain nuts, seeds, grains, and legumes. They serve as a defense mechanism for plants against herbivores, as their high concentrations can cause irritation and reduce nutrient absorption. While often thought of as harmless, oxalates can act as “antinutrients” by binding to essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and iron, limiting their bioavailability and potentially leading to deficiencies.Oxalates form crystals with calcium, creating a compound known as calcium oxalate. When these crystals accumulate in the body, they can contribute to kidney stones—a problem that affects many people. Ben explains that calcium oxalate crystals make up about 80% of all kidney stones, underscoring the connection between oxalate consumption and kidney health. Individuals prone to kidney stones, particularly those consuming high-oxalate diets or taking high doses of vitamin C (which the body can convert to oxalates), may face a heightened risk.To mitigate oxalate-related health risks, Dr. Bikman suggests practical strategies, including reducing high-oxalate foods, ensuring adequate calcium intake to bind oxalates in the gut, staying hydrated to aid in oxalate excretion, and consuming fermented foods or probiotic supplements to support a healthy gut microbiome. He also highlights the importance of a balanced approach to vitamin C supplementation, as excessive intake may increase oxalate production in the body.visit: https://www.insuliniq.comBen’s favorite yerba maté and fiber supplement: https://ufeelgreat.com/usa/en/c/InsulinIQBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to, which in this case is “Episode 78 - Oxalates & Metabolic Health”.#Oxalates #MetabolicHealth #KidneyStones #AntiNutrients #DrBenBikman #CalciumOxalate #GutHealth #Inflammation #JointPain #FermentedFoods #Microbiome #Probiotics #NutrientAbsorption #Metabolism #OxalatesInPlants Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

During this week’s episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Bikman discusses the impact of microplastics on metabolic health, focusing on their effects on fat cells, insulin resistance, and blood vessel health.Microplastics—tiny plastic particles under five millimeters—are now ubiquitous in our environment, entering the body through food, water, air, and skin products. Their pervasiveness poses serious concerns due to their accumulation in human tissues and the release of harmful chemicals like BPA (bisphenol A) and phthalates, which disrupt normal hormone functions and lead to various health issues.Ben details how microplastics affect fat cell biology, particularly through BPA and phthalates, which mimic hormones like estrogen and testosterone, causing increased fat storage and even promoting fat cell growth and multiplication (hyperplasia and hypertrophy). This hormone disruption and fat cell expansion result in greater fat storage and elevated inflammation, contributing to insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes.Professor Bikman also explores how microplastics affect vascular health, citing studies that show microplastic particles in atherosclerotic plaques. These particles attract macrophages that attempt to remove the microplastics but instead form “foam cells,” which contribute to plaque formation and heighten the risk of cardiovascular disease.Ben concludes with recommendations to limit microplastic exposure, such as avoiding plastic containers for long-term water storage and choosing BPA-free, phthalate-free products, especially for food and beverages.visit: https://www.insuliniq.comBen’s favorite yerba maté and fiber supplement: https://ufeelgreat.com/usa/en/c/InsulinIQBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)Show Notes/References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to, which in this case is “Episode 77 - Microplastics & Metabolic Health: The Surprising Connection”.#Microplastics #MetabolicHealth #FatCells #DrBenBikman #BPA #Phthalates #InsulinResistance #ChronicInflammation #EndocrineDisruptors #HeartHealth #Atherosclerosis #PlasticsInHealth #Metabolism #HormoneDisruption #EnvironmentalHealth #MetabolicHealth Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week’s episode of The Metabolic Classroom focuses on the potential of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) as a valuable tool not only for individuals with diabetes but also for anyone interested in gaining deeper insights into their metabolic health.CGMs, which measure glucose levels continuously by detecting interstitial glucose, provide real-time feedback on how diet, exercise, stress, and sleep impact blood sugar, making them useful beyond their traditional application for managing diabetes.Dr. Bikman highlights studies that showcase the variability in individual glucose responses to the same foods, which can be