FidelityConnects

Jurrien Timmer, Fidelity's Director of Global Macro, is back on the show today to discuss the current state of the markets and the economic factors affecting them. Jurrien points out that while markets frequently experience drawdowns, it's important to see these movements in context. For example, the S&P 500's recent 6% drop follows a significant rally. He speaks to the role of rising interest rates and their impact on market dynamics, highlighting a shift in the stock-to-bond correlation from negative to positive, which historically indicates less favorable conditions for equities. He also addresses the shift in investor expectations regarding the Fed's policies, noting the resilience of the economy despite high rates and persistent inflation, which suggests that the current monetary policy might be less restrictive than it appears. He also elaborates on the implications of earnings forecasts, particularly for big tech companies, suggesting that these firms are less sensitive to rate fluctuations due to their substantial cash reserves. He also suggests that while the equity market has shown signs of broadening, investors should maintain a long-term perspective despite potential short-term declines.   Recorded on April 22nd, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome Portfolio Manager Kyle Weaver. He provides an update on where he is finding growth investment opportunities in U.S. equity markets. Kyle discusses the early recognition of AI potential and its diverse applications, including coding languages and its various generative capabilities. Kyle explains his strategy of balancing growth and value, stating that the best way to find value is through identifying growth stocks that are undervalued over time. The investment approach utilizes a spectrum of targets, including growth stocks, index-based growth companies, and out-of-benchmark value stocks. The key metric is free cash flow per share growth, which is considered a fundamental indicator of a company’s future value within the strategy. This demonstrates its importance alongside traditional top-line growth metrics.    Recorded on April 4th, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

ETF strategist Étienne Joncas-Bouchard joins the show today to discuss the latest trends in the ETF industry. Étienne notes Canada's innovation in ETFs, including offerings like crypto, and how his team stays ahead by reacting to market changes. He discusses factors like quality and momentum when it comes to navigating market cycles, alongside the role of All-In-One ETFs in providing diversified exposure. He also explains the inclusion of Bitcoin in ETF portfolios, highlighting that this is a strategic decision based on diversification benefits and risk-adjusted returns. The conversation also touches on the blurring lines between active and passive management within ETFs, the emergence of factor-based strategies, and the structure, asset allocation, and rebalancing mechanisms of Fidelity's All-In-One ETF portfolios. Overall, he emphasizes the dynamic nature of ETFs and the importance of strategic allocation in a changing market landscape.   Recorded on April 3rd, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

On today’s podcast, we’re bringing you another installment of our “Behind the Numbers” series, featuring portfolio manager Connor Gordon. In “Behind the Numbers”, Chris Pepper, VP, Corporate Affairs, speaks with Fidelity’s portfolio managers, analysts, subject matter experts, and more, about what brought them into investing and what drives them every day. Today Connor shares his story of what first got him interested in investing, which lead to 15 years now with Fidelity, including managing Fidelity Global Small Cap Opportunities Fund since September 2022, alongside Chris Maludzinski.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

On today’s show we’re unpacking the various factors driving the bitcoin and digital currencies conversation. Sitting down with host Pamela Ritchie is Andrew Clee, VP Product, as he discusses recent trends in digital currencies, the different players in the market and regulatory changes that could have implications for the asset class, and what this could mean for investors. Looking at bitcoin specifically we’ve seen new highs this year, but historically volatility as well. From early adopters, to hodlers, to retail and more, there is a lot to unpack today. Recorded on April 2, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.    

