Dr. Carrese returns to explore the Anti-Federalists, an overlooked yet crucial group of America's founders whose opposition to the Constitution led directly to the Bill of Rights and continues to shape constitutional debates today.

• Anti-Federalists opposed the 1787 Constitution because they feared the federal government would become too powerful and remote from the people
• They criticized the presidency as concentrating too much power in one person elected for a lengthy four-year term
• The Senate, the independent judiciary, and the small House of Representatives were viewed as threats to democratic representation
• Key Anti-Federalist writers included Federal Farmer, Brutus, and Sentinel, alongside notable revolutionary figures like Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams
• Historian Herbert Storing's "The Complete Anti-Federalist" finally collected these critical writings in the 1970s, nearly 200 years after the founding
• The Anti-Federalists' emphasis on civic virtue, republican self-government, and local control continues to influence debates about federalism
• Without their persistent criticisms, America would not have the Bill of Rights protecting individual liberties

Listen to our previous episode on the Federalist Papers to understand both sides of this foundational constitutional debate.

Check Out the Civic Literacy Curriculum!

School of Civic and Economic Thought and Leadership

Center for American Civics