Fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca). 

A rusty winter sparrow with a hearty “smack” call. 

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The following Cornell Lab | Macaulay Library recordings were used in this episode: 

• Fox sparrow song by William W. H. Gunn (ML509629) 
• Fox sparrow call by Wil Hershberger (ML509632) 
• Fox sparrow "smack" call by William W. H. Gunn (ML509631) 

Sources and more: 

• https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/fox_sparrow 
• https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/fox-sparrow 
• Beadle D, Rising Jim. 2002. Sparrows of the United States and Canada : the photographic guide. San Diego: Natural World. 
• Dobson, C., Kassenbaum, D., Oehmke, D., & Misewicz, M. (2023). Field guide to hotspots and birds in Illinois. Scissortail LLC. 
• Godfrey, M. A., & Kaufman, Kenn. (Directors). (2004). National Audubon Society videoguide to the birds of North America [Video recording]. In Audubon videoguide to 505 birds of North America DVD I & DVD II (Fullscreen.). Godfrey-Stadin Productions. 
• Peterson, R. T., & Peterson, V. M. (1980). A field guide to the birds: A completely new guide to all the birds of eastern and central North America (Fourth edition, completely revised and enlarged.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 
• Sibley, D. (2016). Sibley birds East: Field guide to birds of eastern North America (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. 
• Walton, R. K., & Lawson, R. W. (1989). Birding by Ear: Eastern/Central [Compact Disc]. On Eastern/Central birding by ear. Houghton Mifflin Co.