Today on the program, we welcome back Paul Ma, Vice president and lead portfolio strategist. He talks about where we are in the business cycle and what this means for portfolio construction. Paul comments on a running theme in the markets right now that he says is the “fear of missing out.” He believes investors will look back on the market last year where US equities were up 26 percent and not want to miss on that this year. He says inflows are now into equity.  If investors have missed out on a previous rally, clients are more willing to put forth their money because they do not want to miss out again.  He adds people are getting more comfortable with the fact that the Fed wants to cut rates. The key thing now is not how many times the Fed will cut, but that they are at a point of pausing, which indicates they are soon ready to cut. Paul says this makes it a great time to invest. Paul says the recession numbers are slightly above consensus. Therefore, quality is a better option right now than growth. The market right now is in a good place, where GDP is around 2% and inflation around 3, so until inflation changes, quality is the better choice.    Recorded on April 2, 2024.     At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome Director of Quantitative Market Strategy Denise Chisholm. She brings her unique insights and perspectives on the sectors to watch in the global markets. Denise talks about the recent Baltimore Key Bridge Collapse may not be as significant as perceived in news headlines, despite the severity of the incident. For instance, while Baltimore has been a significant port for auto deliveries, most auto imports come from Mexico and Canada with available alternative ports in addition to that. Overall, this downplays the potential inflationary or economic growth impacts that are being speculated, estimating a relatively small effect on GDP growth. Denise also assesses current opportunities that she has found with regional banks, large banks, capital markets and brokers all showing considerable strength, apart from insurance companies. There is a bit more concern surrounding commercial real estate especially in terms of office exposure, although the risk-reward ratio might still turn out positive. Despite the changes in this sector, there are also potential opportunities in real estate ETFs. Recorded on March 28, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today we bring you a special extended episode of Fidelity Connects, focusing on the 2024 federal budget, released on April 16. We are featuring a panel of experts to break down the economic, tax, and political implications of the 2024 federal budget and what it all means for Canadians and their finances. Host Pamela Ritchie leads the discussion and is joined by Peter Bowen, Fidelity’s Tax and Retirement expert, fresh from the Ottawa budget lock-up. Andrew Clee, Fidelity VP Product, provides insights on what the budget means for the markets and the economy. Also joining us today is David Herle, a former top advisor to Prime Minister Paul Martin, among others, and is a Principal Partner at the prominent research firm, The Gandalf Group. As well as Kory Teneycke, who is a former director of communications to Prime Minister Harper and is a Co-founder and CEO of Rubcion Strategy, a full-service public affairs company. Recorded on April 17, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

We’re joined again today by Director of Global Macro, Jurrien Timmer, for his global macro perspectives of the markets. He breaks down with the latest geopolitical tensions in the Middle East could mean on economies and why it’s important to have a investment plan and stick with it. Jurrien says consumer consumption remains strong even with geopolitical tensions rising. He says even though news headlines could make people nervous, he says in terms of your investments, you must remain unemotional and disciplined. Stick to the fundamentals and focus on rebalancing. Jurrien adds the market is down 2.4% the equal weighted index is down 3%, so in times like these, a diversified 60/40 portfolio will help if the stock market becomes wobbly. He also notes periods of volatility in the markets could indicate a opportune time to rebalance and move things around. As per usual Jurrien will be sharing some charts so please head to @TimmerFidelity on Twitter to follow along.     Recorded on April 15, 2024    At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome equity research analysts Robert Reynolds and Claire Fleming. They break down what’s shaping the industrials and materials sectors, and what’s on their radar as we head into the second quarter. Robert and Claire provide an update on the copper supply story, explaining that there have been significant changes in the outlook since November of last year. Concerns were previously focused on how higher interest rates might impact demand in areas such as renewables and electric vehicles, although the biggest change has been in the supply outlook. This has caused challenges to sprout across the globe, which could eventually impact benchmark commodity prices. In regards to the materials sector, Claire and Robert cover a wide range of industries such as copper miners, forest products, coal, and chemicals companies. The packaging sector in particular has recently undergone changes that are independent of consumer behaviour. They add consumer Packaged Goods companies are refocusing on volume growth as inflation-driven pricing growth starts to fade away. Recorded on March 22nd, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.    

