In two large randomized trials, researchers examined the effect of annual prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening on the rate of death from prostate cancer and found that it was small and was offset by false positive diagnoses. Since screening may have benefits in catching cancers early but may also carry risks including that of unnecessary treatment, professional societies have split on the question of whether to recommend regular PSA screening. In a roundtable discussion moderated by Dr. Thomas Lee, oncologist Dr. Philip Kantoff and primary care physician Dr. Mary McNaughton-Collins debate the clinical implications of the new findings and the best way to advise patients about undergoing PSA testing.