attributed to factors like gut microbiome composition. Ben cites a prominent 2015 study from Israel that revealed individuals’ glucose reactions to identical foods varied widely, showing the personal nature of glycemic responses and the role of CGMs in helping people manage their blood glucose variability.Another study, from Stanford University, further illustrates how CGMs can reveal “hidden” glucose spikes, leading people to make more informed dietary and lifestyle decisions.Dr. Bikman touches on the idea that, beyond personal use, CGMs have clinical benefits as well. Studies from the Scripps Research Institute and the Framingham Heart Study show that CGMs can detect early signs of prediabetes and diabetes in individuals who may otherwise go undiagnosed, providing a valuable tool for early intervention.While there are critiques about CGMs, including concerns about potential overemphasis on glucose levels, costs, and possible psychological impacts, Dr. Bikman asserts that the advantages—such as improving insulin sensitivity, reducing glycemic variability, and empowering users to make healthier choices—outweigh these concerns.Ben concludes by encouraging those curious about their metabolic health to consider CGMs as a practical tool for self-monitoring, with potential for significant long-term health benefits.visit: https://www.insuliniq.comBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)Show Notes/References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to, which in this case is “Episode 76 - Using a Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) to Help You Improve Insulin Sensitivity”.#InsulinResistance #CGM #MetabolicHealth #BloodSugar #DrBenBikman #ContinuousGlucoseMonitor #InsulinSensitivity #GlycemicVariability #Microbiome #Prediabetes #SelfMonitoring #HealthTech #DiabetesPrevention #MetabolicInsights #NutritionalScience #Hyperglycemia #Glycation #HealthOptimization Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In the recording of today’s livestream episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ben Bikman explores glucosamine’s impact on both joint and metabolic health.Glucosamine, commonly used as a supplement to alleviate joint pain, especially in osteoarthritis, is an amino sugar that plays a role in cartilage formation. However, its effectiveness in improving joint health is debated, with some studies suggesting modest benefits, while others find it no better than a placebo.Dr. Bikman shifts the focus to glucosamine’s metabolic effects, explaining that due to its structural similarity to glucose, glucosamine can enter cells via glucose transporters, particularly GLUT1 and GLUT2. Once inside cells, glucosamine can contribute to the production of UDP-GlcNAc, a molecule that interferes with insulin signaling, potentially leading to insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels. This effect is particularly concerning for individuals with underlying insulin resistance or a family history of type 2 diabetes.Ben refers to several studies, with most finding that glucosamine supplementation can impair insulin sensitivity and raise blood glucose levels in people with metabolic issues, while having little to no effect in metabolically healthy individuals.Dr. Bikman concludes by advising that glucosamine may not be worth the risk for people with metabolic health concerns, while for those who are metabolically healthy, it is likely safe to use. However, he stresses the importance of monitoring blood glucose levels if taking glucosamine and suggests other strategies for improving joint health, such as improving insulin sensitivity and reducing uric acid levels.Ben’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)visit: https://www.insuliniq.comReferences:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to, which in this case is “Episode 75 - Glucosamine and Metabolic Health: What You Need to Know.”#Glucosamine #MetabolicHealth #InsulinResistance #BloodSugar #JointPain #Osteoarthritis #DrBenBikman #CartilageHealth #GlucoseTransporters #HexosaminePathway #InsulinSensitivity #Supplements #HealthEducation #MetabolismMatters #ChronicDiseases #DiabetesPrevention #Inflammation #JointHealth #Hyperglycemia Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ben Bikman explores the metabolic implications of hyperglycemia, the condition of elevated blood glucose levels. He focuses on both the chronic effects, like those seen in diabetes, and the acute effects of glucose spikes, even from short-term dietary indulgences. Hyperglycemia, while often linked to insulin resistance and diabetes, also has a range of other negative consequences that can manifest even with occasional spikes.One of the key points Dr. Bikman discusses is the relationship between hyperglycemia and insulin. As glucose levels rise, insulin levels rise as