In this episode of Citi Institute podcast, host Alex Miller is joined by Charles Armitage, European Defense and Aerospace Analyst, Citi Research, and General Sir Adrian Bradshaw, Former Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR). Together they explore the shifting landscape of global security and defense strategy, from a focus on counterinsurgency and stabilization to the renewed emphasis on conventional deterrence and NATO readiness.

Charles Armitage examines the ongoing tension between defense innovation and the preservation of legacy military capabilities, underscoring the need for a layered, cost-effective defense model rather than reliance on any single “golden bullet” solution.

General Sir Adrian Bradshaw discusses how modern warfare now extends far beyond traditional military power, encompassing hybrid threats, cyber warfare, and national resilience.

Together, they address the critical question of how nations can motivate political leaders and the public to sustain the investment, innovation, and political will needed for defense modernization. Their insights reveal the complex, fast-evolving nature of global security, and the importance of a holistic, adaptive, and ethically grounded defense posture in an era of rising geopolitical tension.

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