The Rumcast

<p>Explore the world of rum by hearing from the people who are shaping it.</p>

141: The 4th Annual Rumcast Fantasy Rum Draft

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.Note: We need your help to make the most of this episode! Go to rumcast.com/vote after listening to help determine the winner of this year's Fantasy Rum Draft. Thank you!For the fourth year in a row, we're back with our annual Rumcast Fantasy Rum Draft. In this annual competition, we compete head-to-head to “draft” rums from the selection of an online liquor store (or, in this year's case, TWO online liquor stores) for 10 different rum categories. The goal? To create the superior desert island rum bar.Following his big win last year, we were excited to welcome 2024 champion Arminder Randhawa from The Rum Revival back to defend his crown!We drafted our picks from the rum inventories currently available (as of 9-7-2025) at Burlington Wine and Spirits and Baytowne Wine and Spirits. The categories were:UnagedLightly Aged (1-4 Years)Aged (5-13 Years)Long Aged (14+ Years)Cane Juice UnagedCane Juice Aged (Any Length)Multi-Country BlendNon-Caribbean100% Column100% PotAfter you listen, head to rumcast.com/vote to access the complete list of picks, along with a link to our Fantasy Rum Draft Command Center if you'd like to have a look.May the best team win!

09-20
02:08:43

140: Behind Our 2nd Cask Selection + the Rumcast Reserve Label Reveal

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.Today's the day! We’re revealing the identity of the second cask selection that will be featured in our upcoming Rumcast Reserve release. And since two reveals are more fun than one, we're also unveiling the finished (pending TTB approval) label design.In addition to the reveals, we also take you through the work that went into them — from the twists and turns designing our label to the debates we had when choosing from our top 8 casks at The Main Rum Company.We also make one final decision regarding the label live during the recording, after some spirited debate of course.Have a listen and let us know what you think of our choices! We're excited to hear your thoughts and any questions you have.Check out Boston Rum Week — coming up September 14-21

09-07
01:30:47

139: Inside Rum Buying at The Whisky Exchange, with Dawn Davies

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, we caught up with Dawn Davies, head buyer for The Whisky Exchange—one of the premier spirits stores in the UK.Dawn is a huge rum fan with an excellent palate (she's one of the very few Masters of Wine in the world), and her position at The Whisky Exchange gives her a fascinating perspective on the world of rum.You can watch the video version of the episode here.We discussed:What goes into managing a store selection that includes nearly 1,000 rum SKUsBalancing esoteric rum geek bottles with mass market selectionsWhich rums should be on more store shelves right nowStandouts from The Whisky Exchange's 5th annual Rum Show this past JulyWhat it takes to go through the grueling 5+ years long Master of Wine processHow Dawn approaches tasting rumsRevisiting The Whisky Exchange's rum classification system 6 years inAnnoying label terminologyAnd more!Relevant links mentioned in the episode:Follow Dawn on InstagramThe Whisky Exchange websiteThe Whisky Exchange rum classification systemThe Whisky Exchange rum flavor campsCheck out Boston Rum Week — coming up September 14-21

08-24
01:24:40

138: The Rumcast Guide to Guyana Rum (Part 2)

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.After releasing Part 1 last week, we're back with the second installment of our guide to all Guyana rum. We kick off Part 2 with a discussion of DDL's influence on the modern rum landscape through its El Dorado releases and notable releases from independent bottlers.Next up, we confront the additives questions that have been associated with the distillery since the early 2010s. What have they said about their practice of aging with caramel in the barrel? What's the current status of the practice at the distillery?At the end, we close things out with a game of True or False with the Demerara Rum GI. What does the GI say about aging at origin? And sweetening Demerara rum?Tune in for all this and more, and catch up on Part 1 if you haven't already.We consulted a good amount of sources for this episode, which you can peruse below:The Lone Caner's "The Age of Velier's Demeraras" Series:Part 1Part 2Part 3Du Rhum interview with Luca GarganoVelier's catalog of DDL releasesOur own interview with Shaun CalebThe Demerara Rum GIThe Ian Burrell Facebook post on the Demerara Rum GI we referencedDDL's statement in response to social posts about the GIDemerara Distillers Annual Shareholder ReportsThe RumX community's amazing "Crowdsourcing Guyana Rum Marks" threadEl Dorado Official WebsiteBarrel Aged Thought's epic Demerara pieceA number of Cocktail Wonk pieces:Demerara Distillers Ltd. Pt. 1 and Pt. 2Q&A with Shaun CalebQ&A with Komal SamarooQ&A with Sharon Sue-Hang

