Topics & Organs covered:

1. Appendages – Definition, types (arms, legs, fins, wings), and their roles in mobility and interaction.


2. Evolution of Appendages – Adaptive purposes of appendages across species for survival.


3. Muscle Contraction – Explanation of contraction as a process involving actin and myosin.


4. Types of Contractions – Voluntary and involuntary muscle actions, with examples.


5. Vulnerability in Biology and Psychology – Physical and emotional aspects of vulnerability.


6. Evolutionary Adaptations for Protection – How organisms evolve to protect their vulnerable areas.


7. Reflex Actions – Explanation of reflexes, including spinal reflexes like the knee-jerk response.


8. Importance of Reflexes – Role of reflexes in survival and protective mechanisms.


9. Flinch Response – Overview of flinching as an involuntary response to threat or pain.


10. Neural Pathways of Flinching – How the nervous system supports rapid flinch reflexes.


11. Medulla Oblongata – Role of the medulla in controlling basic life functions like breathing.


12. Brain Hemispheres – Left and right hemispheres and their specialized cognitive functions.


13. Hemispheric Communication – Corpus callosum and how the hemispheres work together.


14. Cerebrum Function – Overview of the cerebrum’s role in higher cognitive processes.


15. Paralysis and its Causes – Causes of paralysis and the impact on physical and daily functioning.