The answer is D. Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction

The most common transfusion reaction is a febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR).

Patients with FNHTR may present with a fever a few hours after receiving packed red blood cells (PRBCs), which is caused by the small number of white blood cells and cytokines that can be found in each unit of PRBCs. Treatment consists of giving acetaminophen and ruling out other causes of fever (e.g., central line infection, urinary tract infection, etc).

Incorrect Answers:

Transfusion-associated circulatory overload (Choice A) occurs when the volume of the transfused component causes hypervolemia.

Acute immune-mediated hemolytic reaction (Choice B) occurs when there are antibodies presented to blood donor antigens. Patients may present with hypotension, fever, or coagulopathic lab abnormalities.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (Choice C) is due to antibodies reacting with antigens leading to the release of mediators that causes edema in the lungs. Symptoms include fever, hypoxia, and dyspnea.

VIEW BLUEPRINT LESSON

Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:

Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Hematology ⇒ Immunologic disorders ⇒ Transfusion reaction

The answer is E. All are side effects 

Lithium is the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder. It has many side effects that you should remember, such as hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, cognitive fog, and tremors. Lithium levels should be monitored to avoid toxicity.

Remember, bipolar disorder is characterized by the symptoms DIG FAST: Distractibility, Irritability, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Activity increased, Sleep deficits, and Talkativeness.

VIEW BLUEPRINT LESSON

Smarty PANCE Content Blueprint Review:

Covered under ⇒ PANCE Blueprint Psychiatry ⇒ Bipolar and related disorder

• Also covered as part of the Emergency Medicine EOR, Psychiatry EOR, and Family Medicine PAEA EOR topic list

The answer is A. Increase in parasympathetic signals and withdrawal of sympathetic signals

Vasovagal syncope is the most common cause of syncope. Syncope is essentially transient loss of consciousness due to the lack of cerebral perfusion. Vasovagal syncope is usually triggered by something, such as emotion or stress.

A leading hypothesis of vasovagal syncope is that it is due to an increase in parasympathetic signals and withdrawal of sympathetic nervous signals.

Incorrect Answers:

A drop in blood pressure upon standing due to inadequate vasoconstriction describes neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (Choice C).

Occlusion of the pulmonary artery leading to RV dysfunction is describing a pulmonary embolism, which can lead to syncope (Choice D).

Blood accumulation in the brain leading to compression of brain structures is describing an intracranial hemorrhage (Choice E), which is a (