The Bank of Canada held the key interest rate at 5% in the April 10th announcement. Inflation is slowing and Tiff Macklem, Governor of the BOC tipped that a June rate cut may be “within the realm of possibilities”. Joining host Pamela Ritchie for a special interview today to is Don Drummond, former TD Bank Chief Economist, who will breaks down what this latest Bank of Canada decision means for inflation, industry trends and financial markets. Recorded on April 11, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome back Director of Global Macro Jurrien Timmer for his weekly market perspectives. He discusses market trends, bond performance, and investment strategies. Timmer notes that the market has been driven by liquidity, with the Fed’s balance sheet and Treasury cash balances affecting the repo market and causing knock-on effects for the stock market.  He discusses the shift in power from monetary dominance to fiscal dominance, with bonds experiencing a regime change. Timmer suggests that investors should focus on diversification by investing in uncorrelated assets. He argues that Gold is a play in fiscal dominance, as a monetary base growth is rising despite the Fed tightening. He also predicts that debt service will become inflationary as real rates turn positive, which Gold is responding to. He also notes earnings growth is driving market optimism, reducing the need for Fed rate cuts. He also expresses that the Fed is aware of past policy mistakes and is currently leaning against fiscal dominance. So ,when they may cut rates is still up in the air as the optimism for several rate cuts diminishes. Recorded on April 8, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

In March the U.S. Federal Reserve held rates steady and Fed Chair Powell commented that the Fed could reduce rates despite strong job numbers. All of these coulds and mights were all still in the narrative, and with markets generally rising and rates remaining pretty steady for longer than some thought, how do some of these changing market conditions and narratives impact asset allocation decision making? We’re joined today by portfolio manager David Tulk of Fidelity’s global asset allocation team, to speak about the Fed, global markets, Fidelity managed portfolios, and more. David sits down with host Pamela Ritchie.   Recorded on March 21st, 2024   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome Denise Chisholm, Director of Quantitative Market Strategy, with her monthly sector watch commentary. In this episode, Denise discusses this year’s presidential election and its impact on the economy, inflation and potential federal rate cuts, what sectors are on her radar. Denise says volatility in inflation is expected to continue, but, despite recent fluctuations, overall inflation growth remains modest and is not expected to significantly impact market returns.  She notes unless inflation accelerates to top quartile levels (around 4.5%), it is not considered a critical market driver.  The current level of inflation and Fed funds rate suggests a likelihood of a Fed rate cut in the near future, but when that will be is still unknown. From a sector perspective, this is what she’s looking at. Key market drivers continue to be: Earnings recovery and level of uncertainty in the market. She notes a level of uncertainty could be quite high when wide valuation spreads in the equity market are relative to very narrow spreads in the credit markets.  As an investor, the best risk-reward could be in the cyclical oriented areas, such as the technology sector. Denise recommends avoiding “classic defence” sector in terms of utilities and consumer staples. Recorded on March 14, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome Portfolio Manager Maxime Lemieux. He discusses the Canadian equity markets and provides an update on Fidelity True North® Fund. Max goes over the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical disagreements, as well as the recovery process for the market. There have notably been tensions regarding Eastern Europe and the Middle East over shipping lanes and retailers in North America, and disruptions within those lanes have driven up costs for some goods. The recovery for many business cycles has been sluggish with a significant downturn in various sectors, and thanks to varied conditions across these sectors it has been difficult to establish clear trend lines within them. Max also provides his strategic investment approach, mentioning the importance of selectivity when investing in telecom companies because of potential rate and cost cuts. He also advocates for a barbell strategy, balancing defensive companies that have strong balance sheets with more growth-oriented investments.   Recorded on March 26th, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Hello and welcome to Fidelity Connects – a Fidelity Investments Canada podcast – connecting you to the world of investing and helping you stay ahead. Today on the show, we welcome Portfolio Manager David Way. He outlines the portfolio benefits of liquid alternatives and Fidelity Long/Short Alternative Fund. Dave explains that this fund acts as a source of daily liquidity for investors to access investments beyond fixed income and equity. He believes that it can be a core holding for equity exposure and is meant to deliver attractive and absolute returns relative to other equity alternatives. The short side of the portfolio allows for more conviction and putting more power behind the long side, and has done well for protecting capital during periods of market drawdowns. Dave also discusses the Canadian economy, reinforcing that Canada is a much more indebted country than the US and faces significant interest resets. The oil prices are relatively healthy at the moment with a growing demand for copper, although the country still lags behind other economies in terms of productivity. Recorded on March 27, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome Portfolio Manager Jeff Moore. He brings his unique perspectives on what the market is expecting, scenarios you may want to plan for, and how he is positioning multi-sector fixed income portfolios for your clients. Jeff explains that the Federal Reserve's emphasis on "nowcasting" instead of forecasting suggests their confidence regarding current trends and perceived inflation control. Short term market reactions may be influenced by the Fed's projections, although longer term segments of the yield curve such as 10s and 30s will likely remain unaffected.  Current yields are still perceived as a favourable entry point for bonds. This especially applies to government bonds as they offer compelling total yields amidst stable inflation expectations and present potential opportunities for investors.   Recorded on March 18th, 2024.   At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Joining us on the program for his weekly look at the markets is Director of Global Macro Jurrien Timmer.  Today Jurrien discusses inflation rates, a bullish outlook on the market, and Fed rate cuts. Jurrien says the stickiness of inflation continues. Hoping the rate would go down to 2% but 3 is now the new 2. What this in turn means is that the Fed could still cut rates, but it will probably cut less this year. Jurrien says the Fed could cut rates in June, but with the election season close don’t get your hopes up. As the Fed maintains its restrictive stance, warranting caution, Jurrien says the market appears resilient and is broadening. Markets adapt to Fed's reduced rate-cutting expectations and there is bullishness in the market as well. A type of cyclical bull market, Jurrien argues. 89% of stocks are above their 200-day and looking back historically bull market duration ranges from seven to 18 months, with a median of 30. As always Jurrien will be sharing his charts, so please head to @TimmerFidelity on X to follow along. Recorded on April 1, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Today on the show, we welcome Portfolio Manager Steve DuFour. He gives us a look at the US equities on his radar, and how he determines which companies to invest in. Steve describes how the market is currently presenting several investable themes, which signals a favourable time for investors to explore those potential opportunities. Steve says artificial intelligence and the transition to electric vehicles are gaining prominence. The reshoring trend is being observed across multiple industries, and continues to evolve as companies reassess their supply chain strategies and make investments in facilities closer to home. Steve provides an overview U.S. Focused stock fund strategy, explaining that the fund follows a concentrated investment approach with a portfolio consisting of under 40 names. It focuses on identifying long-term investable trends amidst short-term market fluctuations, and leans towards companies exhibiting strong earnings growth compared to the market. Recorded on March 19, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.

