Antibody-mediated demyelinating diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and MOG antibody disease, differ fundamentally from multiple sclerosis (MS) due to their association with specific antibodies. Dr. Michael Levy explains how these conditions progress, how relapses can drive disability, and why prevention is critical for improving long-term outcomes. Dr. Levy is an Associate Professor at Harvard Medical School working in the Department of Neurology at Brigham and Women's Hospital, and he spoke about this topic at the 2025 European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS) Congress.