Cooperatively Speaking

E&I Hosts: Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity and David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & InteriorsGuest: Ralph G. Moore, Founder & President of Ralph G. Moore & Associates Join us for Part Three of our Supplier Diversity Series as Titus and David welcome Ralph G Moore, a veteran with over 40 years of experience and the founder of Ralph G Moore and Associates – a Chicago-based consulting firm recognized globally for supply diversity strategies and minority business development. Listen as Ralph provides a comprehensive exploration of the historical context of supplier diversity while sharing  his unique perspectives, personal experiences, and success stories. Relevant Links:E&I RGMA contractE&I's commitment to Supplier DiversityRGMA websiteRGMA Digital Suite for Higher Ed VideoCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Host: David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & InteriorsGuest: Thomas Licker, CEICR, CBRM, Senior Vice President, Regulatory Business Practice at First OnsiteThe opioid crisis has far reaching implications on our country's campuses. In this episode, David and our guest Tom Licker, Certified Environmental Infection Control Remediator and Certified BioRecovery Master, discuss the risks of fentanyl on campus and how important it is to be educated on how to remediate these spaces. Relevant Links:Cleaning & Restoration Magazine: Lethal DoseFirst Onsite: education restoration servicesFirst Onsite: decontamination servicesFirst Onsite: specialty cleaning servicesE&I First Onsite contract for remediation, restoration, and reconstruction servicesCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity and David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & InteriorsGuest: Reggie Williams, CEO of Procurement Resources, Inc.Tune into the second part of Titus and David's conversation with Reggie Williams, CEO of Procurement Resources and the individual who coined the phrase supplier diversity. Here, we cover what supplier diversity really means, best practices for growing your program with real-life examples, and why it's critical to include diverse suppliers in your purchasing processes.Relevant Links:Procurement Resources, Inc. websiteJUST Capital: an independent nonprofit dedicated to building an economy that works for all Americans by measuring and improving corporate stakeholder performance at America's largest companiesNASDAQ Board Diversity Rule: what companies should knowNASDAQ Entrepreneurial Center: to improve inclusion, access, and knowledge in entrepreneurship Herndon Directors Institute: prepares minorities and women for participation on a broad range of governing boardsWatch Video: What is implicit bias? 2 experts on how to spot it.E&I's commitment to Supplier DiversityCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity and David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & InteriorsGuest: Reggie Williams, CEO of Procurement Resources, Inc."The tent is getting larger, and the tent doesn't have a door that is closed to anyone. The more we are all aligned in this process called stakeholder capitalism, the greater the benefits to all of us. I don't want to exclude anyone."Titus and David are joined by special guest Reggie Williams, CEO of Procurement Resources and the leader who coined the phrase supplier diversity. In this episode, we discuss the history of supplier diversity, including stakeholder capitalism, investing back into your community, the numbers behind why this is important, and what it truly means to have a real supplier diversity program.Relevant Links:Procurement Resources, Inc. websiteJUST Capital: an independent nonprofit dedicated to building an economy that works for all Americans by measuring and improving corporate stakeholder performance at America's largest companiesNASDAQ Board Diversity Rule: what companies should knowNASDAQ Entrepreneurial Center: to improve inclusion, access, and knowledge in entrepreneurship Herndon Directors Institute: prepares minorities and women for participation on a broad range of governing boardsWatch Video: What is implicit bias? 2 experts on how to spot it.E&I's commitment to Supplier DiversityCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Host: David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & InteriorsGuest: Tammy Rimes, MPA, Executive Director of NCPPJoin David for Part 2 of this two-part episode featuring Tammy Rimes, Executive Director of National Cooperative Procurement Partners. In this episode, we discuss what to look for when choosing a cooperative to partner with, trends and best practices, and ultimately how to make the most out of cooperative purchasing for your organization.Relevant Links:Download | Make the Choice: Bid or Cooperative Contract?Download | Roadmap to a Cooperative Procurement StrategyNational Cooperative Procurement Partners (NCPP) WebsiteCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Host: David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & InteriorsGuest: Tammy Rimes, MPA, Executive Director of NCPP"Cooperative purchasing is not just for procurement, so if you're listening to this and you're from facilities maintenance or public works or student services or you're part of the faculty, and you do any kind of purchasing, then you need to learn about cooperative purchasing because it truly is a tool that you need to take advantage of."Join David for Part 1 of this two-part episode featuring  special guest Tammy Rimes, Executive Director of National Cooperative Procurement Partners. In this episode, we discuss what exactly is a purchasing cooperative and how cooperative contracts benefit procurement -- and any buyers on your campus.Relevant Links:Download | Make the Choice: Bid or Cooperative Contract?Download | Roadmap to a Cooperative Procurement StrategyNational Cooperative Procurement Partners (NCPP) WebsiteCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: David Manz, Category Business Manager, Construction, Energy & Facilities and Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier DiversityHow does supplier diversity impact a community -- and specifically schools and universities -- both socially and financially? David and Titus (making his debut!) deep dive into the definition of supplier diversity and what it means as a "holistic value creation" for educational institutions and the communities in which they operate.Helpful Resources:E&I's ongoing commitment to supplier diversityCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Host: Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business DevelopmentGuest: Maria Moore, SVP of Global Marketing and Strategic Alliances at HireRight HireRight recently launched its 15th Annual Benchmark Report based on the responses of over 2,300 human resources and risk professionals worldwide who shared their experiences of background screening, talent acquisition, and remote working over the past year, as well as some predictions for the future.In this episode, Joe and our guest Maria deep dive into the findings of this report to discuss:Why background screening is important for educational institutionsHow background screening programs vary around the world, and the most common checks conducted by organizationsWhat an employer might discover during a candidate or employee's background checkWhat organizations should look for in a screening providerHow organizations manage their screening programsHow the use of Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) is changingTalent acquisition trends and challenges now and in the futureHelpful Resources:Download HireRight's 15th Annual Benchmark ReportE&I's competitively solicited HireRight contract for employment screening solutionsCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Host: Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business DevelopmentGuests: Deborah Jackson,  Founder and CEO of Arrow PaymentsColleges and universities are like little cities where each department operates with their own business processes and software. Managing the payment systems for each of these locations is extremely complex when you consider all the different ways schools receive payments for things like tuition, dining, libraries, athletics, parking, and donations. It's even harder to ensure all of these locations are following the credit card processing and PCI compliance security requirements. As a result, most higher education leaders are frustrated with the time, experience, and resources necessary to address all of these situations. In this episode, Joe and our guest Deborah discuss the best ways for schools to reduce costs and streamline payment processing, merchant support, and security to prevent credit card data breaches.Helpful Resources:Case Study: Northwestern University Overhauls Payments & PCI With P2PEVisit the Arrow Payments websiteLearn more about E&I's competitively solicited contract with Arrow PaymentsCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Host: David Manz, Category Business Manager, Construction, Energy & FacilitiesGuests: Brooke Taylor, National Key Account Manager at Duracell, and Scott Ruhl, National Account Manager at Batteries Plus BulbsTake a look around you. What's something you know you have a lot of of, but don't often see? How far can you walk through your house, your office, your facilities without walking past a battery?For many of us, the thought behind which batteries we choose may not go beyond selecting the type that will fit in the device. But actually, choosing the correct battery for the right application goes way beyond a letter on the side and can have a significant impact on time, money, and the environment. In this episode, David and our guests Brooke and Scott discuss the different types of batteries that should be used for various applications, and why it's so important to take the extra step to select the right product for the proper use from a trusted vendor.Relevant Links:Device Map for Education: see recommended solutions for devices across campusProcell Cost Calculator: calculate how much you could saveDownload Brochure: find Procell solutions at Batteries Plus BulbsLearn more about E&I's competitively solicited contract with Batteries Plus BulbsCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Host: Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business DevelopmentGuests: Naomi Emmons, Deputy Chief Procurement Officer at the University of Kentucky; Rick Gay, Director of Procurement Services at Spring Branch Independent School District; and Taylor Nemeth, Head of Payments at PaymentWorksWith 74% of organizations reporting they were the target of an actual or attempted payments fraud in 2020, the problem is well known -- but not well understood.In this episode, Joe (in his debut episode!) and our guests discuss the common ways these frauds are successful using real-world examples from higher education and K-12 institutions. You'll learn why the risk inherent to the vendor master is not solved by traditional cybersecurity, common ways in which fraudsters try to trick AP/procurement into changing bank account information, and the processes in place at Spring Branch ISD and UK that thwarted fraudulent attempts.Helpful Resources:E&I's competitively solicited PaymentWorks contractCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Construction, Energy & Facilities and David Manz, Category Business Manager, Construction, Energy & FacilitiesGuest: Matt Robeson, National Enterprise Account Manager for K-20 at CarrierSince March 2020, Congress has allocated $264.5 billion for private, public, K-12, and higher education spending in response to the pandemic. Much of these funds can be used for your facilities project -- including construction -- if you are able to justify the costs as being necessary to virus mitigation.  In this episode, David, Saul, and our guest Matt discuss the different kinds of funding available for educational facilities (CARES, CRRSAA, ARPA, GEER, ESSER, HERF) and how they can be used to fund your facilities projects.  