Joining us on the program today is Head of Quantitative Index Solutions, Bobby Barnes. Bobby discusses factors shaping today’s markets, AI, rate cuts, and much more. Bobby explains how there is a broadening of the stock market. Market is top-heavy with large stocks, leading to underperformance for most stocks. He adds it’s important to have active management and concentrate on stock picking. For him, he believes the focus should be on the twelve to eighteen-month horizon. Bobby also touches on the significance of AI on market dynamics.  He says AI is a theme to pay close attention to as it could potentially be a major factor at the stock level. Earnings are coming through right now for companies that are selling AI solutions. He adds the broadening out of the market and AI are connected. Turning to factor investing, he says things haven’t changed – what worked last year is working year-to-date. Bobby says drivers to follow are change in the cost of money, availability of money, consumer’s excess savings/consumer spending. He notes once the Fed cuts, you will not want to be in growth, quality, or momentum.  Recorded on March 15, 2024. At Fidelity, our mission is to build a better future for Canadian investors and help them stay ahead. We offer investors and institutions a range of innovative and trusted investment portfolios to help them reach their financial and life goals. Fidelity mutual funds and ETFs are available by working with a financial advisor or through an online brokerage account. Visit fidelity.ca/howtobuy for more information. For the third year in a row, FidelityConnects by Fidelity Investments Canada was ranked the #1 podcast by Canadian financial advisors in the 2023 Environics’ Advisor Digital Experience Study.