well, which can lead to insulin resistance over time, forming a vicious cycle. He highlights studies showing that even a short-term increase in carbohydrate intake can significantly raise fasting insulin levels and triglycerides. These changes have direct consequences on metabolic health, including an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.Dr. Bikman also explains how hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress, causing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This oxidative stress can damage proteins, lipids, and even DNA within cells. It also contributes to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are harmful compounds formed when glucose binds irreversibly to proteins, fats, or DNA. These AGEs are linked to various diseases such as retinopathy, kidney disease, and atherosclerosis.The lecture further explores how hyperglycemia damages the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels) and degrades the glycocalyx, a protective gel-like layer on the endothelium. This damage increases the risk of cardiovascular disease by making blood vessels more prone to atherosclerosis. Additionally, high blood glucose levels lead to the glycation and oxidation of LDL cholesterol, making it more dangerous and likely to contribute to plaque formation in arteries.Ben’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite exogenous ketone: https://www.americanketone.com (discount: Ben10)visit: https://www.insuliniq.comReferences:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This week, during the Metabolic Classroom lecture, Dr. Ben Bikman examines the metabolic consequences of medications used for mental health, such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs. Ben highlights the close connection between mental health disorders like depression and anxiety with metabolic issues, particularly insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These medications, while effective for managing mental health symptoms, often lead to metabolic side effects such as weight gain and insulin resistance, complicating the relationship between mental and metabolic health.Dr. Bikman reviews key neurotransmitters—serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine—that influence both mental and metabolic functions. Serotonin helps regulate mood and appetite but can promote fat accumulation and inhibit fat breakdown. Dopamine is associated with pleasure and reward systems but also plays a role in regulating energy expenditure and fat metabolism. Norepinephrine, closely related to adrenaline, is involved in the body’s stress response and can stimulate fat breakdown and thermogenesis.The lecture then shifts to the metabolic effects of common mental health medications, such as SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, and antipsychotics. While these drugs can stabilize mood, they are often linked to significant metabolic disturbances, including weight gain, insulin resistance, and cravings for carbohydrate-heavy foods. Ben notes that these medications may exacerbate underlying metabolic issues, potentially worsening the mental health conditions they are meant to treat.Dr. Bikman concludes by emphasizing the importance of addressing metabolic health when treating mental health disorders. He highlights the role of brain glucose hypometabolism, where insulin resistance in the brain may contribute to anxiety and depression. He suggests that improving metabolic health through approaches like ketogenic diets could potentially enhance mental health outcomes by better nourishing the brain and restoring neurotransmitter balance.https://www.insuliniq.com Ben’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to.#MentalHealth #MetabolicHealth #Antidepressants #AnxietyMedications #WeightGain #InsulinResistance #DrBenBikman #MentalHealthMedications #DepressionTreatment #MetabolismMatters #HealthAndWellness #Neurotransmitters #Type2Diabetes #BrainHealth #SSRIs #Antipsychotics #FatMetabolism #MentalWellness #HealthyLiving #NutritionAndMentalHealth Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this lecture, Dr. Ben Bikman explores liposuction, highlighting its popularity and effects on body fat. While body fat serves important functions like energy storage and hormone regulation, liposuction only removes subcutaneous fat, leaving visceral fat untouched. Dr. Bikman emphasizes that fat cell size, not total fat, is key to metabolic health, and larger fat cells can lead to insulin resistance.Liposuction, though effective for quick fat removal, does not improve metabolic health or insulin sensitivity. Without lifestyle changes, patients often regain fat in different areas. He suggests that liposuction should be seen as a body contouring tool, not a health solution, but it may offer benefits for those with lipedema, improving pain and quality of life.https://www.insuliniq.comBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Ben’s favorite health check-up for women: https://choosejoi.