This episode explores two powerful and contrasting human behaviors: aggression and altruism. It explains aggression as behavior intended to harm—shaped by biology (hormones, neurotransmitters, the amygdala), environment (violence, culture, frustration), and learned experience. The episode highlights theories like the frustration–aggression hypothesis and shows how stress, threat, or social pressure can increase aggressive impulses.

In contrast, it presents altruism as behavior motivated by helping others—even at personal cost. Altruism is connected to brain chemistry (like oxytocin), evolutionary benefits (kin selection and reciprocal altruism), and moral development. It also explores the emotional rewards of kindness, often referred to as the helper’s high.

The episode discusses how context determines which side of human nature we express. Group identity can spark aggression toward outsiders but increase altruism within the group. Modern technology amplifies both—online spaces can spread hostility, yet also mobilize compassion on a global scale.

The episode concludes with strategies to reduce aggression and build altruism: developing empathy, improving emotional regulation, and promoting pro-social norms. Ultimately, aggression and altruism are not opposites, but dual capacities within the human mind—what matters is which one we choose to nourish.