In this episode of PEM Currents: The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Podcast, we explore the complex and often underrecognized issue of inhalant misuse. From the early days of glue sniffing to the recent rise of nitrous oxide misuse, fueled by brands like Galaxy Gas and viral trends on TikTok and Instagram, inhalant misuse has evolved into a growing concern among adolescents.

We’ll dive into the clinical presentations, including acute and chronic symptoms, the dangers of “sudden sniffing death,” and the specific risks associated with nitrites, hydrocarbons, and nitrous oxide. Learn how to recognize and manage cases in the emergency department, ask the right questions to uncover inhalant use, and provide critical resources for prevention and support. Whether you’re a seasoned pediatrician or new to emergency medicine, this episode offers essential insights into tackling this hidden epidemic.

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<figure class="wp-block-audio"><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Inhalant Misuse: From Glue to Galaxy Gas – PEM Currents: The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Podcast – Brad Sobolewski, MD, Med</figcaption></figure>



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Learning Objectives

By the end of this episode, listeners will be able to:

• Recognize the clinical signs and symptoms of inhalant misuse, including acute intoxication and long-term complications.





• Differentiate between the risks and toxic effects associated with specific inhalants, such as hydrocarbons, nitrites, and nitrous oxide.





• Formulate effective strategies for identifying, managing, and preventing inhalant misuse in pediatric patients.

References

Perry H, Burns MM. Inhalant misuse in children and adolescents. UpToDate. Ganetsky M (ed). Updated February 26, 2024. Accessed January 13, 2025. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/inhalant-misuse-in-children-and-adolescents

Hogge RL, Spiller HA, Kistamgari S, et al. Inhalant misuse reported to America’s Poison Centers, 2001-2021. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2023; 61:45 3.

Marcus E. The next drug epidemic is blue raspberry flavored: How Galaxy Gas became synonymous with the country’s burgeoning addiction to gas. Intelligencer. Published January 6, 2025. Accessed January 13, 2025. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/galaxy-gas-flavored-nitrous-oxide-drug-epidemic.html

Transcript

Note: This transcript was partially completed with the use of the Descript AI

 Welcome to PEMCurrents, the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Podcast. As always, I’m your host, Brad Sobolewski, and today we’re diving into an important topic, inhalant misuse, with a special focus on nitrous oxide. Welcome Recently, there’s been a concerning rise in recreational use of nitrous oxide, often referred to as Galaxy Gas, which is actually a brand name, which has become synonymous with flavored nitrous oxide products.

Even as that brand, Galaxy Gas, is being phased out of the market, its legacy persists, fueled in part by its viral presence on social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram. So, this episode is going to break down the symptoms, clinical presentations, and management of inhalant misuse in children and adolescents with a specific eye on how these trends are shaping a new wave of cases presenting to the ED across the globe.

So, what are inhalants? Well, these are volatile substances that you’re not meant to breathe in. They produce vapors, which, when you inhale them, cause psychoactive effects. They include everyday household items like glue, paint thinner, and gasoline, as well as recreational substances such as nitrous oxide, often referred to as whippets or galaxy gas.

Interestingly, when these are sold, either online or in physical stores, they’re marketed As additives to make your own whipped cream at home. The people that sell them in stores are told to specifically not refer to them as whippets or to refer to them as a drug. Oh no, they’re only for cooking. The customers and the people selling them know otherwise.

Anyway, the recreational use of nitrous or whippets, it’s been around since the late 18th century, uh, when it was used in laughing gas parties among the immigrants. English elite. Fast forward to today, and nitrous remains one of the most commonly misused inhalants. It’s evolved from its medical and industrial applications to a recreational substance with a significant cultural footprint.

And let’s face it, the prevalence of this inhalant misuse is concerning. In the US, about 11 percent of high school students have used inhalants at least once. And what’s striking is that inhalant use peaks in younger adolescents, particularly those in like 7th through 9th grades, middle schoolers. making it one of the earliest substances that are misused among young people.

So, these inhalants are often used through sniffing, huffing, or bagging. Sniffing involves inhaling the fumes directly from the container. Huffing uses a cloth soaked with the substance. And bagging, or perhaps ballooning, involves inhaling fumes from a bag or balloon placed over the nose and mouth. So you decant the substance from the canister into a balloon, and then you inhale that into your mouth.

The latter dramatically increases the risk of asphyxia. The mechanism of action is rapid and profound. These substances are absorbed through the lungs and distributed to the brain, where they act on GABA and glutamate receptors. The primary effects are euphoria, dizziness, and disorientation. They’re felt within seconds and last 15 to 30 minutes or less.

And. Patients that use these will repeatedly use it throughout the day. You can either get one little individual canister of nitrous, or a big canister which costs about 120 to 120. Repeated use can sustain that intoxication. So the symptoms of inhalant misuse are important to recognize. So first and foremost are the neurological symptoms.

Euphoria, ataxia, disorientation, and slurred speech are common in acute intoxication. Chronic misuse can be devastating and unfortunately we don’t know how much, or how long, or how frequent leads to these symptoms. But nevertheless, they’re pretty darn bad. It includes cerebellar dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy, and toxic leukoencephalopathy, which manifests as white matter degeneration visible on MRI.

Basically, misuse of this stuff can paralyze you. The cardiovascular symptoms include sudden sniffing death syndrome, which is the generation of a fatal arrhythmia, which is particularly dangerous with halogenated hydrocarbons. Pulmonary symptoms include hypoxia, reactive airway dysfunction, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema or even a pneumothorax.

Glue sniffer’s rash is a hallmark skin finding. It presents as erythema and inflammation around the mouth and nose. and nose. Chronic users may also see weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and metabolic abnormalities like hypokalemia and acidosis, especially if they’re misusing toluene, which is fortunately less common.

Further complicating matters is that each inhalant has its own special risks. Hydrocarbons, again found in solvents and glue, can lead to cranial neuropathy, cerebellar dysfunction, and cardiac arrhythmias. Chronic misuse of these results in profound hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis. Nitrous oxide, so whippets or galaxy gas, interferes with vitamin B12 metabolism, so it can lead to polyneuropathy, myelopathy, and hyperhomocystinemia, which increases the risk of venous thromboembolism.

Nitrites, which are known as poppers, can cause intense vasodilation and methemoglobinemia. with symptoms ranging from headache to cyanosis and seizures. So management, unfortunately, of inhalant intoxication is primarily supportive. Stabilization, you have to ensure that the patient is removed from the exposure source and administer 100 percent oxygen if they’re hypoxic.

If the patient is unconscious and in a tachyarrhythmia, the treatment is electricity! Amiodarone or lidocaine on the palsgar rhythm and avoid catecholamines like epinephrine unless the patient’s in cardiac arrest. For nitrous oxide neurotoxicity, administer high dose vitamin B12 intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

I would consult a toxicologist because I know that this is rare. And if you have a patient with methemoglobinemia, chances are you’re actually taking a board test, but you would treat that with IV methylene blue. In cases of toluene misuse, monitor and correct the electrolyte imbalances carefully, avoid dextrose, which can actually worsen the hypokalemia.

Again, I would call a toxicologist for help from this, because fortunately, it’s very rare. And listen, this problem isn’t going anywhere. So pediatricians, Educators and parents all play a crucial role in prevention. Frankly, these should not be so accessible. They should not be able to b