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Ben’s favorite health check-up for men: https://blokes.co/drben15 (discount: DRBEN15)Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this week’s episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ben Bikman clarifies misconceptions about lactate metabolism, emphasizing that there is no lactic acid in the human body—only lactate.He explains that lactate is the end product of non-oxidative glycolysis, produced when cells, particularly muscles and red blood cells, require quick ATP energy. Dr. Bikman highlights that lactate production occurs during high-intensity activities where energy demand exceeds the capacity of mitochondria to generate ATP efficiently.Contrary to popular belief, lactate is not responsible for muscle soreness or fatigue.Ben delves into the history of lactate research, mentioning key contributors like Otto Meyerhoff, who identified lactate as a product of anaerobic metabolism, and Carl and Gerty Cori, who discovered the Cori cycle. This cycle demonstrates how lactate is recycled by the liver into glucose, which can then be used by muscles for energy. Lactate, once considered a waste product, is now understood to be an essential substrate for gluconeogenesis.Dr. Bikman introduces George Brooks' lactate shuttle theory, which reveals that lactate is a viable energy source that can be directly utilized by mitochondria for fuel. He explains that this discovery revolutionized the understanding of lactate, showing it can be oxidized within cells for energy production rather than merely being excreted as a waste product.Dr. Bikman also discusses lactate’s potential in clinical contexts, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery, where lactate can serve as an alternative energy source for the brain when glucose metabolism is impaired. Moreover, he touches on how lactate influences fat cells, promoting mitochondrial uncoupling and aiding in fat burning, contributing to metabolic health. Ben suggests that continuous lactate monitoring could help identify mitochondrial dysfunction and predict type 2 diabetes risk.https://www.insuliniq.com 00:00 - Introduction to Lactate Metabolism01:09 - Lactic Acid vs. Lactate: Debunking the Myth02:16 - Glycolysis and Lactate Production04:23 - How Lactate is Produced in Muscles06:23 - Red Blood Cells and Lactate07:18 - History of Lactate Research: Otto Meyerhoff09:40 - The Cori Cycle: Lactate Recycled into Glucose13:54 - Lactate as a Viable Energy Source15:55 - George Brooks' Lactate Shuttle Theory18:44 - Lactate and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)20:55 - Lactate’s Role in Fat Burning and Mitochondria23:58 - Lactate in Clinical Contexts: Metabolic Health25:09 - Continuous Lactate Monitoring and Mitochondrial Dysfunction28:59 - Lactate as a Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes29:59 - Conclusion: Lactate’s Critical Role in Health and EnergyBen’s favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)Ben’s favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)Ben’s favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which Metabolic Classroom episode you are referring to. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In today’s episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ben Bikman delivers a lecture focusing on the drug rapamycin and its impact on longevity.The primary discussion revolves around the role of the protein complex mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) in the body's aging process. While rapamycin is often touted as a drug that can inhibit mTOR and thereby promote longevity, Ben emphasizes that much of this belief is based on animal studies and lacks solid human evidence. The mTOR pathway is involved in cell growth and protein synthesis, particularly in muscle tissue, making its inhibition controversial when it comes to aging and muscle maintenance.Dr. Bikman highlights that some research suggests reducing mTOR activity by lowering protein intake might promote longevity. However, he pointed out that for older populations, higher protein consumption is correlated with reduced mortality, particularly from animal protein sources. This is especially significant when considering muscle mass, which has been consistently linked to longer lifespan. Inhibiting mTOR might impair muscle growth and maintenance, making rapamycin problematic for those aiming to preserve muscle health as they age.In addition to discussing the potential benefits of rapamycin, Ben underscores its negative side effects, including immune suppression, increased triglycerides (which elevate the risk of heart disease), and