Urban Warfare Project

In urban warfare, the enemy, terrain, population, and tactical problem can change faster than a military’s formal lessons-learned process. Armies cannot wait until a campaign ends to study what happened. They must identify what matters, verify it, and move that knowledge across the force while the fighting continues. In this episode, John Spencer is joined by Brigadier General Guy Hazoot, who served as chief learning officer for the Israel Defense Forces Ground Forces during the war against Hamas after October 7. The discussion examines how Israel's military built its learning system, distributed urgent lessons to forces inside Gaza, and adapted tactics for tunnels, booby-trapped buildings, combined arms operations, and Hamas’s shift to guerrilla warfare. It also explores the challenge of transferring lessons between Gaza and Lebanon and what the US Army would need to build a similar institutional learning capability.

For decades, underground warfare was viewed as a niche military problem. Today, it has become a defining feature of modern conflict. From Hamas's extensive tunnel network beneath Gaza and Hezbollah's underground infrastructure in Lebanon to Iran's hardened missile facilities and the expanding subterranean systems in Ukraine, North Korea, and China, military forces are increasingly using the underground for protection, command and control, logistics, and maneuver. As drones, persistent surveillance, artificial intelligence, and precision strike make the surface battlefield more transparent and lethal, the strategic value of operating beneath it continues to grow. In this episode, John Spencer is joined by Asher Katz, cofounder and CEO and of Traysar Industries and a former member of the Israel Defense Forces' elite Yahalom unit. Their discussion examines the unique challenges of fighting below ground, the evolution of Hamas's tunnel strategy, lessons emerging from Ukraine, why destroying tunnels is often far more difficult than locating them, and why militaries must rethink doctrine, organizations, and capabilities for this increasingly important battlespace dimension.

In this episode, John Spencer is joined by Stuart Lyle, urban operations research lead at the United Kingdom’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, for a discussion on one of the most overlooked but critical aspects of preparing for future war: urban warfare training facilities. The conversation includes a survey of major urban warfare training centers across NATO member states, including live-fire defensive buildings, subterranean training complexes, trench systems integrated into urban terrain, and facilities designed to demonstrate the real effects of weapons on buildings, cover, and urban infrastructure. Spencer and Lyle examine the persistent challenge of balancing scale and realism in urban warfare training, examining whether existing facilities—even the most innovative ones—adequately prepare soldiers for the realities of high-intensity urban combat. They discuss what current training sites get right, where they fall short, and what militaries must do to better prepare for the decisive battles increasingly fought in cities.

John Spencer is joined on this episode by Colonel Kevin Black, commander of the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, the Army’s premier opposing force at the National Training Center. Their discussion centers on the battle for Razish—a fight in which every rotational training brigade must attempt to seize a dense, multistructure city defended by a highly adaptive enemy. Col. Black explains how the Blackhorse Regiment replicates a near-peer threat with a fraction of the force, using repetition, terrain mastery, and decentralized execution to consistently defeat rotating units. The conversation then moves beyond Razish to examine how the character of warfare is changing and what that means for urban combat. It explores the emerging concept of a battlefield dead zone, where persistent surveillance and precision fires make movement lethal, and the notion of an empty battlefield, on which dispersion hides forces even as combat intensifies. The episode concludes by highlighting common mistakes made by attacking units—from overcomplicated planning to failure to mass at decisive points, and emphasizes the enduring advantages of the defense in urban terrain.

In this episode, John Spencer is joined by Dr. Anthony Tingle, an independent researcher who has made nine trips to Ukraine since the start of the war, most recently returning from Kherson and Mykolaiv. Drawing on firsthand observations from numerous urban battles, including Sumy and Kherson, the conversation explores how urban warfare is being reshaped by the persistent presence of drones, especially the widespread use of Shahed one-way attack systems. Tingle describes a battlespace where drone attacks are so frequent they have become part of daily life, and where layered, improvised air defenses, from machine-guns to mobile teams and emerging interceptor drones, reflect a rapid cycle of adaptation. The discussion highlights how Ukraine has built a distributed, low-cost air defense network using acoustic sensors, small radars, and shared intelligence to counter an evolving aerial threat. It also underscores a defining feature of this war—the fusion of high-tech and low-tech warfare that is reshaping how cities are fought over and survived.