Today, you’ll learn about how a tool we use to keep clean might need a little cleaning of its own, the wild intelligence of wild crows, and the case of the missing black holes. 

Dirty Toothbrush  

• “An updated systematic review on toothbrush contamination: An overlooked oral health concern among general population.” by Shahrukh Ali Khan, et al. 2023.  
• “Can Your Toothbrush Make You Sick?” n.a. 2019.  
• “Toothbrush Terror! Can Your Toothbrush Make You Sick?” by Stephanie Watson. N.d.  

Smart Crows  

• “For the first time, research reveals crows use statistical logic.” by Kenna Hughes-Castleberry. 2023.  
• “Like humans, these big-brained birds may owe their smarts to long childhoods.” by Amanda Heidt. 2020.  
• “Crows flexibly apply statistical inferences based on previous experience.” by Melissa Johnston, et al. 2023.  
• “Crow Vocalizations Part II: Q&A.” Corvid Research. 2019.  
• “Flying in for the Crow Funeral.” by Anne Marshall-Chalmers. 2020.  
• “Canuck & I.” YouTube Video. 2021.  

Rare Supermassive Black Hole 

• “Active supermassive black holes may be rarer than previously thought.” by Darren Incorvaia. 2023.  
• “James Webb Space Telescope reveals active supermassive black holes were surprisingly rare in early universe.” by Robert Lea. 2023.  
• “Supermassive black holes: Theory, characteristics and formation.” by Andrew May. 2022.  
• “James Webb Space Telescope Reveals Fewer Supermassive Black Holes Than Presumed.” The University of Kansas. 2023.  

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