Newcastle in the 1800s: From Penal Settlement to Coalopolis Pt2
Update: 2025-09-06
Description
In the 19th century, Newcastle evolved from a remote convict outpost into a thriving coal powerhouse — a true “coalopolis.”
In Part 2, Julie Keating picks up the story as monopolies, industrial ambition, and engineering ingenuity reshape the city’s future.
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