08-10
01:24:42

137: The Rumcast Guide to Guyana Rum (Part 1)

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In the latest chapter in our Rumcast Guides series, we turn our eyes to Guyana and the legendary style of Demerara rum. As one of the world's most distinct, essential rum categories, this episode has been a long time coming. Whether you're new to the rums of Demerara Distillers Ltd. or a seasoned enjoyer, there's something in here for everyone.In Part 1, we set the stage by going over the factors that make Guyana's rums so unique, along with a brief timeline of rum production and a deep dive into the country's lone remaining distillery and its collection of historic stills.Part 2 will follow next week (with a focus on DDL's influence on modern rum, the additives question, and the Demerara Rum GI), so stay tuned!We consulted a good amount of sources for this episode, which you can peruse below:The Lone Caner's "The Age of Velier's Demeraras" SeriesPart 1Part 2Part 3The RumX community's epic "Crowdsourcing Guyana Rum Marks" threadThe Demerara Rum GIDemerara Distillers Annual Shareholder ReportsEl Dorado Official WebsiteOur own interview with Shaun CalebDu Rhum interview with Luca GarganoBarrel Aged Thought's epic Demerara pieceVelier's catalog of DDL releasesA number of Cocktail Wonk pieces:Demerara Distillers Ltd. Pt. 1 and Pt. 2Q&A with Shaun CalebQ&A with Komal SamarooQ&A with Sharon Sue-Hang

08-01
01:18:08

Blind Rum Reviews #9 & 10: Dead Reckoning "The Black Pit" & Roaming Road 17-Year Spain Rum

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.We're back with another chapter in our series of blind rum reviews — this time with two rums we've both had before, including one we just reviewed in a bonus episode for you a few weeks back!We begin with that very rum: Roaming Road's 17-Year Spain Rum. See how close we came to identifying a rum we both just argued over within the last month (and how not knowing its identity impacted our enjoyment of it).Next, we move to a rum we briefly sampled during our visit to The Black Parrot in London in January: Dead Reckoning's "The Black Pit." It's a blend of Port Mourant, Versailles, and Enmore still rums from Demerara Distillers Ltd. that features a rather unique cask finish.A big thank you to Patreon member Jordan from DC for supplying these mystery samples to both of us. Believe it or not, he actually sent these well before we independently tried and reviewed Roaming Road's Spain Rum. So it was a happy accident, not an evil trick!

07-20
59:15

136: Roaming Road Spirits: From Liquor Store Owner to Rum Bottler with Mike Gilmore

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, we sat down with Mike Gilmore, founder of Roaming Road Spirits, to go behind the scenes at one of the newest independent rum bottlers in the U.S.Roaming Road first got on our radar last year when they came out of the gate hot with an impressive slate of initial rum releases that included a memorable <>H Hampden rum, among others. With Roaming Road's second wave of releases now out (which we tasted through on a recent bonus episode), we figured now was the right time to get their full story.We chatted with Mike about:His journey from liquor store owner to rum bottlerWhy he thinks store barrel picks have gotten worse in recent yearsWhy he travels thousands of miles to sample casks in person (rather than receiving samples by mail)His tasting processWhat he looks for in a great rumHow he ended up bottling a 17-year-old rum from Spain (and details on where it came from)The impact of cask finishesAnd much more!You can learn more about Roaming Road on their website.This episode was sponsored by the Key West Rum Fest. You can get more info on their website.

07-06
01:34:48

135: Revealing the Identity of Our First Ever Single Cask Release (and Why We Picked It)

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.It's finally time — we're revealing which rum we will be releasing for the Rumcast Single Cask Project (and our release date goal)! This is the cask we ultimately purchased from Main Rum Company following our in-person visit, where we sampled over 20 casks that originated from all over the world. We covered many of those casks in our previous Cask Project episode that took you inside our Main Rum visit.This episode was sponsored by the Key West Rum Fest. You can get more info on their website.