Relevant Links:Coronavirus Preparedness & Response Supplemental Appropriations Act (CPRSA)Coronavirus Aid, Relief & Economic Security Act (CARES)Coronavirus Response & Relief Supplemental Appropriation Act (CRRSA)American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA)Healthy Buildings:  How Indoor Spaces Drive Performance & Productivity by Joseph G. Allen and John D. MacomberESSER Fund: Frequently Asked QuestionsESSER / GEER: Frequently Asked QuestionsAASA: School District Funding of ARP FundingE&I's competitively solicited Carrier contractCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Construction, Energy & Facilities  and David Manz, Category Business Manager, Construction, Energy & FacilitiesGuest: Mark Cartwright, Former Director, Supplier Diversity at E&I*Join us for part two of our discussion on supplier diversity within the education space (check out part one here!). You'll walk away from this episode with practical, tangible tips on how you can establish your program and build on it to make it truly great.In this episode, we dive deeper into supplier diversity and how it affects your end-users, your procurement staff, and the suppliers with whom you are partnering. We touch on the importance of diversity at its many levels, and why these programs are not only beneficial for all parties, but also not as difficult to implement or improve as you might think. Relevant Links:Minority Business Development Agency: state offices for minority & women business enterprisesNational Minority Supplier Development CouncilWomen Business Enterprise National CouncilNational LGBT Chamber of CommerceNational Veteran Owned Business AssociationNational Veteran Business Development CouncilU.S. Small Business Administration: Small Business Development CentersU.S. Small Business Administration: Procurement Technical Assistance CentersE&I’s supplier diversity program*Please note: Though Mark has moved on from E&I since publishing this episode, we believe the information he shared remains important and relevant for our listeners, which is why it remains published.Cooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Construction, Energy & Facilities David Manz, Category Business Manager, Construction, Energy & FacilitiesGuest: Mark Cartwright, Former Director, Supplier Diversity at E&I*Join us for part one of our two-part discussion on supplier diversity within the education space, particularly for facilities departments, EH&S, and other departments responsible for serving their campus. In this episode, dive into the history of supplier diversity within the U.S. Find out what's important to schools and universities and how to get the conversation going around supplier diversity. We'll tap into Mark's experience for a look at what works, what doesn't work, and what can be done better to initiate, grow, and sustain a supplier diversity program. Relevant Links:Minority Business Development Agency: state offices for minority & women business enterprisesNational Minority Supplier Development CouncilWomen Business Enterprise National CouncilNational LGBT Chamber of CommerceNational Veteran Owned Business AssociationNational Veteran Business Development CouncilU.S. Small Business Administration: Small Business Development CentersU.S. Small Business Administration: Procurement Technical Assistance CentersE&I's supplier diversity program*Please note: Though Mark has moved on from E&I since publishing this episode, we believe the information he shared remains important and relevant for our listeners, which is why it remains published.Cooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Construction, Energy & Facilities and David Manz, Category Business Manager, Construction, Energy & FacilitiesGuest: Karl Stefan, CIEC, Northeast Regional Manager, Industrial Hygienist, Pure Air Control Services, Inc.Join us for part two of our discussion on indoor air quality (IAQ) -- and why if it's important, you measure it.In this episode, Saul and David chat with Karl Stefan from Pure Air about best practices,  what people do right and wrong in their facilities, and key contributors to IAQ that you may not be quite aware of.Relevant Links:Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Indoor Environmental QualityIndoor air quality solutions from Pure Air Control ServicesE&I's competitively solicited contract with Pure Air Control ServicesCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.

E&I Hosts: Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Construction, Energy & Facilities and David Manz, Category Business Manager,  Construction, Energy & FacilitiesGuest: Kirk Steward, National Product Manager at Sunbelt RentalsThe need for good indoor air quality (IAQ) has been a topic for years, but COVID-19 significantly exposed deficiencies, challenges, and concerns surrounding IAQ. Now, with facilities teams around the world discussing how to better clean their air, this area of facilities maintenance is more important than ever.In this first episode, Saul and David chat with Kirk Steward from Sunbelt about supply chain, buying versus renting equipment, and the types of products that are available -- and how to choose through the noise.Relevant Links:American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Indoor Environmental QualityIndoor air quality solutions from Sunbelt RentalsEducation equipment solutions from Sunbelt RentalsE&I's competitively solicited contract with Sunbelt RentalsCooperatively Speaking is hosted by E&I Cooperative Services, the only member-owned, non-profit procurement cooperative exclusively focused on serving the needs of education. Visit our website at www.eandi.org/podcast.Our E&I Hosts David Manz, Business Partnerships Manager, Facilities & Interiors Saul Alvarado, Vice President, Business Partnerships Manager Joe Castelluccio, Director, Business Development Titus Martin, Executive Director, Supplier Diversity Contact UsHave questions, comments, or ideas for a future episode? We'd love to hear from you! Contact Cooperatively Speaking at podcast@eandi.org. This podcast is for informational purposes only. The views expressed in this podcast may not be those of the host(s) or E&I Cooperative Services.