the inhibition of muscle protein synthesis. He also raises concerns about the drug’s ability to reduce testosterone levels and hinder reproductive health in both men and women. Given that reproduction is a key element of both evolutionary theory and many religious doctrines, Dr. Bikman questions the wisdom of using a drug that compromises reproductive function.Dr. Bikman concludes by connecting the role of insulin to mTOR activation. He argues that insulin has a much stronger effect on mTOR than dietary protein does, and prolonged elevated insulin levels, common in modern diets, keep mTOR constantly active. This chronic activation of mTOR may hinder longevity more than protein intake or rapamycin inhibition.Instead of relying on drugs like rapamycin, Ben suggests that reducing insulin levels through dietary interventions like fasting may be a more effective and natural way to manage mTOR activity and promote healthy aging.https://www.insuliniq.com My favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)My favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)My favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)References:Due to character length constraints, references are not posted here. However, for a complete list, we respond quickly. Please email: support@insuliniq.com with your request, and be sure to mention which classroom episode you are referring to.#Longevity #Rapamycin #AgingScience #mTOR #Healthspan #Autophagy #MuscleHealth #BenBikman #MetabolicHealth #HealthyAging #AntiAging #FastingBenefits #InsulinResistance #ImmuneHealth #ProteinSynthesis #HeartHealth #TestosteroneHealth #ReproductiveHealth #ScientificResearch #MetabolismMatters #BenBikman #DrBenBikman Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ben Bikman explores the topic of leaky gut syndrome, explaining how substances enter the body through the intestines and how the gut acts as a controlled gateway.While nutrients like amino acids, glucose, and fats are transported through the intestinal lining via a process called transcellular transport, problems arise when the tight junctions between the cells weaken. This can lead to harmful substances, including large molecules and microbes, passing into the bloodstream in a process known as paracellular transport.A key player in leaky gut syndrome is the molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which comes from certain gut bacteria. Under normal conditions, LPS stays in the intestines and is expelled with waste, but when it enters the bloodstream due to leaky gut, it can trigger a chronic inflammatory response. This inflammation is linked to conditions like obesity, heart disease, and fatty liver disease. Bikman emphasized that even low levels of LPS in the blood can promote insulin resistance, further contributing to metabolic disorders.Several dietary and environmental factors can compromise the integrity of the gut barrier. Ben highlights the negative impact of fructose, which weakens tight junction proteins and promotes oxidative stress. Polyunsaturated fats from refined seed oils and gluten, especially in people with sensitivities, can also increase intestinal permeability. Additionally, chronic stress and alcohol consumption were identified as contributors to leaky gut.On a positive note, Dr. Bikman discusses strategies to improve gut health, such as consuming short-chain fatty acids (like butyrate), found in dairy and certain fibers. He also mentioned the potential benefits of saturated fats, particularly from dairy, which may promote gut healing. Lastly, Dr. Bikman shares the role of LDL cholesterol as a “scavenger” that helps remove harmful LPS from the blood, suggesting its misunderstood importance in immune health.https://www.insuliniq.com 00:00 Introduction to Leaky Gut01:52 How Substances Enter the Body Through the Gut03:58 Structure and Function of the Gut Lining07:07 Normal Transport vs. Leaky Gut Transport09:23 The Role of LPS in Leaky Gut and Inflammation11:41 How LPS Affects the Body12:45 Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation15:23 Cardiometabolic Consequences of Leaky Gut18:52 Dietary Triggers of Leaky Gut: Fructose and Seed Oils22:14 The Impact of Gluten and Stress on Gut Health24:05 Strategies to Improve Gut Health25:09 Short Chain Fatty Acids and Saturated Fats for Gut Healing28:08 The Role of LDL Cholesterol in Gut Health31:16 The Importance of Fiber and Probiotics33:32 The Rare Sugar Allulose and Gut Integrity35:23 Conclusion and Practical TakeawaysMy favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)My favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)My favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)Study references referred to are available upon request. Email: support@insuliniq.com Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