06-22
51:40

134: Behind the Blends at Black Tot Rum with Head Blender Oliver Chilton

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, we sat down with Oliver Chilton, the head blender at Black Tot Rum, to nerd out on all things blending—from their recently reformulated flagship blend, to their new solera blend, to their annual master blender's reserve releases, and beyond.We also got into a lot of in-the-works rum projects that we didn't know were coming down the pike. All of which are interesting.Oliver was a great hang and we learned a lot. We think you will too. You'll hear about:The rum Oliver was desperate to add to their Finest Caribbean blend (and why)How Oliver went from working at The Whisky Exchange to becoming a rum and whisky blenderTheir distillery project (and whether we might see rum coming from it)The coolest rare rums Oliver has had the chance to work withMisconceptions about sherry cask and solera maturationHow solera casks different from typical ex-sherry casks used in aging rumPossible future releasesAnd much more!You can get all the details on Black Tot’s blends at their website.

06-08
01:34:44

133: The Rumcast 2025 Hot List: The Top 20(ish) Buzziest Bottles (and Upcoming Releases) of the Year

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, we attempted a new mid-year exercise — picking 10 bottles each we think are the most talked about / anticipated releases of the year among rum enthusiasts, including bottles that have already hit shelves and some that are still on their way.The goal was not only to create a snapshot of what's popular with rum enthusiasts in 2025, but also to give you a handy list of bottles you may want to add to your list to try if you haven't already.After you've had a listen, send us an email or drop a comment on social to let us know — which releases are you most excited about this year? Which ones did we miss? We'd love to know!We've included the full lists below, so stop scrolling here if you want to be surprised!**Spoilers Below**.............John's Top 10 List:10. Holmes Cay Réunion Island Rum Traditionnel - Single Origin Edition #49. Black Tot Finest Caribbean (New Blend)8. Dead Reckoning Vanuatu 83 Islands7. Raising Glasses Full Circle Blend6. Bedford Park Westerhall Grenada 27-Year5. Alambique Serrano - Alambique de Cobre4. Habitation Velier Hampden PM Spirits / Prestige-Ledroit Blend3. Roaming Road Belize 18-Year2. Renaissance Clouded Leopard1. Alambique Serrano Vida Nativa Series #1: Pico CanoaWill's Top 10 List:10. Black Tot Historic Solera Blend9. Hampden 17538. Foursquare Exceptional Cask Selection: Mandamus7. Papalin Jamaica High Ester6. Renaissance Clouded Leopard5. Mhoba Rum: The Shaldon4. Bristol Classic Rum Jamaica DOK 20093. Hampden The Maverick2. Alambique Serrano Vida Nativa Series #1: Pico Canoa1. El Dorado High Ester Blend #2: PM/DHE

05-26
01:33:09

132: Inside rum et al. — Los Angeles's Must-Watch Experimental Rum Distillery, with Robyn Smith

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, we sat down with the founder and distiller behind one of the most interesting rum projects in the U.S. right now, Robyn Smith of rum et al., a chemical engineering PhD turned rum distiller.The premise behind Rum Et Al is simple but fascinating. Robyn started with a foundational, always-available rum she named Baseline. She's since released batches in which she introduces a "variable" to the Baseline recipe, such as dunder. This allows you to taste the exact differences that the variable brings to the flavor profile when tasted side by side. If you're a rum geek, it's a really cool tasting experience.During the episode, we discussed:How she went from chemical engineering PhD to rum distillerHer experience in R&D for Lost Spirits DistilleryHow rum et al. came to beAll the nerdy rum production detailsThe joys and challenges of being a one-woman operationCongeners vs. estersHow ester measurements translate to flavor profileWhat we might see from her nextAnd much more!Be sure to check out her YouTube channel, This Blog's Neat! These videos about her rum et al. releases are a great place to start:How Baseline Was MadeHow Variable (Dunderclap) Was MadeHow Variable (Tailspin) Was MadeHave you had a chance to try Robyn's rum? What stood out to you in the conversation? Let us know via email (host@rumcast.com) or social!

05-11
01:45:06

131: 20 Rums in 60 Minutes: The First Rumcast Sample Extravaganza!

