New trade policies annoy the Dutch, and new English companies attempt to force their way into West African markets. New Amsterdam becomes New York. The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.

• Jonathan Healey, The Blazing World, 2023.


• Anna Keay, The Restless Republic, 2022.


• Rebecca Rideal, 1666: Plague, War, and Hellfire, 2016.


• Charles Wilson, England’s Apprenticeship: 1603-1763, 1975.


• David Veevers, The Origins of the British Empire in Asia, 1600-1750, 2020.


• John Childs, General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army, 2014.


• Philip Stern, The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India, 2011.


• Edwin Burrows, Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, 1999.


• Julie Svalastog, Mastering the Worst of Trades: England’s Early Africa Companies and their Traders, 1618–1672, 2021.

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