This episode of The Metabolic Classroom focuses on a deeper understanding of insulin’s role in obesity, particularly through the lens of the fuel partitioning theory.This theory suggests that the way the body allocates energy between burning and storing it significantly influences weight gain and overeating. With obesity affecting over 700 million people worldwide, Dr. Bikman emphasizes the importance of understanding the broader health implications, including increased risks for chronic diseases like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. He also notes the economic burden, highlighting how our current view of obesity is failing to make meaningful improvements.The lecture explores how the caloric view of obesity, which suggests that obesity is purely a result of consuming more calories than are burned, is overly simplistic. Dr. Bikman argues that hormonal influences, particularly insulin, are often overlooked in this view.He draws from a recent publication, “Trapped Fat: Obesity Pathogenesis as an Intrinsic Disorder in Metabolic Fuel Partitioning,” which emphasizes that hormonal signals like insulin play a critical role in whether the body stores or burns energy. Dr. Bikman points out that historical perspectives on obesity used to focus on hormones, but the caloric theory gained dominance after World War II.Through the discussion of various rodent models, such as the VMH lesion model and leptin-deficient animals, Dr. Bikman demonstrates how hormonal imbalances, particularly elevated insulin levels, can drive fat storage even in the absence of overeating. In these models, animals gain significantly more fat despite consuming the same number of calories as healthy controls. Dr. Bikman relates this to human analogs, like hypothalamic obesity and leptin resistance, explaining that these conditions similarly lead to obesity due to disrupted hormonal regulation, especially involving insulin.The final part of the lecture touches on how energy homeostasis and insulin resistance differ in individuals predisposed to obesity. Ben stresses that addressing insulin levels should be the primary strategy for reversing obesity. He concludes by highlighting how controlling insulin can increase metabolic rate and fat burning, allowing the body to waste energy through ketone excretion. He advises that focusing on reducing insulin rather than cutting calories is a more effective approach to long-term weight loss and health improvement.https://www.insuliniq.com My favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)My favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)My favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20)References:Trapped fat: Obesity pathogenesis as an intrinsic disorder in metabolic fuel partitioning:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38961319/ Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ken Berry and Dr. Ben Bikman discussed the critical role of endogenous insulin, the limitations of focusing solely on glucose levels, and the implications of common markers like A1C and uric acid in understanding metabolic health.Dr. Berry began by highlighting how many primary care physicians misunderstand the function of beta cells in type 2 diabetes, often believing that these cells “burn out” and stop producing insulin. Dr. Bikman clarified that in true type 2 diabetes, beta cells do not fail entirely; instead, insulin production often remains high or slightly decreases, which is still significantly higher than normal.The problem lies in the body’s insulin resistance, not a lack of insulin production. Dr. Bikman emphasized the importance of measuring fasting insulin levels early in a patient's metabolic health journey, noting that levels above 6 microunits/mL can indicate potential problems.The conversation then shifted to the A1C test, a common marker used to assess blood glucose levels over time. Dr. Berry and Dr. Bikman discussed the limitations of A1C, particularly how it can be falsely elevated or decreased based on the lifespan of red blood cells. Longer-lived red blood cells can cause a falsely high A1C, even if glucose levels are normal, while short-lived red blood cells can lead to a falsely low A1C in the presence of hyperglycemia. Dr. Bikman suggested that while A1C has value, it should not be the sole marker for assessing metabolic health. He also pointed out that A1C does not account for the glycation caused by other sugars like fructose, which can lead to significant damage not reflected in A1C results.Dr. Berry raised concerns about the carnivore community, where some individuals see their A1C levels rise despite a healthy diet. Dr. Bikman explained that this could be due to longer-lived red blood cells resulting from a nutrient-rich diet. He recommended the fructosamine test as a better indicator of glucose glycation