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.Sometimes we get in the mood to do something a little crazy, and this episode is one of those times.After the debut of the latest musical number from John Gulla (don't miss this one), we spend 60 minutes putting a big dent in our backlog of rum samples by tasting and sharing rapidfire thoughts on 10 interesting rums each, for a total of 20.We set a timer for two minutes and 30 seconds for each sample, leaving ourselves some extra time at the end to discuss our favorites, what we learned from the exercise, and more.From recent releases like Papalin Jamaica High Ester Blend, to classics like Rhum Bielle Blanc, to up-and-coming producers like Taiwan's Renaissance Distillery and Australia's Mt. Uncle Distillery (including an Australian agave cask finish??), to recently closed distilleries like Japan's Nine Leaves, to soon-to-be-released rums that we saved as surprises — the range is wide and vast, just like the category of rum and John's vocal range.You can check out the complete list of rums below, or just dive right into the episode!After you've listened, let us know — have you tried any of these rums? If so, what did you think of them?Cheers!Complete List of Rums Sampled:Oxbow Rhum Louisiane 2022 Harvest (United States)Uruapan Cana Cristalina Single Agricola (Mexico)Below the Salt L'Ardois JaQ (Nova Scotia)Velier Nine Leaves 2023 Last Drops (Japan)Botran Rare Blend - Italian Wine Cask (Guatemala)Grander Toasted Oak Small Batch (Panama)Rum & Cane - Asia Pacific XO (Fiji / Indonesia Blend)Mt. Uncle Iridium X (Australia)Crooked Island Rum - Waterman (Jamaica / Dominican Republic Blend)Mt. Uncle Iridium X Agave Cask Edition (Australia)Dràm Mòr Single Cask - Secret Distillery 7-Year (Mauritius)Foursquare Magisterium (Barbados)Rhum Bielle Blanc (Marie Galante, Guadeloupe)Papalin Jamaica High Ester (Jamaica)Renaissance 2018 Pedro Ximenez Sherry Cask (Taiwan)Raising Glasses Full Circle Blend (8 Countries)4 Surprise Rums (3 of which haven't been released yet)

04-27
01:21:03

130: The Alambique Serrano Vida Nativa Series Tasting Guide

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.If you keep up with rum releases it's been pretty hard to ignore the arrival of Alambique Serrano's Vida Nativa series — 5 limited release bottles from the Oaxacan cane juice rum producer that feature a wide range of interesting cask types, different stills, and distinct flavor profiles (watermelon cucumber water?).In this episode, we tasted through 4 out of the 5 bottles, plus the new 3-year blend that's designed to be their first always available release. Along the way we debated our favorites, discussed a possible early favorite rum of the year, revealed John's secret connection to a beloved pop music icon, and much more.We cover the specs of each release during the show, but if you'd like to follow along, the Alambique Serrano website has all the details here.Have a listen and let us know what you think of these rums if you've been able to taste them!

04-14
01:06:55

129: Heavy Rum from Panama? The Making of Grander's New Cane Harvest Rum

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, we invited Grander founder Dan DeHart on the show to break down the making of an atypical new unaged rum called Cane Harvest. Unlike the vast majority of rums that come out of Panama, this rum is made of 100% heavy column rum that typically only serves as a blending component with lighter-bodied rums. It's a fascinating glimpse at a type of rum we don't often get to experience on its own.You can watch the video version of this episode here.We talked to Dan about:How an idea to recreate the defunct Caña Brava rum led to this much different rumThe source of the rum (hint: it's not from Las Cabras, the distillery where Grander has sourced all of its other rums to date)What makes this heavy style of column still rum differentWhether we'll see an aged version of this rumHow Grander has evolved over the last 5 yearsMost successful and most unsuccessful secondary maturationsAnd much more!

03-30
01:26:08

128: Uruapan Charanda: 100+ Years of Making Mexico's Other "Rum" with Miriam Pacheco

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, after a quick discussion of potential bottles for our Rumcast Single Cask Project, we dive into all things charanda with Miriam Pacheco, the general manager of Uruapan Charanda.If you're familiar with the aguardientes de caña from the Mexican state of Oaxaca, think of charanda like their cousin from the state of Michoacán — a similar Mexican cane spirit that is often made from fresh sugarcane juice, but can also be made from molasses or piloncillo. Once among the hundreds of charanda producers in the state, Uruapan is now one of only two or three remaining. Miriam talked us through the distillery's 100+ year history, including:What separates charanda from other Mexican cane spiritsWhy they put "rum" in quotation marks on their labelWhy the number of charanda producers has dwindled over the yearsThe range of distillates they produce from their collection of pot and column stillsTheir newer line of single cane varietal rumsWhat you might find aging in their warehouse of 400+ casksAnd much more!As we've said before, there's no shortage of interesting cane spirits coming out of Mexico these days. Uruapan is definitely one of them.Check out these links to learn more:Uruapan Charanda websiteImbibe article on charandaThe Rumcast Guide to Mexican Rum

03-16
01:35:12

127: American Cane: A New Chapter in the American Rum Revival with Maggie Campbell & Darin Vest

