Introduction

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  Presenter: Dr. Dawn-Elise Snipes discusses psychological abuse, trauma, and the healing process.


• The focus is on different forms of abuse, relational trauma, and their long-lasting impacts on mental health and interpersonal relationships.

Types of Abuse

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  Forms of Abuse: Abuse can be emotional, physical, financial, or sexual. Emotional abuse and neglect are particularly harmful, often having more severe long-term effects than physical abuse.


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  Impact of Words: Hurtful words from significant others or caregivers can have deep emotional consequences. Victims may start doubting their own self-worth, questioning their perceptions of love and safety.

Relational Trauma and Hypervigilance

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  Relational Trauma: Emotional abuse leaves individuals feeling unsafe and powerless, affecting their ability to form healthy relationships.


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  Hypervigilance: Survivors of trauma often become hyper-aware, constantly scanning for threats in relationships and interpreting benign actions as harmful.

Psychological Manipulation: Gaslighting

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  Gaslighting Defined: A form of manipulation where the abuser tries to make the victim doubt their own reality, making them feel crazy or powerless.


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  Example: The victim might feel confused and question their own memory or sanity when told that their version of events never happened.

Trauma and Addictive Relationships

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  Addictive Behaviors: Trauma often leads to addictive behaviors, not just with substances but also with relationships. People may remain in harmful relationships despite negative consequences, mirroring the cycle of substance addiction.


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  Emotional Attachment: Addictive relationships can be illogical, where individuals keep returning to toxic relationships because of emotional trauma, even when it’s harmful.

Narcissism and Personality Disorders

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  Narcissism vs. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Narcissistic traits and behaviors, while common, do not necessarily mean someone has Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD). True NPD involves grandiosity, lack of empathy, and a tendency to manipulate others for personal gain.


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  Behavior as Communication: Narcissistic behaviors may communicate insecurity, fear, or the need for validation, and are often misunderstood as purely selfish or arrogant.

Attachment Theory and Personality Development

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  Attachment Styles: Early relationships with caregivers shape attachment styles, which influence how individuals form relationships later in life.


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  Anxious Attachment: Involves constantly seeking validation from others.


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  Avoidant Attachment: Results from neglect or criticism, leading individuals to avoid emotional closeness.


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  Disorganized Attachment: A combination of anxious and avoidant tendencies, often developed from inconsistent caregiving.


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  Impact of Insecure Attachment: When children experience inconsistent or neglectful caregiving, they struggle to form secure attachments, leading to emotional difficulties as adults.

Trauma and Personality Disorders

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  Personality Disorders and Trauma: Personality disorders, like NPD or borderline personality disorder, often stem from early childhood trauma and chaotic environments. These disorders are coping mechanisms developed to survive difficult situations.

Healing and Recovery

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  Healing Through Self-Awareness: Understanding attachment styles, trauma, and the effects of emotional abuse is the first step in healing.


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  Enmeshment and Boundaries: Enmeshment, where caregivers overly control a child’s thoughts and emotions, can lead to difficulties in forming autonomy. Healing involves learning to set boundaries and develop a healthy sense of self.

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