in these cases. The discussion also touched on the lack of tests for fructose and galactose glycation, leaving healthcare providers blind to the potential damage caused by high fructose intake, especially from fruit juices.The classroom discussion concluded with an exchange about uric acid, particularly its relationship with fructose metabolism. Dr. Bikman shared insights from his research showing that uric acid, which is produced during fructose metabolism, can contribute to insulin resistance and inflammation. However, he also noted that ketones, produced during a ketogenic diet, can inhibit the inflammation caused by uric acid, providing a potential explanation for why individuals on ketogenic diets may experience improved metabolic health despite elevated uric acid levels.https://www.insuliniq.com Learn more about Dr. Ken Berry: https://www.drberry.com/about #InsulinResistance #Type2Diabetes #DrBenBikman #DrKenBerry #A1CTest #FastingInsulin #UricAcid #CarnivoreDiet #Fructose #MetabolicHealth #KetogenicDiet #Inflammation #BetaCells #Endocrinology #BloodGlucose #ProperHumanDiet #HealthLecture #MetabolicClassroom #BiomedicalScience #InsulinIQMy favorite meal-replacement shake: https://gethlth.com (discount: BEN10)My favorite electrolytes (and more): https://redmond.life (discount: BEN15)My favorite allulose source: https://rxsugar.com (discount: BEN20) Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.

In this episode of The Metabolic Classroom, Dr. Ben Bikman explores the metabolic effects of estrogens, particularly their role in glucose metabolism.Estrogens, mainly produced in the gonads, play a crucial role in regulating blood glucose by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Dr. Bikman explained that estrogens improve insulin signaling through pathways such as PI3 kinase and AKT, which are essential for glucose uptake in muscle and fat tissues. Additionally, estrogens activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), further promoting glucose uptake and maintaining healthy blood glucose levels.Estrogens also suppress glucose production in the liver by inhibiting key enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis, helping to prevent excess glucose release into the bloodstream. In contrast, progesterone decreases insulin sensitivity and promotes insulin resistance, counteracting some of estrogen's beneficial effects. This hormonal interplay affects glucose metabolism during the ovarian cycle, with estrogen-dominant phases being more favorable for glucose control.During menopause, the significant drop in estrogen levels leads to increased insulin resistance and shifts in fat storage, often resulting in more central fat accumulation. While hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can mitigate some of these changes, it comes with risks that need careful consideration. Ben emphasizes the significant role of estrogens in glucose metabolism and their broader impact on metabolic health, especially in women.https://www.insuliniq.com 01:19 - Overview of Estrogens and Progesterone02:20 - Cholesterol as the Precursor to Sex Hormones03:34 - The Role of Aromatase in Estrogen Production04:32 - Understanding the Family of Estrogens05:56 - Estrogens and Glucose Metabolism: Key Signaling Pathways06:54 - Insulin Signaling Pathway Overview08:57 - How Estrogens Enhance Insulin Sensitivity10:04 - The Role of AMPK in Glucose Uptake12:11 - Estrogens' Dual Mechanism in Regulating Glucose Levels13:18 - The Impact of Estrogens on Liver Glucose Production15:33 - Estrogens' Role in Suppressing Gluconeogenesis17:07 - Why Women Have Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes19:28 - Metabolic Effects During the Ovarian Cycle21:54 - Progesterone’s Influence on Insulin Resistance and Fat Storage25:16 - The Shift in Fat Storage Patterns Post-Menopause26:16 - Hormone Replacement Therapy: Metabolic ConsiderationsPI3K activation leads to the phosphorylation of Akt, a key protein in glucose metabolism, which promotes the translocation of GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4) to the cell membrane, facilitating glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041311930138X?via%3Dihub AMPK acts as an energy sensor and helps maintain cellular energy balance, which is crucial in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12013-015-0521-z Progesterone increases blood glucose levels by enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis. This effect is mediated by the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) in the liver, which activates gluconeogenesis pathways, leading to increased glucose production, especially under conditions of insulin resistance: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-73330-7 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy for more information.