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.In this episode, we're excited to bring you the first public window into American Cane — the new American rum company that announced Maggie Campbell would be joining as CEO back in October.If you've been listening to the show for a while, you'll know that we've followed Maggie's career closely from her days leading Privateer Rum to her more recent work at Mount Gay's Estate Rum Program. So ever since the announcement came that she would be returning to American rum, tons of rum enthusiasts have been waiting for more details.Disclosure:As discussed in the intro,Will has served on American Cane's advisory board since 2022.We sat down with Maggie and the co-founder of American Cane, Darin Vest, to get as many answers as we could to questions like:What exactly is American Cane, and how did it begin?What kinds of rum can we expect to see from them (and when)?Is there a distillery? Where will it be located?How is the role of CEO different from Maggie's past roles at rum companies?Where does American rum stand stylistically, and where is it headed?What do the next five years look like for the company?And a whole lot more!Relevant links:American Cane websiteMaggie Campbell Instagram

03-02
01:41:58

126: Inside Our Trip to Liverpool's Main Rum Company: The Rumcast Single Cask Project Part 3

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.At long last, the day arrived — we visited the Main Rum Company in person to taste through dozens of incredible rum casks in search of the perfect one for our ongoing single cask project! In this episode, we take you inside the journey (and inside the warehouse itself) to show you exactly what it’s like to pick a rum cask for release.You'll hear about:A step-by-step breakdown of the entire in-person tasting day at Main RumWhat a rum cask "offer sheet" looks like (and the types of casks they pulled for us) — check out the video version for a closer look at thisThe unusual brief we gave Main Rum on the types of casks we were seekingStandout casks we tasted throughout the dayExcerpts from inside the warehouse as we tasted our way through unforgettable casksAnd much more!Our goal was to make it feel like you are there with us, so we included a lot of clips we captured inside the warehouse. Have a listen, and let us know what else you’d like to learn about the process!

02-13
01:23:38

125: Our Top 6 Rum Predictions for 2025 (Plus Grading Our 2024 Predictions)

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.You can watch the video version of this episode on YouTube.It's that time of the year again! Per our annual tradition, we each make three predictions for the world of rum in 2025 — from types of releases, to specific distillery developments, to broader trends that may impact rum enthusiasts, and beyond! And of course we also revisit our predictions from last year to see how close we came.Have a listen and then let us know what your predictions are!

01-27
01:21:57

124: The Future of the Jamaica Rum GI with Christopher Gentles, GM of the Spirits Pool Association

Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.In this episode we get an inside look at the status and future of the Jamaica Rum GI (Geographic Indicator) with Christopher Gentles, general manager of the organization championing the GI (and doing other interesting things), Jamaica's Spirits Pool Association.If you're a fan of Jamaican rum, this interview is a must-listen.We discuss:National Rums of Jamaica's legal challenge to the GIWhat rum enthusiasts can expect to happen nextWhy the GI is important to Jamaican rumThe debates over aging at origin and adding sugarCreating a tasting panel for Jamaican rum marksThe evolution of the Jamaican rum category in recent yearsAnd much more!Note: After the recording of this episode, the Jamaica Gleaner reported that National Rums of Jamaica has accused other producers of Jamaican rum involved in the GI of anti-competitive practices and sought help from the Jamaica Fair Trading Commission.If you want a deeper look at the Jamaica Rum GI, check out these articles:Jamaica Observer: Court battle over ‘Jamaica rum’ unfortunate, says Jimmy Lawrence; NRJ argues litigation necessary as JIPO erred in GI designationThe Gleaner: New GI rum rules bar aging outside of JamaicaRum Wonk: Jamaica's Rum GI Changes - Overview and AnalysisRum Revelations: Jamaica GI Rumblings with a French Twist

01-13
01:05:08

123: The Rumcast Single Cask Project Part 2: Name Update + Bottle Possibilities

Click here to watch this episode on YouTube and subscribe to our channel!Did you know you can support The Rumcast on Patreon now and get bonus episodes, happy hours, and more? You can! Head to patreon.com/therumcast to check it out.In the second installment of our Rumcast Single Cask Project series, we decide on a name for the brand and debate bottle designs ahead of our trip to Main Rum Company at the end of January.You can view the bottles in our bottles spreadsheet here.Like we mention in the intro, if you or someone you know has label design skills and is interested in collaborating (and knows the rum world), send us an email at host@rumcast.com!As a reminder, this episode is part of an ongoing series in which we take you along with us as we purchase a barrel of rum and do our first single cask release. If you missed Part 1, you can check it out here.

12-29
01:12:44

Recommend Channels