How is Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty triggered, and what happens once it’s activated? 
How did the 9/11 terrorist attacks impact both the United States and its NATO Allies, and why did NATO respond the way it did? 
What was the significance of NATO’s operations in Afghanistan and how did they change the Alliance? 

In this episode, former NATO Secretary General Lord Robertson of Port Ellen shares his memories of 11 September 2001, and the historic months and years that followed, including the declaration of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty and beginning of NATO operations in Afghanistan. He also discusses the difference between Allies’ involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq, the optimism for NATO-Russia relations in the early 2000s, and advice he would give to the incoming Secretary General.