The Jewish Festival of Lights, Hanukkah, commemorates the 164 BCE victory of the Maccabees over the Greek-Syrian forces and the subsequent miracle of a single container of oil lasting for eight days in the rededicated Temple. The centerpiece of the celebration is the Hanukkiah, a nine-branched candelabra distinguished from the seven-branched Temple Menorah. One special candle, the Shamash (helper), is used to light the other eight, ensuring the holy lights remain set apart from everyday use. This tradition is fundamentally rooted in pirsumei nisa (publicizing the miracle), dictating that the Hanukkiah should be displayed prominently, often in front windows or doorways, to broadcast the story of resilience to the outside world.

Many widely recognized Hanukkah traditions have surprising historical origins. The dreidel game, for instance, began as a decoy used by Jewish students to secretly study the Torah when the practice was outlawed. Today, the letters on the sides of the dreidel reference the phrase Nes Gadol Hayah Sham ("A great miracle happened there"). Celebrations often feature deep-fried foods to go along with the miracle of the oil, including popular potato pancakes (latkes) and the ubiquitous Israeli jelly doughnuts (Sufganiyot), with estimates suggesting Israelis consume around 20 million annually. The tradition of chocolate gelt evolved from 17th-century European students giving coins to their teachers as a token of appreciation. Despite its immense cultural popularity and global reach—including being celebrated in space—Hanukkah is considered a minor holiday in Judaism compared to the High Holy Days.

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