An examination of the old and new theories of how humans came to North America and became the ancient ancestors of the Indigenous people on the continent.

Sources:

The Indigenous Paleolithic of the Western Hemisphere by Paulette F.C. Steeves

1491 by Charles C. Mann

Erlandson, Jon M., Michael H. Graham, Bruce J. Bourque, Debra Corbett, James A. Estes, and Robert S. Steneck. 2007. “The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas.” The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2 (2): 161–74

Robert Sanders, “Tests Confirm Humans Tramped Around North America more than 20,000 years ago”, UC Berkeley News, November 11, 2024, https://news.berkeley.edu/2023/10/05/tests-confirm-humans-tramped-around-north-america-more-than-20-000-years-ago/

Fiedel, Stuart. “INITIAL HUMAN COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE ISSUES AND THE EVIDENCE.” Radiocarbon, 2006.

O’Brien, Michael & Boulanger, Matthew & Collard, Mark & Buchanan, Briggs & Tarle, Lia & Straus, Lawrence & Eren, Metin. (2014). On thin ice: Problems with Stanford and Bradley's proposed Solutrean colonisation of North America. Antiquity. 88. 606-613. 10.1017/S0003598X0010122X.

Jennifer Raff, “Rejecting the Solutrean hypothesis: the first peoples in the Americas were not from Europe” The Guardian, Feb 2018.

Pekka Hämaläien, Indigenous Continent: The Epic Contest for North America

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