Think you know the Constitution’s greatest hits? We pull back the curtain with Andrew Porwancher, a constitutional historian and Hamilton biographer, to test common “truths” against the record the founders left behind. We start with power: why Madison and Hamilton expected Congress to predominate, why the judiciary was “the weakest,” and how modern presidents and courts grew in strength, often with Congress’s blessing. Then we follow a surprising breadcrumb trail to the First Amendment, where an accident of ratification made those liberties “first,” and Jefferson’s famous “wall of separation” grew from a thank-you letter inspired by a 1,200-pound “mammoth cheese.”

From there, we dig into religion and the law. Everson’s embrace of Jefferson’s metaphor, the Lemon test’s fits and starts, and the overlooked Article VI ban on religious tests show how abstract rights become real only when civil disabilities are removed. We revisit the Bill of Rights’ rocky path after Philadelphia and the Ninth Amendment’s warning not to shrink liberty to a list. Impeachment gets a clear-eyed treatment: Hamilton’s “POLITICAL” offenses versus the trial-like safeguards that suggest a narrower legal frame. The Second Amendment also gets the full arc—from militia clauses and conscientious objectors to Heller and McDonald—clarifying that the right is individual while regulation remains a live battlefield.

We also weigh how much the Federalist Papers should matter. Written to sway New York’s razor-thin ratification, they reveal the authors’ thinking but don’t always capture original public meaning across the states. What emerges is a Constitution designed less to end debate than to house it—legislatures, courts, and executive offices turning conflict into process instead of violence. If you care about constitutional law, civic education, or teaching history, this conversation gives you usable context, case names, and a better map for today’s arguments. 

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